Psidium guajava (guava)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Foliage

Psidium guajava; foliage and flowers.

©A.R. Pittaway

Flowers

Psidium guajava; close-up of flowers.

©A.R. Pittaway

Habit

Psidium guajava (guava); habit.

©K.M. Siddiqui

Foliage

Psidium guajava (guava); foliage.

©K.M. Siddiqui

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Psidium guajava L., 1753

Preferred Common Name

guava

Other Scientific Names

Guaiava pyriformis Gaertn.
Guajava pumila (Vahl) Kuntze
Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze
Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
Psidium angustifolium Lam.
Psidium aromaticum Blanco
Psidium cujavillus Burm. f.
Psidium cujavus L.
Psidium fragrans Macfad.
Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burm.f.) Krug & Urb.
Psidium guajava var. minor Mattos
Psidium igatemyense Barb. Rodr.
Psidium intermedium Zipp. ex Blume
Psidium pomiferum L.
Psidium pomiferum var. sapidissimum (Jacq.) DC.
Psidium prostratum O. Berg
Psidium pumilum Vahl
Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense DC.
Psidium pyriferum L.
Psidium pyriferum var. glabrum Benth.
Psidium sapidissimum Jacq.
Psidium vulgare Rich.
Syzygium ellipticum K. Schum. & Lauterb.

International Common Names

English: apple guava; Brazilian guava; common guava; Guinea guava; lemon guava; pear guava; tropical guava; yellow guava
Spanish: guayaba; guayaba agria; guayaba blanca; guayaba cimarrona; guayaba del Perú; guayaba dulce; guayabero; guayabita; guayabita del Perú; guayabo; guyava
French: gouyave; goyave; goyavier; goyovier commun
Arabic: guwâfah
Chinese: fan shi liu
Portuguese: goiaba; goiabero; guiaiva

Local Common Names

Brazil: araca; araçá-goiaba; araçá-guaçú; araçá-guaiava; araçá-guiaba; araçá-uaçú; goabeira; goiaba; goiaba-branca; goiaba-pêra; goiaba-vermelha; goiabeira-branca; goibaçu; guaiaba; guava; guiava; puruí
Brunei Darussalam: biyabas; jambu batu
Cambodia: trapaek sruk
Cuba: guayaba cotorrera; guayabo; guayabo agrio; guayabo cotorrero; guayabo del Perú
Dominican Republic: guayaba injerta; guayabo
Germany: Guavenbaum
Guam: abas
Haiti: goavier
India: amarood; ettajama; jamba; jamphal; jamrukh; mansala; piyara; sapari; tupkel
Indonesia: jambu biji
Indonesia/Java: jambu klutuk
Italy: guaia giallo; pero del India
Kenya: pera
Laos: si da
Lesser Antilles: gwiyav; kwiyabu; white guava
Malaysia: jambu berase; jambu biji; jambu kampuchia
Mexico: enandi; guayaba perulera; pichi; posh
Myanmar: malakapen
Netherlands: guavaboom
Philippines: bayabas; guyabas
Saint Lucia: gwiyav
Tanzania: pera
Thailand: farang; ma-kuai; ma-man
USA/Hawaii: kuawa
Vietnam: oi

EPPO code

PSIGU (Psidium guajava)

Summary of Invasiveness

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P. guajava is a fast growing tropical and subtropical species adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. It is tolerant of shade, a precocious and prolific reproducer with seed dispersal aided by avian and mammalian vectors. It can form dense thickets which displace native vegetation and is reported as an invasive weed in many countries. The balance between its valuable fruit production and its invasive potential requires careful monitoring.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Myrtales
Family: Lithomyrtus
Genus: Psidium
Species: Psidium guajava

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The genus Psidium is composed of approximately 150 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in the American tropics. A good taxonomic classification of this genus is lacking. Psidium guajava is by far the most widely known and distributed (Paull and Duarte, 2012).

Psidium, except for P. guajava, is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species (2n = 22) (Hirano and Nakasone, 1969). Psidium cujavillus, P. guineense and P. friedrichsthalianum from El Salvador are tetraploids (2n = 24), while the latter species from Costa Rica is a hexaploid (2n = 66). Vegetatively, plants of the two separate accessions show no visible differences (Janick and Paull, 2008).

Description

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Shallow-rooted shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branching from the base and often producing suckers. Bark smooth, green to red-brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Young twigs four-angled and ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, with translucid punstations; petiole 3-10 mm long; blade elliptic to oblong, 5-15 x 3-7 cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, veins prominent below. Flowers solitary or in two- to three-flowered axillary cymes, about 3 cm in diameter; four to six calyx lobes, 1-1.5 cm long, irregular; petals four to five, white, 1-2 cm long; stamens numerous, 1-2 cm long; ovary 4-5-locular; style 1.5-2 cm long, stigma capitate. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid or pyriform, 4-12 cm long, surmounted by the persistent calyx lobes; exocarp green to yellow; mesocarp fleshy, white, yellow, pink or red, sour to sweet and aromatic. Seeds numerous, yellowish, bony, reniform, 3-5 mm long, embedded in a pink or white pulp.

Plant Type

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Broadleaved
Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Tree
Woody

Distribution

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The native distribution range of P. guajava is uncertain. Many botanists consider the species to be native to tropical America, probably from southern Mexico to South America, but its distribution has been greatly extended through cultivation and it is now widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, this species is naturalized in the Old World tropics and in the West Indies (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Some authors consider P. guajava native to Asia, perhaps due to the fact that Linnaeus in 1753 described this species based on Old World collections. However, P. guajava was reported under the name guayabo by Fernandez de Oviedo in 1535 as being widely distributed in the West Indies, both cultivated and in the wild. This is only a few decades after the discovery of the New World and therefore very unlikely that the species was introduced and was able to spread across the West Indies in such a short period of time. The species was presumably introduced into the West Indies by ancient human migration from northern South America.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 18 May 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Planted	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013)
Botswana	Present	Introduced				Witt and Luke (2017) Buss (2002)
Burkina Faso	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Burundi	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017)
Cabo Verde	Present	Introduced			Planted	Weber (2003) FAO (2013)
Cameroon	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Central African Republic	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Comoros	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Hassani et al. (2016)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Egypt	Present					Adly et al. (2016) Ibrahim et al. (2010) Ibrahim and Handoo (2016)
Eritrea	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Hussain et al. (2015) Brhane et al. (2018)
Ethiopia	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Witt et al. (2018)
Gabon	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Gambia	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Ghana	Present					Badii et al. (2015)
Guinea	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Guinea-Bissau	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Kenya	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Mware et al. (2010) FAO (2013) Tanga et al. (2016) Witt et al. (2018)
Madagascar	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Madagascar Catalogue (2012) FAO (2013)	Naturalized
Malawi	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Mauritania	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013)
Mayotte	Present	Introduced	1870	Invasive		PIER (2012) Seebens et al. (2017)
Mozambique	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Namibia	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Nigeria	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Réunion	Present	Introduced	1880	Invasive		PIER (2012) FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 2,545 MT (Im)
Rwanda	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) Witt et al. (2018)
Senegal	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Seychelles	Present	Introduced				PIER (2012) FAO (2013)
South Africa	Present	Introduced	1700	Invasive	Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 52,318 MT
Sudan	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Fadlelmula and Ali (2014)
Tanzania	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Mwatawala et al. (2009) Tanga et al. (2016) Witt et al. (2018)
Togo	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Uganda	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) Sheil (1994) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Witt et al. (2018)
Zambia	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Witt and Luke (2017) Govaerts (2013)
Zimbabwe	Present	Introduced	1945	Invasive	Planted	FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017) CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Cronk & Fuller, 1995 Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 52,318 MT Present, based on regional distribution
Asia
Bangladesh	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1991			Seebens et al. (2017)
British Indian Ocean Territory
-Chagos Archipelago	Present	Introduced				PIER (2012)
Brunei	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Cambodia	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
China	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	First reported: Late 17th Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F)
-Guangdong	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
-Guangxi	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
-Guizhou	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
-Hainan	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
-Sichuan	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
-Yunnan	Present	Introduced				Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
Cocos Islands	Present	Introduced				PIER (2012)
Hong Kong	Present	Introduced	1851	Invasive		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012) Seebens et al. (2017)
India	Present	Introduced	1892		Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Meena Thakur and Dinabandhoo (2005) Verma and Dinabandhoo (2005) Basu and Patro (2007) Khan et al. (2007) Renu Srivastava and Lal (2009) Awasthi and Tomar (2012) Prabhakar et al. (2012) Sakthivel et al. (2012) FAO (2013) Kumar (2013) Ghirtlahre et al. (2014) Debabrata Sen (2015) Lokeshwari et al. (2015) Sunil Joshi and Sangma (2015) Jayanthi et al. (2016) Poornima et al. (2016) Kumawat et al. (2017) Rashtra Vardhana (2017) Seebens et al. (2017) Selvaraj et al. (2017) Kolla Sreedevi et al. (2019) Mala et al. (2019) Selvaraj et al. (2020) Yugendra et al. (2020) Chandrashekar Krishnappa et al. (2021)	Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F)
-Arunachal Pradesh	Present					Kumawat et al. (2017)
-Assam	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) Kolla Sreedevi et al. (2019)
-Chhattisgarh	Present					Ghirtlahre et al. (2014)
-Himachal Pradesh	Present					Prabhakar et al. (2012) Meena Thakur and Dinabandhoo (2005) Verma and Dinabandhoo (2005)
-Jharkhand	Present					Kumar (2013)
-Karnataka	Present					Yugendra et al. (2020) Lokeshwari et al. (2015) Jayanthi et al. (2016) Selvaraj et al. (2017) Kolla Sreedevi et al. (2019) Mala et al. (2019)
-Kerala	Present					Kolla Sreedevi et al. (2019)
-Maharashtra	Present					Chandrashekar Krishnappa et al. (2021)
-Odisha	Present					Basu and Patro (2007)
-Punjab	Present					Kolla Sreedevi et al. (2019) Shamesa Maryam et al. (2019)
-Sikkim	Present					Sunil Joshi and Sangma (2015)
-Tamil Nadu	Present					Poornima et al. (2016) Sakthivel et al. (2012)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present					Rashtra Vardhana (2017) Renu Srivastava and Lal (2009)
-West Bengal	Present					Debabrata Sen (2015) Khan et al. (2007)
Indonesia	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013) Sartiami and Mound (2013)
-Java	Present					Sartiami and Mound (2013)
-Sulawesi	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013)
Iraq	Present					Abdul-Rassoul (2015) Abdul-Rassoul (2014)
Israel	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Japan	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) Kanmiya and Sonobe (2002) FAO (2013)
Laos	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Malaysia	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Mastoi et al. (2014)
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) Mastoi et al. (2014)
Maldives	Present	Introduced				PIER (2012) FAO (2013)
Myanmar	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Oman	Present					Al-Jahdhami et al. (2020)
Pakistan	Present					Khushk et al. (2009) Shahina and Erum (2007) Akhtar et al. (2018) Shamesa Maryam et al. (2019)
Philippines	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Caasi-Lit et al. (2012) FAO (2013) CABI (Undated)
Singapore	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Sri Lanka	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Galanihe et al. (2010) FAO (2013) Sirisena et al. (2013)
Syria	Present					Ali et al. (2016)
Taiwan	Present	Introduced	1983			Seebens et al. (2017) Flora of China Editorial Committee (2012)
Thailand	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Danggomen et al. (2013) FAO (2013) Sunpapao et al. (2016)
Vietnam	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Iwahori et al. (2009) FAO (2013)
Yemen
-Socotra	Present	Introduced	2001			Seebens et al. (2017)
Europe
France	Present					Quénéhervé et al. (2011)
Greece	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002)
Portugal	Present					CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Madeira	Present	Introduced	1894			DAISIE (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Planted
Spain	Present	Introduced				DAISIE (2013)	Planted
-Canary Islands	Present	Introduced				DAISIE (2013)	Planted
North America
Anguilla	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Aruba	Present	Introduced				Boldingh (1914)	Cultivated; First reported: Before 1535
Bahamas	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) USDA-ARS (2012)
Barbados	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Belize	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013)
Bermuda	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Govaerts (2013)
British Virgin Islands	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)	Cultivated and naturalized on Guana, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda; First reported: Before 1535
Cayman Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Govaerts (2013) FAO (2013)
Costa Rica	Present	Introduced		Invasive		World Agroforestry Centre (2002) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Weed in pastures
Cuba	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Curaçao	Present	Introduced				Boldingh (1914)	Cultivated; First reported: Before 1535
Dominica	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Dominican Republic	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
El Salvador	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013)
Grenada	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Guadeloupe	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Etienne et al. (2014)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Guatemala	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013)
Haiti	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Honduras	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013)
Jamaica	Present	Introduced				Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	First reported: Before 1535
Martinique	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Mexico	Present	Native			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013) Lasa and Tadeo (2015) Vargas-Madriz et al. (2016)
Montserrat	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Netherlands Antilles	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Nicaragua	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) Govaerts (2013)
Panama	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Puerto Rico	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) USDA-NRCS (2002) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized. Also on Mona Island, Vieques, and Culebra; First reported: Before 1535
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Saint Lucia	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Broome et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535
Trinidad and Tobago	Present	Introduced				Govaerts (2013) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	First reported: Before 1535
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012) USDA-NRCS (2002)	Cultivated and naturalized on St Croix, St John and St Thomas; First reported: Before 1535
United States	Present	Introduced			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Kumar et al. (2012) FAO (2013) Sanahuja et al. (2018)
-California	Present	Introduced			Planted	CABI (Undated b)
-Florida	Present	Introduced	1847	Invasive		USDA-NRCS (2002) Kumar et al. (2012) Sanahuja et al. (2018) CABI (Undated)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced		Invasive		USDA-NRCS (2002) CABI (Undated)	First reported: early 1800s
-Louisiana	Present	Introduced				USDA-NRCS (2013)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Australia	Present	Introduced	1843	Invasive	Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Weber (2003) FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F)
-Lord Howe Island	Present	Introduced	1882	Invasive		Weeds of Australia (2012) Seebens et al. (2017)
-New South Wales	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Weeds of Australia (2012)
-Northern Territory	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Weeds of Australia (2012)
-Queensland	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Weeds of Australia (2012)
Christmas Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Cook Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) FAO (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) FAO (2013)
Fiji	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
French Polynesia	Present	Introduced	1815	Invasive	Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) PIER (2012) Seebens et al. (2017)
-Marquesas Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Guam	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) FAO (2013)
Kiribati	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Marshall Islands	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Nauru	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
New Caledonia	Present	Introduced	1857	Invasive	Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F)
New Zealand	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Owen (1996) CABI (Undated)
-Kermadec Islands	Present	Introduced	1887			Seebens et al. (2017)
Niue	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002) PIER (2012)
Norfolk Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Northern Mariana Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Palau	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Papua New Guinea	Present	Introduced			Planted	Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Pitcairn	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Samoa	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Solomon Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry (2002)
Timor-Leste	Present					Bellis et al. (2017)
Tonga	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Tuvalu	Present	Introduced				PIER (2012)
Vanuatu	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Wallis and Futuna	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012) FAO (2013)
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced		Invasive		I3N-Argentina (2013) Carranza et al. (2002) Schliserman et al. (2004) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)
Bolivia	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) Govaerts (2013)
Brazil	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Planted	Ziller and Rosa (2001) Gonçalves et al. (2006) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Salazar Yepes and Carvalho Júnior (2013) Taira et al. (2013) Lemos et al. (2014) Adaime et al. (2017) Adaime et al. (2017a) Lemos et al. (2017) Silva and Santos (2017) Santos et al. (2018) Almeida et al. (2019) Alves et al. (2019) Galli et al. (2019) Trindade et al. (2019) Vieira et al. (2019)
-Acre	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012) Adaime et al. (2017)
-Alagoas	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012) Gonçalves et al. (2006)
-Amapa	Present					Adaime et al. (2017a) Lemos et al. (2014) Lemos et al. (2017)
-Amazonas	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Bahia	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012) Santos et al. (2018)
-Ceara	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012) Silva and Santos (2017)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Maranhao	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Mato Grosso	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Mato Grosso do Sul	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012) Taira et al. (2013) Almeida et al. (2019)
-Minas Gerais	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Paraiba	Present	Introduced		Invasive		I3N-Brasil (2013) Alves et al. (2019)
-Parana	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Pernambuco	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Piaui	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012) Vieira et al. (2019)
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012) Trindade et al. (2019)
-Rio Grande do Sul	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Santa Catarina	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Sao Paulo	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Forzza RC et al. (2012) Galli et al. (2019)
-Sergipe	Present	Introduced				Forzza RC et al. (2012)
-Tocantins	Present	Introduced		Invasive		I3N-Brasil (2013)
Chile	Present					CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Easter Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive		PIER (2012)
Colombia	Present	Native			Planted	World Agroforestry Centre (2002) Romo et al. (2012) FAO (2013) Kondo et al. (2016) Ocampo Flórez et al. (2018)
Ecuador	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
-Galapagos Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive		Mauchamp (1997) CABI (Undated)
French Guiana	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Funk et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized
Guyana	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Funk et al. (2007) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized
Paraguay	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013) Govaerts (2013)
Peru	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) World Agroforestry Centre (2002) FAO (2013)
Suriname	Present	Introduced		Naturalized		Funk et al. (2007) USDA-ARS (2012) FAO (2013)	Cultivated and naturalized
Venezuela	Present	Native				USDA-ARS (2012) Katiyar et al. (2000) World Agroforestry Centre (2002)

History of Introduction and Spread

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The Spanish took P. guajava east across the Pacific and the Portuguese took it west to Africa and India. At present it is well distributed and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. Due to its ease of culture, the high nutritional value of the fruit and the popularity of the processed products, guava is important in international trade as well as in the local markets of over 60 tropical and subtropical countries. The largest producers are countries in Central and South America (Brazil, Mexico), India and Thailand (100,000 t in 1981/82), and production is increasing in the Caribbean, Hawaii, Florida (USA) and South Africa. Several authors regard P. guajava as a highly invasive species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Binggeli, 1999). In New Zealand it is regarded as a potential problem weed species (Owen, 1996). It was one of the first introduced species on the Galapagos islands to be recognized for its invasive behaviour (Mauchamp, 1997). It is only present on the inhabited islands and is one of a number of species that are causing serious environmental damage (Mauchamp, 1997).

In some Pacific Islands, as well as in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, P. guajava is an important weed in pastures, where it is difficult to eradicate and leads to land degradation (Somarriba, 1995). On the Pacific island of Chuuk, Space et al. (2000) list it among species that are known to be invasive elsewhere and are cultivated, common or weedy on the island. It is widely distributed on all the main Hawaiian islands, on a wide range of soil conditions, and can form dense thickets there (Smith, 1998). It is also a weed in agricultural habitats in Puerto Rico (Federal Highway Administration, 2001) and considered invasive on Bermuda. In Florida it had naturalized by 1765 (Langeland and Burks, 1998). Sheil (1994) noted that it was regenerating in disturbed areas of the Budongo forest in Uganda. Ziller and Rosa (2001) also report invasive behaviour in Brazil. Indeed, many authors link its spread to disturbance events, for example in open glades created by storms or logging activities.

In the West Indies, P. guajava was probably introduced by aborigines before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. By 1535, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, one of the first writers to chronicle the Spanish colonization of the Caribbean region, described this species as “very common everywhere in the West Indies”. This author also mentioned that native people in the West Indies cultivated and consumed the fruits of this species (Fernández de Oviedo, 1535).

Risk of Introduction

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This species has already been so widely introduced that it is likely to be present in almost all countries capable of growing it. The risk is therefore one of plants already present in cultivation escaping into wild environments. Given that guava production in many countries occurs in smallholdings and gardens this is likely to be difficult to control; monitoring to detect early signs of invasion would therefore be prudent. It is a category 2 invasive plant species on the Bahamas (Anon., 2003) and it appears on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant list of 1999 where it is described as a category 1 invasive that is altering plant communities (Miller et al., 2002). In South Africa it is declared a category 2 invader according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983 (Henderson, 2001).

Habitat

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P. guajava thrives in both humid and dry climates at altitudes of 0-1500 m (or up to 2100 m in some regions). However, the optimum yield occurs in regions with a mean temperature range of 20-30°C, and a uniform annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm. World Agroforestry Centre (2002) describe its original habitats savannah/shrub ecotones or frequently disturbed land. In its exotic range, P. guajava is an invader of forests and forest edges, pastures and grasslands, and riparian habitats (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Weber, 2003). In South Africa it also invades savannah and roadside habitats (Henderson, 2001) and in Florida it grows in 'hammocks, pinelands and under cypress' (Langeland and Burks, 1998).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Natural

Hosts/Species Affected

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P. guajava is generally an environmental weed though it is known to invade forests, both planted and natural, and managed grasslands, as well as occasionally affecting cultivated land and plantation crops.

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

Cultivation has resulted in many varieties of this plant (Weber, 2003). In leading guava-producing countries, more or less extensive cultivar collections from all over the world are maintained, such as at the Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, Australia. Systematic breeding work was first undertaken in Hawaii to obtain better processing cultivars. Current standards for selection of processing cultivars in Hawaii include: fruit diameter at least 7.5 cm, diameter of cavity no more than 3.75 cm, fruit weight 200-300 g, seed content only 1-2%, dark pink colour, soluble solids 9-12%, vitamin C 300 mg per 100 g, flesh with few stone cells and with characteristic guava flavour. Important criteria for breeding programmes in the major fresh-fruit producing countries are yield potential, seedlessness and firm fruit that ripens slowly. Polyploidy is not uncommon in guava; parthenocarpy occurs in some diploid as well as triploid cultivars. The species shows great diversity in tree size, yield and fruit quality. Some wild seedlings produce very small seedy, gritty, musky fruit, whereas selected types can produce large, almost seedless, smooth-textured fruit with pleasant flesh (red or pink) and high flesh recovery. Dessert types have lower acidity and many are white- or yellow-fleshed. Numerous cultivars have been developed, including dual-purpose types, which are a compromise between dessert and processing requirements.

Physiology and Phenology

In good conditions, P. guajava may flower within the first 2 years. The trees reach full bearing after 5-8 years, depending on growing conditions and spacing. It is not a long-lived tree (about 40 years), but the plants may bear heavily for 15-25 years.

Reproductive Biology

Given appropriate conditions, P. guajava is able to reproduce at almost any time of year. The pollen is viable for up to 42 hours and the stigmas are receptive for about 2 days. Bees are the principal pollinators. There is some self- and cross-incompatibility. It has a hermaphrodite breeding system and produces large quantities of seeds that are then dispersed by birds and mammals. Guava seeds retain their viability for approximately 1 year at 8°C and low humidity. Vegetative reproduction from root suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995).

Environmental Requirements

P. guajava is a hardy tree that adapts to a wide range of growing conditions. In the tropics the tree is found from sea level to an altitude of about 1500 m and can stand temperatures from 15-45°C; the highest yields are recorded at mean temperatures of 23-28°C. In the subtropics, quiescent trees withstand light frosts, and 3.5-6 months of mean temperatures above 16°C (depending on the cultivar) suffice for flowering and fruiting. Guava is more drought-resistant than most tropical fruit crops. For maximum production in the tropics, however, it requires 1000-2000 mm of rain, evenly distributed over the year. If fruit ripens during a very wet period it loses flavour and may split.

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
25	-24	0	2100

Air Temperature

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC)	-2	7
Mean annual temperature (ºC)	13	26
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC)	20	32
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC)	9	23

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Dry season duration	0	8	number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall
Mean annual rainfall	600	3000	mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Summer
Uniform
Winter

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free

Soil reaction

acid
alkaline
neutral

Soil texture

heavy
light
medium

Special soil tolerances

infertile
saline

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Trees may wilt following infection by various soil fungi, and root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. is also thought to kill trees. The leaves are little affected by diseases, but anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), which is more serious on the fruit, also affects the leaves. Blossom-end rot can become a serious disease in the rainy season; there may be physiological as well as pathological causes. Mucor rot, caused by the fungus Mucor hiemalis, spoils fruit punctured by insects. Young fruit are often seen blackened and mummified by G. cingulata or Botryodiplodia theobromae. Fruit canker, circular raised corky spots infected by Pestalotiopsis psidii, is also common. Orchard sanitation, in the form of early removal of infected plant parts, helps to reduce infections. Chemical control may be applied in the rainy season; dithane can be used against blossom-end rot and fruit canker, with additional control of anthracnose. Fruit flies are the most important pest; guava is a major host to species of Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Argyresthia. Bagging the fruit is the main control method in continuously cropped orchards; if the crop is cycled, spraying with fenthion or use of bait sprays may provide additional means of control. Sucking insects such as scales, mealy bugs and thrips can largely be checked by predators and control of ants. Leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles may severely damage young trees; early detection greatly facilitates control by spot treatment.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Birds and mammals eat the fruit and disperse the seeds (Cronk and Fuller, 1995), for example rats and feral pigs (Space, 2001). According to World Agroforestry Centre (2002) the principal dispersal agents are bats. It is widely planted in gardens and as an agroforestry species and from there is able to escape cultivation and colonize disturbed sites in semi-natural and natural environments. The pantropical distribution of this species is a result of its widespread intentional introduction as a commercial fruit crop.

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Animal/plant collections	None
Animal/plant products	None
Biodiversity (generally)	Negative
Crop production	Negative
Environment (generally)	Negative
Fisheries / aquaculture	None
Forestry production	Negative
Human health	None
Livestock production	Negative
Native fauna	None
Native flora	Negative
Rare/protected species	None
Tourism	None
Trade/international relations	None
Transport/travel	None

Economic Impact

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P. guajava can cause economic impacts through the alteration of pasture habitat and because it is a host to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa, a pest which can also affect citrus (Langeland and Burks, 1998). However, the economic costs of loss of pasture and costs of control must be weighed against the economic benefits accrued from the sale of fruits and processed products as commercial crops.

Environmental Impact

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This species covers large areas of the Galapagos Islands where it outcompetes native forest species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Similarly it is an invader of Acacia forest on Hawaii (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Henderson (2001) classifies this species as a habitat transformer. Some authors, e.g. Smith (1998), believe it may have allelopathic effects on other plants. It is well known for forming dense thickets that can suppress the growth of native species.

Threatened Species

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Threatened Species	Conservation Status	Where Threatened	Mechanism	References
Cyanea recta (Kealia cyanea)	National list(s); USA ESA listing as threatened species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995)
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (Limahuli cyrtandra)	NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995)
Chrysodracon hawaiiensis (hala pepe)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998a)
Dubautia pauciflorula (Wahiawa Bog dubautia)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	NatureServe (2010)
Dubautia pauciflorula (Wahiawa Bog dubautia)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources; Competition - shading	NatureServe (2010)
Isodendrion longifolium (longleaf isodendrion)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011b)
Nototrichium humile (kaala rockwort)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - smothering	National Tropical Botanical Garden (2007); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008b)
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou)	NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species	Hawaii	Competition - smothering	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011a)
Pittosporum napaliense (royal cheesewood)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources; Competition - smothering	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010f)
Platydesma rostrata	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g)
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010a)
Pritchardia napaliensis	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010b)
Pritchardia schattaueri (Lands of Papa pritchardia)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009a)
Pritchardia viscosa (stickybud pritchardia)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998b)
Psychotria hobdyi (Hobdy's wild-coffee)	USA ESA listing as endangered species; USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g)
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (Kauai pteralyxia)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010c)
Remya kauaiensis (Kauai remya)	EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010d)
Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka)	NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g)
Schiedea apokremnos (Kauai schiedea)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010h)
Schiedea hookeri (sprawling schiedea)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources; Ecosystem change / habitat alteration	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011c)
Schiedea kauaiensis (Kauai schiedea)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008a)
Schiedea nuttallii	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (1999)
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda	National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition - monopolizing resources	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010i)
Sideroxylon reclinatum subsp. austrofloridense (Everglades bully)	USA ESA species proposed for listing	Florida	Competition (unspecified); Ecosystem change / habitat alteration	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013)
Urera kaalae	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Pest and disease transmission	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011d)
Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau)	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010e)
Xylosma crenata	CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species	Hawaii	Competition (unspecified)	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009b)

Social Impact

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The social impact may be considered as only positive, due to the financial and nutritional benefits from fruit production, processing and consumption.

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Highly mobile locally
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year

Impact outcomes

Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Negatively impacts agriculture
Reduced native biodiversity

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources
Competition - shading
Competition - smothering
Competition (unspecified)
Pest and disease transmission

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Difficult/costly to control

Uses

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P. guajava is an ideal home garden fruit tree due to its hardiness, high yield, long supply season and high nutritive value. It is grown in orchards or incorporated into agroforestry systems in India, and is widely planted (or has spread) in Africa. Details of fruit production are given by Verheij and Coronel (1991). The potential for developing guava for a larger and wider commercial market appears to be limited, mainly by its short shelf life and its susceptibility to fruit flies. However, opportunities for expanding the processed fruit market appear to be good, in South-East Asia and in other regions. The fruit is usually eaten raw, both green and ripe (when it becomes fragrant). It is also stewed and used in shortcakes and pies. After removing the seeds, the pulp is made into preserves, jam, jelly, juice and nectar. Well-made guava jelly is deep wine-coloured, clear, of very firm consistency, and retains something of the pungent musky flavour of the fresh fruit. Guava paste (or guava cheese as it is known in the West Indies) is made by evaporating the pulp with sugar; it is eaten as a sweetmeat. The fruit, peeled, halved and cooked in light syrup, is canned and the juice and nectar are also preserved in this way. Guava powder is a good source of vitamin C and pectin. In some Asian countries the leaves are used in cooking, and medicinally against diarrhoea; they can also be used for dyeing and tanning. The wood is moderately strong and durable indoors; it is used for handles and in carpentry and turnery (Verheij and Coronel, 1991), and also for building timbers, woodware and carvings. The flowers provide nectar for bees and contribute to honey production.

Uses List

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Environmental

Agroforestry

Human food and beverage

Beverage base
Fruits
Spices and culinary herbs

Materials

Carved material
Dye/tanning
Wood/timber

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Traditional/folklore

Wood Products

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Sawn or hewn building timbers

Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
For light construction

Woodware

Industrial and domestic woodware
Tool handles
Turnery

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

P. guajava is able to survive some fires through regenerating vegetatively from suckers (Smith, 1998). Such vegetative reproduction from suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Providing all traces of the roots are removed, seedlings and young plants may be removed by pulling or digging (Weber, 2003). Cronk and Fuller (1995) report that the waxy cuticle of leaves offers some protection to the plant, reducing the effectiveness of herbicide application. If trees are felled the stumps should be treated with a herbicide to prevent regeneration through suckering (Weber, 2003). Biological control is problematic for this species because there are direct conflicts of interest with fruit growers (Smith, 1998), and none has been implemented.

Bibliography

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Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36: 89-95.

Arya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41(2):214-219.

Gill AS, Gangwar KS, 1990. Evaluation of intensive forage production system under guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 35(4):437-438.

Hawkes JG, 1991. The centers of plant genetic diversity in Latin America. Diversity, 7(1/2):7-9.

Kavimani S, Karpagam RI, Jaykar B, Ilango Karpagam R, 1997. Anti inflammatory activity of volatile oil of Psidium guajava. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(3):142-144.

Menzel CM, 1985. Guava: an exotic fruit with potential in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 111(2):93-98.

Mohyuddin AI, Piyadasa BR, Chandrasiri IMN, 1992. Integrated pest management for pests of high value crops in system B. PARC-IIBC Station, CAB International Institute of Biological Control.

Prasad NBL, Azeemoddin G, 1994. Characteristics and composition of guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed and oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 71(4):457.

Rehm S, Espig G, 1996. Crop plants of the tropics and subtropics. Second edition. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH.

Singh A, 1980. Fruit physiology and production. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publications, 323-326.

Wilson CW III, 1980. Guava. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, eds. Tropical and Sub tropical Fruits. Composition, Properties and Uses. Westport, Connecticut, USA: AVI Publishing Inc., 279-299.

References

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Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species. Trees for development in Sub Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February 20-25, 1989, 66-70; 10 ref

Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species. Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-25 February 1989, 66-70; 10 ref

Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref

Anon., 2003. Invasive Plant Species. The Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology (BEST) Commission. http://www.best.bs/Invasive_plant_species.htm.

Ansar, M., Saleem, A., Iqbal, A., 1994. Cause and control of guava decline in the Punjab (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 6(1), 41-44.

Arya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41:214-219

Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. 1996, xix + 427 pp.; ref. at ends of chapters

Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV., 427 pp

Beer J, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5; 1 pl

Beer JW, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5

Binggeli P, 1999. Invasive woody plants. http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html

Boldingh I, 1914. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands: The Flora of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. Leyden, Netherlands: EJ. Brill, 244 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20608

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Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Contributors

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01/03/13 Updated by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

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Datasheet

Psidium guajava (guava)

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