Psidium guajava
(guava)

Pictures

Top of page

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

• Psidium guajava L., 1753

Preferred Common Name

• guava

Other Scientific Names

• Guaiava pyriformis Gaertn.
• Guajava pumila (Vahl) Kuntze
• Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
• Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze
• Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
• Psidium angustifolium Lam.
• Psidium aromaticum Blanco
• Psidium cujavillus Burm. f.
• Psidium cujavus L.
• Psidium fragrans Macfad.
• Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burm.f.) Krug & Urb.
• Psidium guajava var. minor Mattos
• Psidium igatemyense Barb. Rodr.
• Psidium intermedium Zipp. ex Blume
• Psidium pomiferum L.
• Psidium pomiferum var. sapidissimum (Jacq.) DC.
• Psidium prostratum O. Berg
• Psidium pumilum Vahl
• Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense DC.
• Psidium pyriferum L.
• Psidium pyriferum var. glabrum Benth.
• Psidium sapidissimum Jacq.
• Psidium vulgare Rich.
• Syzygium ellipticum K. Schum. & Lauterb.

International Common Names

• English: apple guava; Brazilian guava; common guava; Guinea guava; lemon guava; pear guava; tropical guava; yellow guava
• Spanish: guayaba; guayaba agria; guayaba blanca; guayaba cimarrona; guayaba del Perú; guayaba dulce; guayabero; guayabita; guayabita del Perú; guayabo; guyava
• French: gouyave; goyave; goyavier; goyovier commun
• Arabic: guwâfah
• Chinese: fan shi liu
• Portuguese: goiaba; goiabero; guiaiva

Local Common Names

• Brazil: araca; araçá-goiaba; araçá-guaçú; araçá-guaiava; araçá-guiaba; araçá-uaçú; goabeira; goiaba; goiaba-branca; goiaba-pêra; goiaba-vermelha; goiabeira-branca; goibaçu; guaiaba; guava; guiava; puruí
• Brunei Darussalam: biyabas; jambu batu
• Cambodia: trapaek sruk
• Cuba: guayaba cotorrera; guayabo; guayabo agrio; guayabo cotorrero; guayabo del Perú
• Dominican Republic: guayaba injerta; guayabo
• Germany: Guavenbaum
• Guam: abas
• Haiti: goavier
• India: amarood; ettajama; jamba; jamphal; jamrukh; mansala; piyara; sapari; tupkel
• Indonesia: jambu biji
• Indonesia/Java: jambu klutuk
• Italy: guaia giallo; pero del India
• Kenya: pera
• Laos: si da
• Lesser Antilles: gwiyav; kwiyabu; white guava
• Malaysia: jambu berase; jambu biji; jambu kampuchia
• Mexico: enandi; guayaba perulera; pichi; posh
• Myanmar: malakapen
• Netherlands: guavaboom
• Philippines: bayabas; guyabas
• Saint Lucia: gwiyav
• Tanzania: pera
• Thailand: farang; ma-kuai; ma-man
• USA/Hawaii: kuawa
• Vietnam: oi

EPPO code

• PSIGU (Psidium guajava)

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of page

P. guajava is a fast growing tropical and subtropical species adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. It is tolerant of shade, a precocious and prolific reproducer with seed dispersal aided by avian and mammalian vectors. It can form dense thickets which displace native vegetation and is reported as an invasive weed in many countries. The balance between its valuable fruit production and its invasive potential requires careful monitoring.

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Myrtales
•                         Family: Myrtaceae
•                             Genus: Psidium
•                                 Species: Psidium guajava

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page

The genus Psidium is composed of approximately 150 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in the American tropics. A good taxonomic classification of this genus is lacking. Psidium guajava is by far the most widely known and distributed (Paull and Duarte, 2012).

Psidium, except for P. guajava, is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species (2n = 22) (Hirano and Nakasone, 1969). Psidium cujavillus, P. guineense and P. friedrichsthalianum from El Salvador are tetraploids (2n = 24), while the latter species from Costa Rica is a hexaploid (2n = 66). Vegetatively, plants of the two separate accessions show no visible differences (Janick and Paull, 2008).

Description

Top of page

Shallow-rooted shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branching from the base and often producing suckers. Bark smooth, green to red-brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Young twigs four-angled and ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, with translucid punstations; petiole 3-10 mm long; blade elliptic to oblong, 5-15 x 3-7 cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, veins prominent below. Flowers solitary or in two- to three-flowered axillary cymes, about 3 cm in diameter; four to six calyx lobes, 1-1.5 cm long, irregular; petals four to five, white, 1-2 cm long; stamens numerous, 1-2 cm long; ovary 4-5-locular; style 1.5-2 cm long, stigma capitate. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid or pyriform, 4-12 cm long, surmounted by the persistent calyx lobes; exocarp green to yellow; mesocarp fleshy, white, yellow, pink or red, sour to sweet and aromatic. Seeds numerous, yellowish, bony, reniform, 3-5 mm long, embedded in a pink or white pulp.

Plant Type

Top of page Broadleaved
Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Tree
Woody

Distribution

Top of page

The native distribution range of P. guajava is uncertain. Many botanists consider the species to be native to tropical America, probably from southern Mexico to South America, but its distribution has been greatly extended through cultivation and it is now widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, this species is naturalized in the Old World tropics and in the West Indies (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Some authors consider P. guajava native to Asia, perhaps due to the fact that Linnaeus in 1753 described this species based on Old World collections. However, P. guajava was reported under the name guayabo by Fernandez de Oviedo in 1535 as being widely distributed in the West Indies, both cultivated and in the wild. This is only a few decades after the discovery of the New World and therefore very unlikely that the species was introduced and was able to spread across the West Indies in such a short period of time. The species was presumably introduced into the West Indies by ancient human migration from northern South America.

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

Top of page

The Spanish took P. guajava east across the Pacific and the Portuguese took it west to Africa and India. At present it is well distributed and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. Due to its ease of culture, the high nutritional value of the fruit and the popularity of the processed products, guava is important in international trade as well as in the local markets of over 60 tropical and subtropical countries. The largest producers are countries in Central and South America (Brazil, Mexico), India and Thailand (100,000 t in 1981/82), and production is increasing in the Caribbean, Hawaii, Florida (USA) and South Africa. Several authors regard P. guajava as a highly invasive species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Binggeli, 1999). In New Zealand it is regarded as a potential problem weed species (Owen, 1996). It was one of the first introduced species on the Galapagos islands to be recognized for its invasive behaviour (Mauchamp, 1997). It is only present on the inhabited islands and is one of a number of species that are causing serious environmental damage (Mauchamp, 1997).

In some Pacific Islands, as well as in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, P. guajava is an important weed in pastures, where it is difficult to eradicate and leads to land degradation (Somarriba, 1995). On the Pacific island of Chuuk, Space et al. (2000) list it among species that are known to be invasive elsewhere and are cultivated, common or weedy on the island. It is widely distributed on all the main Hawaiian islands, on a wide range of soil conditions, and can form dense thickets there (Smith, 1998). It is also a weed in agricultural habitats in Puerto Rico (Federal Highway Administration, 2001) and considered invasive on Bermuda. In Florida it had naturalized by 1765 (Langeland and Burks, 1998). Sheil (1994) noted that it was regenerating in disturbed areas of the Budongo forest in Uganda. Ziller and Rosa (2001) also report invasive behaviour in Brazil. Indeed, many authors link its spread to disturbance events, for example in open glades created by storms or logging activities. 

In the West Indies, P. guajava was probably introduced by aborigines before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. By 1535, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, one of the first writers to chronicle the Spanish colonization of the Caribbean region, described this species as “very common everywhere in the West Indies”. This author also mentioned that native people in the West Indies cultivated and consumed the fruits of this species (Fernández de Oviedo, 1535).

 

Risk of Introduction

Top of page This species has already been so widely introduced that it is likely to be present in almost all countries capable of growing it. The risk is therefore one of plants already present in cultivation escaping into wild environments. Given that guava production in many countries occurs in smallholdings and gardens this is likely to be difficult to control; monitoring to detect early signs of invasion would therefore be prudent. It is a category 2 invasive plant species on the Bahamas (Anon., 2003) and it appears on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant list of 1999 where it is described as a category 1 invasive that is altering plant communities (Miller et al., 2002). In South Africa it is declared a category 2 invader according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983 (Henderson, 2001).

Habitat

Top of page

P. guajava thrives in both humid and dry climates at altitudes of 0-1500 m (or up to 2100 m in some regions). However, the optimum yield occurs in regions with a mean temperature range of 20-30°C, and a uniform annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm. World Agroforestry Centre (2002) describe its original habitats savannah/shrub ecotones or frequently disturbed land. In its exotic range, P. guajava is an invader of forests and forest edges, pastures and grasslands, and riparian habitats (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Weber, 2003). In South Africa it also invades savannah and roadside habitats (Henderson, 2001) and in Florida it grows in 'hammocks, pinelands and under cypress' (Langeland and Burks, 1998).

Habitat List

Top of page

Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial
	Terrestrial – Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Natural
		Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Terrestrial ‑ Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Natural forests	Present, no further details	Natural
		Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
		Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Natural

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page

P. guajava is generally an environmental weed though it is known to invade forests, both planted and natural, and managed grasslands, as well as occasionally affecting cultivated land and plantation crops.

Biology and Ecology

Top of page

Genetics

Cultivation has resulted in many varieties of this plant (Weber, 2003). In leading guava-producing countries, more or less extensive cultivar collections from all over the world are maintained, such as at the Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, Australia. Systematic breeding work was first undertaken in Hawaii to obtain better processing cultivars. Current standards for selection of processing cultivars in Hawaii include: fruit diameter at least 7.5 cm, diameter of cavity no more than 3.75 cm, fruit weight 200-300 g, seed content only 1-2%, dark pink colour, soluble solids 9-12%, vitamin C 300 mg per 100 g, flesh with few stone cells and with characteristic guava flavour. Important criteria for breeding programmes in the major fresh-fruit producing countries are yield potential, seedlessness and firm fruit that ripens slowly. Polyploidy is not uncommon in guava; parthenocarpy occurs in some diploid as well as triploid cultivars. The species shows great diversity in tree size, yield and fruit quality. Some wild seedlings produce very small seedy, gritty, musky fruit, whereas selected types can produce large, almost seedless, smooth-textured fruit with pleasant flesh (red or pink) and high flesh recovery. Dessert types have lower acidity and many are white- or yellow-fleshed. Numerous cultivars have been developed, including dual-purpose types, which are a compromise between dessert and processing requirements.

Physiology and Phenology

In good conditions, P. guajava may flower within the first 2 years. The trees reach full bearing after 5-8 years, depending on growing conditions and spacing. It is not a long-lived tree (about 40 years), but the plants may bear heavily for 15-25 years.

Reproductive Biology

Given appropriate conditions, P. guajava is able to reproduce at almost any time of year. The pollen is viable for up to 42 hours and the stigmas are receptive for about 2 days. Bees are the principal pollinators. There is some self- and cross-incompatibility. It has a hermaphrodite breeding system and produces large quantities of seeds that are then dispersed by birds and mammals. Guava seeds retain their viability for approximately 1 year at 8°C and low humidity. Vegetative reproduction from root suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995).

Environmental Requirements

P. guajava is a hardy tree that adapts to a wide range of growing conditions. In the tropics the tree is found from sea level to an altitude of about 1500 m and can stand temperatures from 15-45°C; the highest yields are recorded at mean temperatures of 23-28°C. In the subtropics, quiescent trees withstand light frosts, and 3.5-6 months of mean temperatures above 16°C (depending on the cultivar) suffice for flowering and fruiting. Guava is more drought-resistant than most tropical fruit crops. For maximum production in the tropics, however, it requires 1000-2000 mm of rain, evenly distributed over the year. If fruit ripens during a very wet period it loses flavour and may split.

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Top of page

Air Temperature

Top of page

Rainfall

Top of page

Rainfall Regime

Top of page Bimodal
Summer
Uniform
Winter

Soil Tolerances

Top of page

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• saline

Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page

Trees may wilt following infection by various soil fungi, and root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. is also thought to kill trees. The leaves are little affected by diseases, but anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), which is more serious on the fruit, also affects the leaves. Blossom-end rot can become a serious disease in the rainy season; there may be physiological as well as pathological causes. Mucor rot, caused by the fungus Mucor hiemalis, spoils fruit punctured by insects. Young fruit are often seen blackened and mummified by G. cingulata or Botryodiplodia theobromae. Fruit canker, circular raised corky spots infected by Pestalotiopsis psidii, is also common. Orchard sanitation, in the form of early removal of infected plant parts, helps to reduce infections. Chemical control may be applied in the rainy season; dithane can be used against blossom-end rot and fruit canker, with additional control of anthracnose. Fruit flies are the most important pest; guava is a major host to species of Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Argyresthia. Bagging the fruit is the main control method in continuously cropped orchards; if the crop is cycled, spraying with fenthion or use of bait sprays may provide additional means of control. Sucking insects such as scales, mealy bugs and thrips can largely be checked by predators and control of ants. Leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles may severely damage young trees; early detection greatly facilitates control by spot treatment.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Top of page Birds and mammals eat the fruit and disperse the seeds (Cronk and Fuller, 1995), for example rats and feral pigs (Space, 2001). According to World Agroforestry Centre (2002) the principal dispersal agents are bats. It is widely planted in gardens and as an agroforestry species and from there is able to escape cultivation and colonize disturbed sites in semi-natural and natural environments. The pantropical distribution of this species is a result of its widespread intentional introduction as a commercial fruit crop.

Impact Summary

Top of page

Economic Impact

Top of page

P. guajava can cause economic impacts through the alteration of pasture habitat and because it is a host to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa, a pest which can also affect citrus (Langeland and Burks, 1998). However, the economic costs of loss of pasture and costs of control must be weighed against the economic benefits accrued from the sale of fruits and processed products as commercial crops.

Environmental Impact

Top of page

This species covers large areas of the Galapagos Islands where it outcompetes native forest species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Similarly it is an invader of Acacia forest on Hawaii (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Henderson (2001) classifies this species as a habitat transformer. Some authors, e.g. Smith (1998), believe it may have allelopathic effects on other plants. It is well known for forming dense thickets that can suppress the growth of native species.

Threatened Species

Top of page

Social Impact

Top of page The social impact may be considered as only positive, due to the financial and nutritional benefits from fruit production, processing and consumption.

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page Invasiveness

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Highly mobile locally
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year

Impact outcomes

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Reduced native biodiversity

Impact mechanisms

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Competition - smothering
• Competition
• Pest and disease transmission

Likelihood of entry/control

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Top of page

P. guajava is an ideal home garden fruit tree due to its hardiness, high yield, long supply season and high nutritive value. It is grown in orchards or incorporated into agroforestry systems in India, and is widely planted (or has spread) in Africa. Details of fruit production are given by Verheij and Coronel (1991). The potential for developing guava for a larger and wider commercial market appears to be limited, mainly by its short shelf life and its susceptibility to fruit flies. However, opportunities for expanding the processed fruit market appear to be good, in South-East Asia and in other regions. The fruit is usually eaten raw, both green and ripe (when it becomes fragrant). It is also stewed and used in shortcakes and pies. After removing the seeds, the pulp is made into preserves, jam, jelly, juice and nectar. Well-made guava jelly is deep wine-coloured, clear, of very firm consistency, and retains something of the pungent musky flavour of the fresh fruit. Guava paste (or guava cheese as it is known in the West Indies) is made by evaporating the pulp with sugar; it is eaten as a sweetmeat. The fruit, peeled, halved and cooked in light syrup, is canned and the juice and nectar are also preserved in this way. Guava powder is a good source of vitamin C and pectin. In some Asian countries the leaves are used in cooking, and medicinally against diarrhoea; they can also be used for dyeing and tanning. The wood is moderately strong and durable indoors; it is used for handles and in carpentry and turnery (Verheij and Coronel, 1991), and also for building timbers, woodware and carvings. The flowers provide nectar for bees and contribute to honey production.

Uses List

Top of page

Environmental

• Agroforestry

Human food and beverage

• Beverage base
• Fruits
• Spices and culinary herbs

Materials

• Carved material
• Dye/tanning
• Wood/timber

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
• Traditional/folklore

Wood Products

Top of page

Sawn or hewn building timbers

• Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
• For light construction

Woodware

• Industrial and domestic woodware
• Tool handles
• Turnery

Prevention and Control

Top of page

P. guajava is able to survive some fires through regenerating vegetatively from suckers (Smith, 1998). Such vegetative reproduction from suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Providing all traces of the roots are removed, seedlings and young plants may be removed by pulling or digging (Weber, 2003). Cronk and Fuller (1995) report that the waxy cuticle of leaves offers some protection to the plant, reducing the effectiveness of herbicide application. If trees are felled the stumps should be treated with a herbicide to prevent regeneration through suckering (Weber, 2003). Biological control is problematic for this species because there are direct conflicts of interest with fruit growers (Smith, 1998), and none has been implemented.

Bibliography

Top of page Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36: 89-95.

Arya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41(2):214-219.

Gill AS, Gangwar KS, 1990. Evaluation of intensive forage production system under guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 35(4):437-438.

Hawkes JG, 1991. The centers of plant genetic diversity in Latin America. Diversity, 7(1/2):7-9.

Kavimani S, Karpagam RI, Jaykar B, Ilango Karpagam R, 1997. Anti inflammatory activity of volatile oil of Psidium guajava. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(3):142-144.

Menzel CM, 1985. Guava: an exotic fruit with potential in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 111(2):93-98.

Mohyuddin AI, Piyadasa BR, Chandrasiri IMN, 1992. Integrated pest management for pests of high value crops in system B. PARC-IIBC Station, CAB International Institute of Biological Control.

Prasad NBL, Azeemoddin G, 1994. Characteristics and composition of guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed and oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 71(4):457.

Rehm S, Espig G, 1996. Crop plants of the tropics and subtropics. Second edition. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH.

Singh A, 1980. Fruit physiology and production. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publications, 323-326.

Wilson CW III, 1980. Guava. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, eds. Tropical and Sub tropical Fruits. Composition, Properties and Uses. Westport, Connecticut, USA: AVI Publishing Inc., 279-299.

References

Top of page

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species. Trees for development in Sub Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February 20-25, 1989, 66-70; 10 ref

Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species. Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-25 February 1989, 66-70; 10 ref

Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref

Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref

Anon., 2003. Invasive Plant Species. The Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology (BEST) Commission. http://www.best.bs/Invasive_plant_species.htm.

Ansar, M., Saleem, A., Iqbal, A., 1994. Cause and control of guava decline in the Punjab (Pakistan). Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 6(1), 41-44.

Arya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41:214-219

Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. 1996, xix + 427 pp.; ref. at ends of chapters

Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV., 427 pp

Beer J, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5; 1 pl

Beer JW, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5

Binggeli P, 1999. Invasive woody plants. http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html

Boldingh I, 1914. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands: The Flora of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. Leyden, Netherlands: EJ. Brill, 244 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20608

Bose TK, Mitra SK, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya Prokash

Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: tropical and subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya Prokash

Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html

Buss CM, 2002. The potential threat of invasive tree species in Botswana. Department of Crop Production and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Botswana, 40 pp

CDFA, 2015. Guava fruit fly (GFF), https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/gff/regulation.html Regulation and quarantine boundaries. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Plant Health & Pest Prevention Services

CDFA, 2015. Guava fruit fly quarantine in portion of Los Angeles County. Guava fruit fly quarantine in portion of Los Angeles County, News Release #15-025. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Office of Public Affairs

Chauhan DS, Dhyani SK, 1989. Traditional agroforestry practices in north-east Himalayan region of India. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 4(2):73-81; 5 ref

Chauhan DS, Dhyani SK, 1989. Traditional agroforestry practices in north-east Himalayan region of India. Special issue on natural resources management for a sustainable agriculture. Indian-Journal-of-Dryland-Agricultural-Research-and-Development, 4(2):73-81; 5 ref

Cronk QCB, Fuller JL, 1995. Plant invaders: the threat to natural ecosystems. London, UK: Chapman & Hall

Cunha, R. L. da, Hubinger, M. D., Sato, A. C. K., Vieira, G. S., 2012. Tropical and subtropical fruits: postharvest physiology, processing and packaging, Iowa, USA, John Wiley & Sons.203-222.

Dadhwal KS, Sharma NK, Saroj PL, 1995. Diagnosis and possible interventions in designing agroforestry systems in north-western plains of Uttar Pradesh - a case study. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(1):47-53; 4 ref

Dadhwal KS, Sharma NK, Saroj PL, 1995. Diagnosis and possible interventions in designing agroforestry systems in north-western plains of Uttar Pradesh - a case study. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(1):47-53; 4 ref

DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. DAISIE (online). www.europe-aliens.org

Duggan KJ, Henderson L, 1981. Progress with a survey of exotic woody plant invaders of the Transvaal. Proceedings of the fourth National Weeds Conference of South Africa., 7-20

FAO, 2013. FAOSTAT database. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html [2011 data taken in 2013.]

Fernández Oviedo Gde, 1535. Historia General y Natural de las Indias: Islas y Tierra-firme del Mar Océano ([English title not available]). Madrid, Spain: Real Academia de la Historia, 770 pp

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/

Forzza RC, Leitman PM, Costa AF, Carvalho Jr AA, et al. , 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/

Funk V, Hollowell T, Berry P, Kelloff C, Alexander SN, 2007. Checklist of the plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 584 pp

Gill AS, Gangwar KS, 1990. Evaluation of intensive forage production system under guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 35(4):437-438

González-Aguilar, G. A., Tiznado-Hernández, M. E., Zavaleta-Gatica, R., Martínez-Téllez, M. A., 2004. Methyl jasmonate treatments reduce chilling injury and activate the defense response of guava fruits. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 313(3), 694-701. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.165

Govaerts R, 2013. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

Hawkes JG, 1991. The centers of plant genetic diversity in Latin America. Diversity, 7(1/2):7-9

Henderson L, 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 12. Cape Town, South Africa: Paarl Printers

HIRANO, R. T., NAKASONE, H. Y., 1969. Chromosome numbers of ten species and clones in the genus Psidium. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science, 94, 83-6.

I3N-Argentina, 2013. Base de Datos sobre Especies Invasoras (Database of invasive species)., Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Sur. www.inbiar.org.ar

I3N-Brasil, 2013. Base de dados nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras (National database of exotic invasive species). http://i3n.institutohorus.org.br/www/

Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (3.3). http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

Ito, P. J., Kunimoto, R., Ko, W. H., 1979. Transmission of mucor rot of guava fruits by three species of fruit flies. Tropical Agriculture, 56(1), 49-52.

Ito, P. J., Kunimoto, R., Ko, W., 1976. Guava cultivars tolerant to mucor fruit rot. In: 24th Annual Congress of the American Society for Horticultural Sciences, Tropical Region . 175-178.

Janick, J., Paull, R. E., 2008. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, CABI.xviii + 954 pp.

Jeyakumar, P., 2016. Physiological disorders in fruit crops. Guava. In: Physiological disorders in fruit crops. Guava, Tamil Nadu, India, Tamil Nadu agritech Portal.http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/PDF/Physiological%20disorders%20-%20Dr.%20P.J.pdf

Kader, A. A., 1999. . UC Davis, Postharvest technology, Maintaining produce Quality & safety, California, USA, University of California.http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Guava/

Kavimani S, Karpagam RI, Jaykar B, Ilango Karpagam R, 1997. Anti inflammatory activity of volatile oil of Psidium guajava. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(3):142-144

Kunimoto, R. K., Ito, P. J., Ko, W. H., 1977. Mucor rot of guava fruits caused by Mucor hiemalis. Tropical Agriculture, 54(2), 185-187.

Langeland KA, Burks KC, 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida, 165 pp

Litz, R. E., 2004. Biotechnology of fruit and nut crops, CAB International.xxiv + 723 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20053001306 doi:10.1079/9780851996622.0000

Luken JO, Thieret JW, 1996. Assessment and Management of Plant Invasions. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. 324 pp

Madagascar Catalogue, 2012. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Research and Conservation Program. http://www.efloras.org/madagascar

Mauchamp A, 1997. Threats from alien plant species in the Galapagos Islands. Conservation Biology, 11(1):260-263; 26 ref

Menzel CM, 1985. Guava: an exotic fruit with potential in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 111(2):93-98

Miller JH, Chambliss EB, Bargeron CT, 2002. Invasive Plants of the Thirteen Southern States. http://www.invasive.org/seweeds.cfm

Mitchell, W. C., 1973. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication No. 111, Honolulu, Hawaii, 8-10.

Mohyuddin AI, Piyadasa BR, Chandrasiri IMN, 1992. Integrated pest management for pests of high value crops in system B. PARC-IIBC Station, CAB International Institute of Biological Control

Monzon, M. E., Biasi, B., Wang, S. J., Tang, J. M., Hallman, G. J., Mitcham, E. J., 2005. Persimmon and guava fruit response to radio frequency heating as an alternative quarantine treatment. Acta Horticulturae, (No.687), 349-350. http://www.actahort.org

Mune TL, Parham. JW, 1956. Weed control: Guava and its control in Fiji. Agricultural Journal, Fiji 27 (3/4), (103-8)

Natale, W., Mello Prado, R. de, Quaggio, J. A., Mattos, D. de Jr, 2007. In: Crisóstomo LA, Naumov A, Johnston AE, IPI Bulletin No. 18 Fertilizing for High Yield and Quality, Tropical Fruits of Brazil, Horgen, Switzerland, International Potash Institute.103-122. http://www.ipipotash.org/udocs/6_Guava.pdf

National Tropical Botanical Garden, 2007. http://ntbg.org

NatureServe, 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. Arlington, Virginia, USA: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer

Nilsson PO, 1995. Agroforestry in Cabo Delgado Mozambique: a study of farmers' experience and knowledge of growing trees. Recommendations for extension work in Cabo Delgado. Working Paper International Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, No. 295, v + 74 pp.; ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP-295-SE; 12 ref

Nilsson PO, 1995. Agroforestry in Cabo Delgado Mozambique: a study of farmers' experience and knowledge of growing trees. Recommendations for extension work in Cabo Delgado. Working Paper - International Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, No. 295:v + 74 pp.; [ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP-295-SE]; 12 ref

Owen SJ, 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand: DOC Science Publications. http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm

Partridge IJ, 1973. Chemical control of guava. Fiji Agricultural Journal, 35(2):101-102

Pathak RK, Ojha CM, 1993. Genetic resources of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops, (1):143-147; 22 ref

Pathak RK, Ojha CM, Chadha KL (ed. ), Pareek OP, 1993. Genetic resources of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops Volume 1, 143-147; 22 ref

Paull, R. E., Chen, C. C., 2014. Guava: postharvest quality-maintenance guidelines. Guava: postharvest quality-maintenance guidelines, http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-41.pdf Fruit, Nut and Beverage Crops F_N-41. College of Tropical Agricultural and Human Resources. Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii.

Paull, R. E., Duarte, O., 2012. Tropical fruits, Volume 2, (Ed.2) : CABI.ix + 371 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20123357661 doi:10.1079/9781845937898.0000

PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

Pleines T, 1993. Agroforestry systems and peasant farming practices for erosion control in the Antananarivo region. [Systemes agroforestiers et pratiques paysannes en lutte anti-erosive dans la region d'Antananarivo.] Akon'ny Ala, No. 11, 10-14; 11 ref

Pleines T, 1993. Agroforestry systems and peasant farming practices for erosion control in the Antananarivo region. Akon'ny Ala, 11:10-14

Prasad N, Mehta PR, Lal SB, 1952. Fusarium wilt of guava (Psidium guyava [guajava] L.) in Utter Pradesh, India. Nature, Lond. 169 (4305), (753). 7 refs

Prasad NBL, Azeemoddin G, 1994. Characteristics and composition of guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed and oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 71(4):457

Pritpal-Singh, Bhatt, R., Kendra-Ropar, D. P. K. V., 2013. Management of micro-nutrients deficiencies in fruit plants. In: Management of micro-nutrients deficiencies in fruit plants, Ludhiana, India, Punjab Agricultural University.http://www.agrolook.com/pdfs/micronutrients-management-plants-dec.pdf

Radha, T., Mathew, L., 2007. Fruit Crops, New Delhi, India, New India Publishing.

Raturi GB, Hiwale SS, 1993. Horti-silvi-pastoral system for increased productivity of marginal and degraded lands under rainfed conditions. Advances in Horticulture and Forestry, 3: 179-186; 3 ref

Raturi GB, Hiwale SS, 1993. Horti-silvi-pastoral system for increased productivity of marginal and degraded lands under rainfed conditions. Advances in Horticulture and Forestry, 3:179-186; 3 ref

Rehm S, Espig G, 1996. Crop plants of the tropics and subtropics. Die Kulturpflanzen der Tropen und Subtropen., Ed. 2:528 pp.; [101 fig., 55 tab.]; 2313 ref

Roxas CA, Florido HB, Saplan J, Rondina R, Dimaculangan R, 1991. Drought resistant species. RISE - Research Information Series on Ecosystems 3(2)

Saroj PL, Arora YK, 1994. Horticulture based agroforestry systems of Doon Valley. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 22(3):60-65; 12 ref

Saroj PL, Arora YK, 1994. Horticulture based agroforestry systems of Doon Valley. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 22(3):60-65; 12 ref

Sheil D, 1994. Naturalized and invasive plants in the evergreen forests of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 32:66-71

Singh A, 1980. Fruit physiology and production. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publications, 323-326

Smith CW, 1998. Pest Plants of Hawaiian Native Ecosystems. University of Hawaii, USA: Department of Botany. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/aliens.htm

Somarriba E (Somarriba EJ), Beer J (Beer JW), Beer JW, Somarriba EJ, 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. III. Fuelwood production. [Arboles de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) en pastizales. III. Produccion de lena.] Turrialba, 35(4):333-338; 18 ref

Somarriba E (Somarriba EJ), Somarriba EJ, 1982. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) growing in pastures: methods of volume measurement and potential for wood production. [Guayabo (Psidium guajava L.) asociado con pastos: metodos de analisis volumetrico y potencial de produccion de lena.] 1982, iv + 33 pp.; 20 ref

Somarriba E (Somarriba EJ), Somarriba EJ, 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. I. Fruit production and seed dispersal. [Arboles de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) en pastizales. I. Produccion de fruta y potencial de dispersion de semillas.] Turrialba, 35(3):289-295; 31 ref

Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. II. Fruit consumption and seed dispersal. Turrialba, 35(4):329-332; 9 ref

Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1986. Effects of livestock on seed germination of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Agroforestry Systems, 4(3):233-238; 21 ref

Somarriba E, 1985. Guava trees in pastures. 2. Fruit consumption and seed dispersion by cows. (Arboles de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) en pastizales. 2. Consumo de fruta y dispersion de semillas.) Turrialba, 35(4):329-332

Somarriba E, 1995. Guayaba (Psidium guajava) in pastures: establishment of live fences and rehabilitation of degraded pastures. Agroforesteri^acute~a en las Ame^acute~ricas, 2(6):27-29; 6 ref

Somarriba EJ, 1986. Effects of livestock on seed germination of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Agroforestry Systems, 4(3):233-238; 21 ref

Somarriba EJ, Beer JW, 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. III. Fuelwood production. Turrialba, 35(4):333-338; 18 ref

Space J, 2001. Notes from Jim Space on his survey of invasive plant species in Tonga. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). http://www.issg.org/features/invasives_on_tonga.html

Space JC, Waterhouse B, Denslow JS, Nelson D, Mazawa TR, 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA

Subramanyam MD, Iyer CPA, 1993. Improvement of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops - Volume 1., 337-347; 56 ref

Subramanyam MD, Iyer CPA, Chadha KL (ed. ), Pareek OP, 1993. Improvement of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops Volume 1, 337-347; 56 ref

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1995. Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster. In: Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster : US Fish and Wildlife Service.270 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1996. Big Island Plant Cluster Recovery Plan. In: Big Island Plant Cluster Recovery Plan : US Fish and Wildlife Service.202 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998. Big Island II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster. In: Big Island II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster : US Fish and Wildlife Service.80 pp. + appendices.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1998. Kauai II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster. In: Kauai II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Kauai Plant Cluster : US Fish and Wildlife Service.84 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1999. Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Plants. In: Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Plants : US Fish and Wildlife Service.206 pp. + appendices.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Schiedea kauaiensis (no common name). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Schiedea kauaiensis (no common name) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.6 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2008. Kulu`i (Nototrichium humile). 5-Year Review. In: Kulu`i (Nototrichium humile). 5-Year Review : US Fish and Wildlife Service.11 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pritchardia schattaueri (Lo`ulu). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pritchardia schattaueri (Lo`ulu) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.7 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2009. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Xylosma crenatum (no common name). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Xylosma crenatum (no common name) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.7 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.10 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu palm). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pritchardia napaliensis (loulu palm) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.10 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Pteralyxia kauaiensis (kaulu) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.9 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Remya kauaiensis (no common name). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Species Reviewed: Remya kauaiensis (no common name) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.12 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau). In: 5-Year Review, Short Form Summary: Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.8 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Determination of Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and designation of Critical Habitat: Final Rule. In: Determination of Endangered Status for 48 Species on Kauai and designation of Critical Habitat: Final Rule : US Fish and Wildlife Service.i + 205 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.19 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Schiedea apokremnos (maolioli). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.16 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (no common name). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda (no common name). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.11 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing 23 Species on Oahu as Endangered and Designating Critical Habitat for 124 Species. In: Federal Register , 76(148) : US Fish and Wildlife Service.46362-46593. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2011-08-02/pdf/2011-17162.pdf

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Isodendrion longifolium (aupaka). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.28 pp. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc3809.pdf

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. Schiedea hookeri (no common name). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Schiedea hookeri (no common name). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.20 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2011. Urera kaalae (opuhe). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. In: Urera kaalae (opuhe). 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation : US Fish and Wildlife Service.19 pp.

US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species assessment and listing priority assignment form: Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. austrofloridense. In: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service species assessment and listing priority assignment form: Sideroxylon reclinatum ssp. austrofloridense : US Fish and Wildlife Service.16 pp. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/candidate/assessments/2013/r4/Q3IM_P01.pdf

USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx

USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov

USDA-NRCS, 2013. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/

Vasquez, J., Delgado, C., Couturier, G., Ferrero, D. M., 2002. Harmful insects for the guava tree (Psidium guajava L.: Myrtaceae) in Peruvian Amazonia. Fruits (Paris), 57(5/6), 323-334. doi: 10.1051/fruits:2002029

Verheij EWM, Coronel RE(Editors), 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Wageningen, Netherlands; Pudoc, 446 pp

Vieira, S. M. J., Raga, A., Benedetti, B. C., Oliveira, R. A. de, Marco, P. G. di, Scarponi, A. P. de T., 2014. Effect of ultraviolet-C radiation on "Kumagai" guavas infested by Ceratitis capitata (Diptera-Tephritidae) and on physical parameters of postharvest. Scientia Horticulturae, 165, 295-302. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03044238 doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2013.11.015

Villiers, E. de, Grové, T., 2000. Guava pests. Neltropika Bulletin, (No. 309), 7-10.

Vos, J. E., Schoeman, M. H., Berjak, P., Watt, M. P., Toerien, A. J., 2000. In vitro selection and commercial release of Guava Wilt resistant rootstocks. Acta Horticulturae, (No. 513), 69-79.

Weber E, 2003. Invasive plant species of the world: A reference guide to environmental weeds. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 548 pp

Weeds of Australia, 2012. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=

Wilson CW III, 1980. Guava. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, eds. Tropical and Sub tropical Fruits. Composition, Properties and Uses. Westport, Connecticut, USA: AVI Publishing Inc., 279-299

World Agroforestry Centre, 2002. Agroforestree Database. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm

Zemede A, Ayele N, 1995. Home-gardens in Ethiopia: characteristics and plant diversity. Sinet, an Ethiopian Journal of Science, 18(2):235-266; 23 ref

Zemede A, Ayele N, 1995. Home-gardens in Ethiopia: characteristics and plant diversity. Sinet, an Ethiopian Journal of Science, 18(2):235-266; 23 ref

Ziller SR, Rosa F, 2001. Solicitaç¦o de colaboraç¦o para o workshop de 17-19 October 2001

Links to Websites

Top of page

Contributors

Top of page

01/03/13 Updated by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Distribution Maps

Top of page