Psidium guajava
(guava)

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

• Psidium guajava L., 1753

Preferred Common Name

• guava

Other Scientific Names

• Guaiava pyriformis Gaertn.
• Guajava pumila (Vahl) Kuntze
• Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
• Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze
• Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
• Psidium angustifolium Lam.
• Psidium aromaticum Blanco
• Psidium cujavillus Burm. f.
• Psidium cujavus L.
• Psidium fragrans Macfad.
• Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burm.f.) Krug & Urb.
• Psidium guajava var. minor Mattos
• Psidium igatemyense Barb. Rodr.
• Psidium intermedium Zipp. ex Blume
• Psidium pomiferum L.
• Psidium pomiferum var. sapidissimum (Jacq.) DC.
• Psidium prostratum O. Berg
• Psidium pumilum Vahl
• Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense DC.
• Psidium pyriferum L.
• Psidium pyriferum var. glabrum Benth.
• Psidium sapidissimum Jacq.
• Psidium vulgare Rich.
• Syzygium ellipticum K. Schum. & Lauterb.

International Common Names

• English: apple guava; Brazilian guava; common guava; Guinea guava; lemon guava; pear guava; tropical guava; yellow guava
• Spanish: guayaba; guayaba agria; guayaba blanca; guayaba cimarrona; guayaba del Perú; guayaba dulce; guayabero; guayabita; guayabita del Perú; guayabo; guyava
• French: gouyave; goyave; goyavier; goyovier commun
• Arabic: guwâfah
• Chinese: fan shi liu
• Portuguese: goiaba; goiabero; guiaiva

Local Common Names

• Brazil: araca; araçá-goiaba; araçá-guaçú; araçá-guaiava; araçá-guiaba; araçá-uaçú; goabeira; goiaba; goiaba-branca; goiaba-pêra; goiaba-vermelha; goiabeira-branca; goibaçu; guaiaba; guava; guiava; puruí
• Brunei Darussalam: biyabas; jambu batu
• Cambodia: trapaek sruk
• Cuba: guayaba cotorrera; guayabo; guayabo agrio; guayabo cotorrero; guayabo del Perú
• Dominican Republic: guayaba injerta; guayabo
• Germany: Guavenbaum
• Guam: abas
• Haiti: goavier
• India: amarood; ettajama; jamba; jamphal; jamrukh; mansala; piyara; sapari; tupkel
• Indonesia: jambu biji
• Indonesia/Java: jambu klutuk
• Italy: guaia giallo; pero del India
• Kenya: pera
• Laos: si da
• Lesser Antilles: gwiyav; kwiyabu; white guava
• Malaysia: jambu berase; jambu biji; jambu kampuchia
• Mexico: enandi; guayaba perulera; pichi; posh
• Myanmar: malakapen
• Netherlands: guavaboom
• Philippines: bayabas; guyabas
• Saint Lucia: gwiyav
• Tanzania: pera
• Thailand: farang; ma-kuai; ma-man
• USA/Hawaii: kuawa
• Vietnam: oi

EPPO code

• PSIGU (Psidium guajava)

Summary of Invasiveness

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P. guajava is a fast growing tropical and subtropical species adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. It is tolerant of shade, a precocious and prolific reproducer with seed dispersal aided by avian and mammalian vectors. It can form dense thickets which displace native vegetation and is reported as an invasive weed in many countries. The balance between its valuable fruit production and its invasive potential requires careful monitoring.

Taxonomic Tree

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• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Myrtales
•                         Family: Myrtaceae
•                             Genus: Psidium
•                                 Species: Psidium guajava

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The genus Psidium is composed of approximately 150 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in the American tropics. A good taxonomic classification of this genus is lacking. Psidium guajava is by far the most widely known and distributed (Paull and Duarte, 2012).

Psidium, except for P. guajava, is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species (2n = 22) (Hirano and Nakasone, 1969). Psidium cujavillus, P. guineense and P. friedrichsthalianum from El Salvador are tetraploids (2n = 24), while the latter species from Costa Rica is a hexaploid (2n = 66). Vegetatively, plants of the two separate accessions show no visible differences (Janick and Paull, 2008).

Description

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Shallow-rooted shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branching from the base and often producing suckers. Bark smooth, green to red-brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Young twigs four-angled and ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, with translucid punstations; petiole 3-10 mm long; blade elliptic to oblong, 5-15 x 3-7 cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, veins prominent below. Flowers solitary or in two- to three-flowered axillary cymes, about 3 cm in diameter; four to six calyx lobes, 1-1.5 cm long, irregular; petals four to five, white, 1-2 cm long; stamens numerous, 1-2 cm long; ovary 4-5-locular; style 1.5-2 cm long, stigma capitate. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid or pyriform, 4-12 cm long, surmounted by the persistent calyx lobes; exocarp green to yellow; mesocarp fleshy, white, yellow, pink or red, sour to sweet and aromatic. Seeds numerous, yellowish, bony, reniform, 3-5 mm long, embedded in a pink or white pulp.

Plant Type

Top of page Broadleaved
Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub
Tree
Woody

Distribution

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The native distribution range of P. guajava is uncertain. Many botanists consider the species to be native to tropical America, probably from southern Mexico to South America, but its distribution has been greatly extended through cultivation and it is now widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, this species is naturalized in the Old World tropics and in the West Indies (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Some authors consider P. guajava native to Asia, perhaps due to the fact that Linnaeus in 1753 described this species based on Old World collections. However, P. guajava was reported under the name guayabo by Fernandez de Oviedo in 1535 as being widely distributed in the West Indies, both cultivated and in the wild. This is only a few decades after the discovery of the New World and therefore very unlikely that the species was introduced and was able to spread across the West Indies in such a short period of time. The species was presumably introduced into the West Indies by ancient human migration from northern South America.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

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The Spanish took P. guajava east across the Pacific and the Portuguese took it west to Africa and India. At present it is well distributed and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. Due to its ease of culture, the high nutritional value of the fruit and the popularity of the processed products, guava is important in international trade as well as in the local markets of over 60 tropical and subtropical countries. The largest producers are countries in Central and South America (Brazil, Mexico), India and Thailand (100,000 t in 1981/82), and production is increasing in the Caribbean, Hawaii, Florida (USA) and South Africa. Several authors regard P. guajava as a highly invasive species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Binggeli, 1999). In New Zealand it is regarded as a potential problem weed species (Owen, 1996). It was one of the first introduced species on the Galapagos islands to be recognized for its invasive behaviour (Mauchamp, 1997). It is only present on the inhabited islands and is one of a number of species that are causing serious environmental damage (Mauchamp, 1997).

In some Pacific Islands, as well as in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, P. guajava is an important weed in pastures, where it is difficult to eradicate and leads to land degradation (Somarriba, 1995). On the Pacific island of Chuuk, Space et al. (2000) list it among species that are known to be invasive elsewhere and are cultivated, common or weedy on the island. It is widely distributed on all the main Hawaiian islands, on a wide range of soil conditions, and can form dense thickets there (Smith, 1998). It is also a weed in agricultural habitats in Puerto Rico (Federal Highway Administration, 2001) and considered invasive on Bermuda. In Florida it had naturalized by 1765 (Langeland and Burks, 1998). Sheil (1994) noted that it was regenerating in disturbed areas of the Budongo forest in Uganda. Ziller and Rosa (2001) also report invasive behaviour in Brazil. Indeed, many authors link its spread to disturbance events, for example in open glades created by storms or logging activities. 

In the West Indies, P. guajava was probably introduced by aborigines before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. By 1535, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, one of the first writers to chronicle the Spanish colonization of the Caribbean region, described this species as “very common everywhere in the West Indies”. This author also mentioned that native people in the West Indies cultivated and consumed the fruits of this species (Fernández de Oviedo, 1535).

 

Risk of Introduction

Top of page This species has already been so widely introduced that it is likely to be present in almost all countries capable of growing it. The risk is therefore one of plants already present in cultivation escaping into wild environments. Given that guava production in many countries occurs in smallholdings and gardens this is likely to be difficult to control; monitoring to detect early signs of invasion would therefore be prudent. It is a category 2 invasive plant species on the Bahamas (Anon., 2003) and it appears on the Florida Exotic Pest Plant list of 1999 where it is described as a category 1 invasive that is altering plant communities (Miller et al., 2002). In South Africa it is declared a category 2 invader according to the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act 1983 (Henderson, 2001).

Habitat

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P. guajava thrives in both humid and dry climates at altitudes of 0-1500 m (or up to 2100 m in some regions). However, the optimum yield occurs in regions with a mean temperature range of 20-30°C, and a uniform annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm. World Agroforestry Centre (2002) describe its original habitats savannah/shrub ecotones or frequently disturbed land. In its exotic range, P. guajava is an invader of forests and forest edges, pastures and grasslands, and riparian habitats (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Weber, 2003). In South Africa it also invades savannah and roadside habitats (Henderson, 2001) and in Florida it grows in 'hammocks, pinelands and under cypress' (Langeland and Burks, 1998).

Habitat List

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Hosts/Species Affected

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P. guajava is generally an environmental weed though it is known to invade forests, both planted and natural, and managed grasslands, as well as occasionally affecting cultivated land and plantation crops.

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

Cultivation has resulted in many varieties of this plant (Weber, 2003). In leading guava-producing countries, more or less extensive cultivar collections from all over the world are maintained, such as at the Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, Australia. Systematic breeding work was first undertaken in Hawaii to obtain better processing cultivars. Current standards for selection of processing cultivars in Hawaii include: fruit diameter at least 7.5 cm, diameter of cavity no more than 3.75 cm, fruit weight 200-300 g, seed content only 1-2%, dark pink colour, soluble solids 9-12%, vitamin C 300 mg per 100 g, flesh with few stone cells and with characteristic guava flavour. Important criteria for breeding programmes in the major fresh-fruit producing countries are yield potential, seedlessness and firm fruit that ripens slowly. Polyploidy is not uncommon in guava; parthenocarpy occurs in some diploid as well as triploid cultivars. The species shows great diversity in tree size, yield and fruit quality. Some wild seedlings produce very small seedy, gritty, musky fruit, whereas selected types can produce large, almost seedless, smooth-textured fruit with pleasant flesh (red or pink) and high flesh recovery. Dessert types have lower acidity and many are white- or yellow-fleshed. Numerous cultivars have been developed, including dual-purpose types, which are a compromise between dessert and processing requirements.

Physiology and Phenology

In good conditions, P. guajava may flower within the first 2 years. The trees reach full bearing after 5-8 years, depending on growing conditions and spacing. It is not a long-lived tree (about 40 years), but the plants may bear heavily for 15-25 years.

Reproductive Biology

Given appropriate conditions, P. guajava is able to reproduce at almost any time of year. The pollen is viable for up to 42 hours and the stigmas are receptive for about 2 days. Bees are the principal pollinators. There is some self- and cross-incompatibility. It has a hermaphrodite breeding system and produces large quantities of seeds that are then dispersed by birds and mammals. Guava seeds retain their viability for approximately 1 year at 8°C and low humidity. Vegetative reproduction from root suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995).

Environmental Requirements

P. guajava is a hardy tree that adapts to a wide range of growing conditions. In the tropics the tree is found from sea level to an altitude of about 1500 m and can stand temperatures from 15-45°C; the highest yields are recorded at mean temperatures of 23-28°C. In the subtropics, quiescent trees withstand light frosts, and 3.5-6 months of mean temperatures above 16°C (depending on the cultivar) suffice for flowering and fruiting. Guava is more drought-resistant than most tropical fruit crops. For maximum production in the tropics, however, it requires 1000-2000 mm of rain, evenly distributed over the year. If fruit ripens during a very wet period it loses flavour and may split.

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Air Temperature

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Rainfall

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Rainfall Regime

Top of page Bimodal
Summer
Uniform
Winter

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• saline

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Trees may wilt following infection by various soil fungi, and root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. is also thought to kill trees. The leaves are little affected by diseases, but anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), which is more serious on the fruit, also affects the leaves. Blossom-end rot can become a serious disease in the rainy season; there may be physiological as well as pathological causes. Mucor rot, caused by the fungus Mucor hiemalis, spoils fruit punctured by insects. Young fruit are often seen blackened and mummified by G. cingulata or Botryodiplodia theobromae. Fruit canker, circular raised corky spots infected by Pestalotiopsis psidii, is also common. Orchard sanitation, in the form of early removal of infected plant parts, helps to reduce infections. Chemical control may be applied in the rainy season; dithane can be used against blossom-end rot and fruit canker, with additional control of anthracnose. Fruit flies are the most important pest; guava is a major host to species of Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Argyresthia. Bagging the fruit is the main control method in continuously cropped orchards; if the crop is cycled, spraying with fenthion or use of bait sprays may provide additional means of control. Sucking insects such as scales, mealy bugs and thrips can largely be checked by predators and control of ants. Leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles may severely damage young trees; early detection greatly facilitates control by spot treatment.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Top of page Birds and mammals eat the fruit and disperse the seeds (Cronk and Fuller, 1995), for example rats and feral pigs (Space, 2001). According to World Agroforestry Centre (2002) the principal dispersal agents are bats. It is widely planted in gardens and as an agroforestry species and from there is able to escape cultivation and colonize disturbed sites in semi-natural and natural environments. The pantropical distribution of this species is a result of its widespread intentional introduction as a commercial fruit crop.

Impact Summary

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Economic Impact

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P. guajava can cause economic impacts through the alteration of pasture habitat and because it is a host to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa, a pest which can also affect citrus (Langeland and Burks, 1998). However, the economic costs of loss of pasture and costs of control must be weighed against the economic benefits accrued from the sale of fruits and processed products as commercial crops.

Environmental Impact

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This species covers large areas of the Galapagos Islands where it outcompetes native forest species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Similarly it is an invader of Acacia forest on Hawaii (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Henderson (2001) classifies this species as a habitat transformer. Some authors, e.g. Smith (1998), believe it may have allelopathic effects on other plants. It is well known for forming dense thickets that can suppress the growth of native species.

Threatened Species

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Social Impact

Top of page The social impact may be considered as only positive, due to the financial and nutritional benefits from fruit production, processing and consumption.

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page Invasiveness

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Highly mobile locally
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year

Impact outcomes

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Reduced native biodiversity

Impact mechanisms

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Competition - smothering
• Competition
• Pest and disease transmission

Likelihood of entry/control

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

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P. guajava is an ideal home garden fruit tree due to its hardiness, high yield, long supply season and high nutritive value. It is grown in orchards or incorporated into agroforestry systems in India, and is widely planted (or has spread) in Africa. Details of fruit production are given by Verheij and Coronel (1991). The potential for developing guava for a larger and wider commercial market appears to be limited, mainly by its short shelf life and its susceptibility to fruit flies. However, opportunities for expanding the processed fruit market appear to be good, in South-East Asia and in other regions. The fruit is usually eaten raw, both green and ripe (when it becomes fragrant). It is also stewed and used in shortcakes and pies. After removing the seeds, the pulp is made into preserves, jam, jelly, juice and nectar. Well-made guava jelly is deep wine-coloured, clear, of very firm consistency, and retains something of the pungent musky flavour of the fresh fruit. Guava paste (or guava cheese as it is known in the West Indies) is made by evaporating the pulp with sugar; it is eaten as a sweetmeat. The fruit, peeled, halved and cooked in light syrup, is canned and the juice and nectar are also preserved in this way. Guava powder is a good source of vitamin C and pectin. In some Asian countries the leaves are used in cooking, and medicinally against diarrhoea; they can also be used for dyeing and tanning. The wood is moderately strong and durable indoors; it is used for handles and in carpentry and turnery (Verheij and Coronel, 1991), and also for building timbers, woodware and carvings. The flowers provide nectar for bees and contribute to honey production.

Uses List

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Environmental

• Agroforestry

Human food and beverage

• Beverage base
• Fruits
• Spices and culinary herbs

Materials

• Carved material
• Dye/tanning
• Wood/timber

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
• Traditional/folklore

Wood Products

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Sawn or hewn building timbers

• Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
• For light construction

Woodware

• Industrial and domestic woodware
• Tool handles
• Turnery

Prevention and Control

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P. guajava is able to survive some fires through regenerating vegetatively from suckers (Smith, 1998). Such vegetative reproduction from suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Providing all traces of the roots are removed, seedlings and young plants may be removed by pulling or digging (Weber, 2003). Cronk and Fuller (1995) report that the waxy cuticle of leaves offers some protection to the plant, reducing the effectiveness of herbicide application. If trees are felled the stumps should be treated with a herbicide to prevent regeneration through suckering (Weber, 2003). Biological control is problematic for this species because there are direct conflicts of interest with fruit growers (Smith, 1998), and none has been implemented.

Bibliography

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Contributors

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01/03/13 Updated by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

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