Psidium guajava (guava)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Threatened Species
- Social Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Prevention and Control
- Bibliography
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportPictures
Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Psidium guajava L., 1753
Preferred Common Name
- guava
Other Scientific Names
- Guaiava pyriformis Gaertn.
- Guajava pumila (Vahl) Kuntze
- Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
- Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze
- Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze
- Psidium angustifolium Lam.
- Psidium aromaticum Blanco
- Psidium cujavillus Burm. f.
- Psidium cujavus L.
- Psidium fragrans Macfad.
- Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burm.f.) Krug & Urb.
- Psidium guajava var. minor Mattos
- Psidium igatemyense Barb. Rodr.
- Psidium intermedium Zipp. ex Blume
- Psidium pomiferum L.
- Psidium pomiferum var. sapidissimum (Jacq.) DC.
- Psidium prostratum O. Berg
- Psidium pumilum Vahl
- Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense DC.
- Psidium pyriferum L.
- Psidium pyriferum var. glabrum Benth.
- Psidium sapidissimum Jacq.
- Psidium vulgare Rich.
- Syzygium ellipticum K. Schum. & Lauterb.
International Common Names
- English: apple guava; Brazilian guava; common guava; Guinea guava; lemon guava; pear guava; tropical guava; yellow guava
- Spanish: guayaba; guayaba agria; guayaba blanca; guayaba cimarrona; guayaba del Perú; guayaba dulce; guayabero; guayabita; guayabita del Perú; guayabo; guyava
- French: gouyave; goyave; goyavier; goyovier commun
- Arabic: guwâfah
- Chinese: fan shi liu
- Portuguese: goiaba; goiabero; guiaiva
Local Common Names
- Brazil: araca; araçá-goiaba; araçá-guaçú; araçá-guaiava; araçá-guiaba; araçá-uaçú; goabeira; goiaba; goiaba-branca; goiaba-pêra; goiaba-vermelha; goiabeira-branca; goibaçu; guaiaba; guava; guiava; puruí
- Brunei Darussalam: biyabas; jambu batu
- Cambodia: trapaek sruk
- Cuba: guayaba cotorrera; guayabo; guayabo agrio; guayabo cotorrero; guayabo del Perú
- Dominican Republic: guayaba injerta; guayabo
- Germany: Guavenbaum
- Guam: abas
- Haiti: goavier
- India: amarood; ettajama; jamba; jamphal; jamrukh; mansala; piyara; sapari; tupkel
- Indonesia: jambu biji
- Indonesia/Java: jambu klutuk
- Italy: guaia giallo; pero del India
- Kenya: pera
- Laos: si da
- Lesser Antilles: gwiyav; kwiyabu; white guava
- Malaysia: jambu berase; jambu biji; jambu kampuchia
- Mexico: enandi; guayaba perulera; pichi; posh
- Myanmar: malakapen
- Netherlands: guavaboom
- Philippines: bayabas; guyabas
- Saint Lucia: gwiyav
- Tanzania: pera
- Thailand: farang; ma-kuai; ma-man
- USA/Hawaii: kuawa
- Vietnam: oi
EPPO code
- PSIGU (Psidium guajava)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageP. guajava is a fast growing tropical and subtropical species adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions. It is tolerant of shade, a precocious and prolific reproducer with seed dispersal aided by avian and mammalian vectors. It can form dense thickets which displace native vegetation and is reported as an invasive weed in many countries. The balance between its valuable fruit production and its invasive potential requires careful monitoring.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Myrtales
- Family: Lithomyrtus
- Genus: Psidium
- Species: Psidium guajava
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe genus Psidium is composed of approximately 150 species of evergreen trees and shrubs in the American tropics. A good taxonomic classification of this genus is lacking. Psidium guajava is by far the most widely known and distributed (Paull and Duarte, 2012).
Psidium, except for P. guajava, is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species (2n = 22) (Hirano and Nakasone, 1969). Psidium cujavillus, P. guineense and P. friedrichsthalianum from El Salvador are tetraploids (2n = 24), while the latter species from Costa Rica is a hexaploid (2n = 66). Vegetatively, plants of the two separate accessions show no visible differences (Janick and Paull, 2008).
Description
Top of pageShallow-rooted shrub or small tree, up to 10 m tall, branching from the base and often producing suckers. Bark smooth, green to red-brown, peeling off in thin flakes. Young twigs four-angled and ridged, pubescent. Leaves opposite, with translucid punstations; petiole 3-10 mm long; blade elliptic to oblong, 5-15 x 3-7 cm, glabrous above, finely pubescent beneath, veins prominent below. Flowers solitary or in two- to three-flowered axillary cymes, about 3 cm in diameter; four to six calyx lobes, 1-1.5 cm long, irregular; petals four to five, white, 1-2 cm long; stamens numerous, 1-2 cm long; ovary 4-5-locular; style 1.5-2 cm long, stigma capitate. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid or pyriform, 4-12 cm long, surmounted by the persistent calyx lobes; exocarp green to yellow; mesocarp fleshy, white, yellow, pink or red, sour to sweet and aromatic. Seeds numerous, yellowish, bony, reniform, 3-5 mm long, embedded in a pink or white pulp.
Distribution
Top of pageThe native distribution range of P. guajava is uncertain. Many botanists consider the species to be native to tropical America, probably from southern Mexico to South America, but its distribution has been greatly extended through cultivation and it is now widespread throughout the tropics and subtropics. Currently, this species is naturalized in the Old World tropics and in the West Indies (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Some authors consider P. guajava native to Asia, perhaps due to the fact that Linnaeus in 1753 described this species based on Old World collections. However, P. guajava was reported under the name guayabo by Fernandez de Oviedo in 1535 as being widely distributed in the West Indies, both cultivated and in the wild. This is only a few decades after the discovery of the New World and therefore very unlikely that the species was introduced and was able to spread across the West Indies in such a short period of time. The species was presumably introduced into the West Indies by ancient human migration from northern South America.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 18 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Botswana | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Burkina Faso | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Cabo Verde | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Central African Republic | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Comoros | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Egypt | Present | |||||||
Eritrea | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Gabon | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Gambia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Ghana | Present | |||||||
Guinea | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Guinea-Bissau | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | ||||
Malawi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Mauritania | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | 1870 | Invasive | ||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Namibia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | 1880 | Invasive | Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 2,545 MT (Im) | |||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Senegal | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | 1700 | Invasive | Planted | Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 52,318 MT | ||
Sudan | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Togo | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | 1945 | Invasive | Planted | Original citation: Cronk & Fuller, 1995 Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 52,318 MT Present, based on regional distribution | ||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1991 | |||||
British Indian Ocean Territory | ||||||||
-Chagos Archipelago | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Brunei | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
China | Present | Introduced | Planted | First reported: Late 17th Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F) | ||||
-Guangdong | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Guizhou | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Hainan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Sichuan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cocos Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | 1851 | Invasive | ||||
India | Present | Introduced | 1892 | Planted |
| Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F) | ||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-Assam | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Chhattisgarh | Present | |||||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-Jharkhand | Present | |||||||
-Karnataka | Present | |||||||
-Kerala | Present | |||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | |||||||
-Odisha | Present | |||||||
-Punjab | Present | |||||||
-Sikkim | Present | |||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | |||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | |||||||
-West Bengal | Present | |||||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Java | Present | |||||||
-Sulawesi | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Iraq | Present | |||||||
Israel | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Laos | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Maldives | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Oman | Present | |||||||
Pakistan | Present | |||||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Syria | Present | |||||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | 1983 | |||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Yemen | ||||||||
-Socotra | Present | Introduced | 2001 | |||||
Europe |
||||||||
France | Present | |||||||
Greece | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Portugal | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | 1894 | Planted | ||||
Spain | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
North America |
||||||||
Anguilla | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Aruba | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: Before 1535 | |||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Barbados | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Belize | Present | Native | ||||||
Bermuda | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized on Guana, Tortola, and Virgin Gorda; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed in pastures | ||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Curaçao | Present | Introduced | Cultivated; First reported: Before 1535 | |||||
Dominica | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | ||||||
Grenada | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | ||||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Honduras | Present | Native | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | First reported: Before 1535 | |||||
Martinique | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Montserrat | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | ||||||
Panama | Present | Native | ||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated and naturalized. Also on Mona Island, Vieques, and Culebra; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Saint Kitts and Nevis | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Introduced | First reported: Before 1535 | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Cultivated and naturalized on St Croix, St John and St Thomas; First reported: Before 1535 | ||||
United States | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | 1847 | Invasive | ||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | First reported: early 1800s | ||||
-Louisiana | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Oceania |
||||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1843 | Invasive | Planted | Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F) | ||
-Lord Howe Island | Present | Introduced | 1882 | Invasive | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Christmas Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | 1815 | Invasive | Planted | |||
-Marquesas Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | 1857 | Invasive | Planted | Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas production (2011) 4,519,380 MT (F) | ||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Kermadec Islands | Present | Introduced | 1887 | |||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Pitcairn | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Timor-Leste | Present | |||||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Tuvalu | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Vanuatu | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
South America |
||||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Native | ||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted |
| |||
-Acre | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Alagoas | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Amapa | Present | |||||||
-Amazonas | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Bahia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Ceara | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Maranhao | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Paraiba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Parana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Piaui | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Sergipe | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Tocantins | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Chile | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Easter Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Colombia | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Native | ||||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized | ||||
Guyana | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized | ||||
Paraguay | Present | Native | ||||||
Peru | Present | Native | ||||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Cultivated and naturalized | ||||
Venezuela | Present | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of page
The Spanish took P. guajava east across the Pacific and the Portuguese took it west to Africa and India. At present it is well distributed and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. Due to its ease of culture, the high nutritional value of the fruit and the popularity of the processed products, guava is important in international trade as well as in the local markets of over 60 tropical and subtropical countries. The largest producers are countries in Central and South America (Brazil, Mexico), India and Thailand (100,000 t in 1981/82), and production is increasing in the Caribbean, Hawaii, Florida (USA) and South Africa. Several authors regard P. guajava as a highly invasive species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Binggeli, 1999). In New Zealand it is regarded as a potential problem weed species (Owen, 1996). It was one of the first introduced species on the Galapagos islands to be recognized for its invasive behaviour (Mauchamp, 1997). It is only present on the inhabited islands and is one of a number of species that are causing serious environmental damage (Mauchamp, 1997).
In some Pacific Islands, as well as in Central American countries such as Costa Rica, P. guajava is an important weed in pastures, where it is difficult to eradicate and leads to land degradation (Somarriba, 1995). On the Pacific island of Chuuk, Space et al. (2000) list it among species that are known to be invasive elsewhere and are cultivated, common or weedy on the island. It is widely distributed on all the main Hawaiian islands, on a wide range of soil conditions, and can form dense thickets there (Smith, 1998). It is also a weed in agricultural habitats in Puerto Rico (Federal Highway Administration, 2001) and considered invasive on Bermuda. In Florida it had naturalized by 1765 (Langeland and Burks, 1998). Sheil (1994) noted that it was regenerating in disturbed areas of the Budongo forest in Uganda. Ziller and Rosa (2001) also report invasive behaviour in Brazil. Indeed, many authors link its spread to disturbance events, for example in open glades created by storms or logging activities.
In the West Indies, P. guajava was probably introduced by aborigines before the arrival of Christopher Columbus. By 1535, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, one of the first writers to chronicle the Spanish colonization of the Caribbean region, described this species as “very common everywhere in the West Indies”. This author also mentioned that native people in the West Indies cultivated and consumed the fruits of this species (Fernández de Oviedo, 1535).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageP. guajava thrives in both humid and dry climates at altitudes of 0-1500 m (or up to 2100 m in some regions). However, the optimum yield occurs in regions with a mean temperature range of 20-30°C, and a uniform annual rainfall of 1000-2000 mm. World Agroforestry Centre (2002) describe its original habitats savannah/shrub ecotones or frequently disturbed land. In its exotic range, P. guajava is an invader of forests and forest edges, pastures and grasslands, and riparian habitats (Cronk and Fuller, 1995; Weber, 2003). In South Africa it also invades savannah and roadside habitats (Henderson, 2001) and in Florida it grows in 'hammocks, pinelands and under cypress' (Langeland and Burks, 1998).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageP. guajava is generally an environmental weed though it is known to invade forests, both planted and natural, and managed grasslands, as well as occasionally affecting cultivated land and plantation crops.
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Cultivation has resulted in many varieties of this plant (Weber, 2003). In leading guava-producing countries, more or less extensive cultivar collections from all over the world are maintained, such as at the Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville, Australia. Systematic breeding work was first undertaken in Hawaii to obtain better processing cultivars. Current standards for selection of processing cultivars in Hawaii include: fruit diameter at least 7.5 cm, diameter of cavity no more than 3.75 cm, fruit weight 200-300 g, seed content only 1-2%, dark pink colour, soluble solids 9-12%, vitamin C 300 mg per 100 g, flesh with few stone cells and with characteristic guava flavour. Important criteria for breeding programmes in the major fresh-fruit producing countries are yield potential, seedlessness and firm fruit that ripens slowly. Polyploidy is not uncommon in guava; parthenocarpy occurs in some diploid as well as triploid cultivars. The species shows great diversity in tree size, yield and fruit quality. Some wild seedlings produce very small seedy, gritty, musky fruit, whereas selected types can produce large, almost seedless, smooth-textured fruit with pleasant flesh (red or pink) and high flesh recovery. Dessert types have lower acidity and many are white- or yellow-fleshed. Numerous cultivars have been developed, including dual-purpose types, which are a compromise between dessert and processing requirements.
Physiology and Phenology
In good conditions, P. guajava may flower within the first 2 years. The trees reach full bearing after 5-8 years, depending on growing conditions and spacing. It is not a long-lived tree (about 40 years), but the plants may bear heavily for 15-25 years.
Reproductive Biology
Given appropriate conditions, P. guajava is able to reproduce at almost any time of year. The pollen is viable for up to 42 hours and the stigmas are receptive for about 2 days. Bees are the principal pollinators. There is some self- and cross-incompatibility. It has a hermaphrodite breeding system and produces large quantities of seeds that are then dispersed by birds and mammals. Guava seeds retain their viability for approximately 1 year at 8°C and low humidity. Vegetative reproduction from root suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995).
Environmental Requirements
P. guajava is a hardy tree that adapts to a wide range of growing conditions. In the tropics the tree is found from sea level to an altitude of about 1500 m and can stand temperatures from 15-45°C; the highest yields are recorded at mean temperatures of 23-28°C. In the subtropics, quiescent trees withstand light frosts, and 3.5-6 months of mean temperatures above 16°C (depending on the cultivar) suffice for flowering and fruiting. Guava is more drought-resistant than most tropical fruit crops. For maximum production in the tropics, however, it requires 1000-2000 mm of rain, evenly distributed over the year. If fruit ripens during a very wet period it loses flavour and may split.
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
25 | -24 | 0 | 2100 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -2 | 7 |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 13 | 26 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 20 | 32 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 9 | 23 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 8 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 600 | 3000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- saline
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageTrees may wilt following infection by various soil fungi, and root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. is also thought to kill trees. The leaves are little affected by diseases, but anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata), which is more serious on the fruit, also affects the leaves. Blossom-end rot can become a serious disease in the rainy season; there may be physiological as well as pathological causes. Mucor rot, caused by the fungus Mucor hiemalis, spoils fruit punctured by insects. Young fruit are often seen blackened and mummified by G. cingulata or Botryodiplodia theobromae. Fruit canker, circular raised corky spots infected by Pestalotiopsis psidii, is also common. Orchard sanitation, in the form of early removal of infected plant parts, helps to reduce infections. Chemical control may be applied in the rainy season; dithane can be used against blossom-end rot and fruit canker, with additional control of anthracnose. Fruit flies are the most important pest; guava is a major host to species of Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus and Argyresthia. Bagging the fruit is the main control method in continuously cropped orchards; if the crop is cycled, spraying with fenthion or use of bait sprays may provide additional means of control. Sucking insects such as scales, mealy bugs and thrips can largely be checked by predators and control of ants. Leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles may severely damage young trees; early detection greatly facilitates control by spot treatment.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageImpact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | Negative |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Economic Impact
Top of pageP. guajava can cause economic impacts through the alteration of pasture habitat and because it is a host to the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa, a pest which can also affect citrus (Langeland and Burks, 1998). However, the economic costs of loss of pasture and costs of control must be weighed against the economic benefits accrued from the sale of fruits and processed products as commercial crops.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageThis species covers large areas of the Galapagos Islands where it outcompetes native forest species (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Similarly it is an invader of Acacia forest on Hawaii (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Henderson (2001) classifies this species as a habitat transformer. Some authors, e.g. Smith (1998), believe it may have allelopathic effects on other plants. It is well known for forming dense thickets that can suppress the growth of native species.
Threatened Species
Top of pageThreatened Species | Conservation Status | Where Threatened | Mechanism | References | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyanea recta (Kealia cyanea) | National list(s); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995) | |
Cyrtandra limahuliensis (Limahuli cyrtandra) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995) | |
Chrysodracon hawaiiensis (hala pepe) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998a) | |
Dubautia pauciflorula (Wahiawa Bog dubautia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | NatureServe (2010) | |
Dubautia pauciflorula (Wahiawa Bog dubautia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources; Competition - shading | NatureServe (2010) | |
Isodendrion longifolium (longleaf isodendrion) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011b) | |
Nototrichium humile (kaala rockwort) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - smothering | National Tropical Botanical Garden (2007); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008b) | |
Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as threatened species | Hawaii | Competition - smothering | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011a) | |
Pittosporum napaliense (royal cheesewood) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources; Competition - smothering | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010f) | |
Platydesma rostrata | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g) | |
Poa mannii (Mann's bluegrass) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010a) | |
Pritchardia napaliensis | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010b) | |
Pritchardia schattaueri (Lands of Papa pritchardia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009a) | |
Pritchardia viscosa (stickybud pritchardia) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1998b) | |
Psychotria hobdyi (Hobdy's wild-coffee) | USA ESA listing as endangered species; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g) | |
Pteralyxia kauaiensis (Kauai pteralyxia) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1995); US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010c) | |
Remya kauaiensis (Kauai remya) | EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010d) | |
Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka) | NatureServe; USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010g) | |
Schiedea apokremnos (Kauai schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010h) | |
Schiedea hookeri (sprawling schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources; Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011c) | |
Schiedea kauaiensis (Kauai schiedea) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2008a) | |
Schiedea nuttallii | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (1999) | |
Schiedea spergulina var. leiopoda | National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition - monopolizing resources | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010i) | |
Sideroxylon reclinatum subsp. austrofloridense (Everglades bully) | USA ESA species proposed for listing | Florida | Competition (unspecified); Ecosystem change / habitat alteration | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013) | |
Urera kaalae | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Ecosystem change / habitat alteration; Pest and disease transmission | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2011d) | |
Wilkesia hobdyi (dwarf iliau) | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); National list(s); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2010e) | |
Xylosma crenata | CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species | Hawaii | Competition (unspecified) | US Fish and Wildlife Service (2009b) |
Social Impact
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Highly mobile locally
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Competition (unspecified)
- Pest and disease transmission
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageP. guajava is an ideal home garden fruit tree due to its hardiness, high yield, long supply season and high nutritive value. It is grown in orchards or incorporated into agroforestry systems in India, and is widely planted (or has spread) in Africa. Details of fruit production are given by Verheij and Coronel (1991). The potential for developing guava for a larger and wider commercial market appears to be limited, mainly by its short shelf life and its susceptibility to fruit flies. However, opportunities for expanding the processed fruit market appear to be good, in South-East Asia and in other regions. The fruit is usually eaten raw, both green and ripe (when it becomes fragrant). It is also stewed and used in shortcakes and pies. After removing the seeds, the pulp is made into preserves, jam, jelly, juice and nectar. Well-made guava jelly is deep wine-coloured, clear, of very firm consistency, and retains something of the pungent musky flavour of the fresh fruit. Guava paste (or guava cheese as it is known in the West Indies) is made by evaporating the pulp with sugar; it is eaten as a sweetmeat. The fruit, peeled, halved and cooked in light syrup, is canned and the juice and nectar are also preserved in this way. Guava powder is a good source of vitamin C and pectin. In some Asian countries the leaves are used in cooking, and medicinally against diarrhoea; they can also be used for dyeing and tanning. The wood is moderately strong and durable indoors; it is used for handles and in carpentry and turnery (Verheij and Coronel, 1991), and also for building timbers, woodware and carvings. The flowers provide nectar for bees and contribute to honey production.
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Agroforestry
Human food and beverage
- Beverage base
- Fruits
- Spices and culinary herbs
Materials
- Carved material
- Dye/tanning
- Wood/timber
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Wood Products
Top of pageSawn or hewn building timbers
- Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
- For light construction
Woodware
- Industrial and domestic woodware
- Tool handles
- Turnery
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
P. guajava is able to survive some fires through regenerating vegetatively from suckers (Smith, 1998). Such vegetative reproduction from suckers is common and impedes mechanical methods of control (Cronk and Fuller, 1995). Providing all traces of the roots are removed, seedlings and young plants may be removed by pulling or digging (Weber, 2003). Cronk and Fuller (1995) report that the waxy cuticle of leaves offers some protection to the plant, reducing the effectiveness of herbicide application. If trees are felled the stumps should be treated with a herbicide to prevent regeneration through suckering (Weber, 2003). Biological control is problematic for this species because there are direct conflicts of interest with fruit growers (Smith, 1998), and none has been implemented.
Bibliography
Top of pageArya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41(2):214-219.
Gill AS, Gangwar KS, 1990. Evaluation of intensive forage production system under guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 35(4):437-438.
Hawkes JG, 1991. The centers of plant genetic diversity in Latin America. Diversity, 7(1/2):7-9.
Kavimani S, Karpagam RI, Jaykar B, Ilango Karpagam R, 1997. Anti inflammatory activity of volatile oil of Psidium guajava. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(3):142-144.
Menzel CM, 1985. Guava: an exotic fruit with potential in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 111(2):93-98.
Mohyuddin AI, Piyadasa BR, Chandrasiri IMN, 1992. Integrated pest management for pests of high value crops in system B. PARC-IIBC Station, CAB International Institute of Biological Control.
Prasad NBL, Azeemoddin G, 1994. Characteristics and composition of guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed and oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 71(4):457.
Rehm S, Espig G, 1996. Crop plants of the tropics and subtropics. Second edition. Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH.
Singh A, 1980. Fruit physiology and production. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publications, 323-326.
Wilson CW III, 1980. Guava. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, eds. Tropical and Sub tropical Fruits. Composition, Properties and Uses. Westport, Connecticut, USA: AVI Publishing Inc., 279-299.
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species. Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, 20-25 February 1989, 66-70; 10 ref
Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref
Anon., 2003. Invasive Plant Species. The Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology (BEST) Commission. http://www.best.bs/Invasive_plant_species.htm.
Arya A, 1988. Control of Phomopsis fruit-rots of grapes and guava. Indian Phytopathology, 41:214-219
Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV., 427 pp
Beer JW, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5
Binggeli P, 1999. Invasive woody plants. http://members.lycos.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/invasive/index.html
Boldingh I, 1914. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands: The Flora of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. Leyden, Netherlands: EJ. Brill, 244 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20608
Bose TK, Mitra SK, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya Prokash
Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: tropical and subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya Prokash
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Buss CM, 2002. The potential threat of invasive tree species in Botswana. Department of Crop Production and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Botswana, 40 pp
CDFA, 2015. Guava fruit fly (GFF), https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/gff/regulation.html Regulation and quarantine boundaries. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Plant Health & Pest Prevention Services
CDFA, 2015. Guava fruit fly quarantine in portion of Los Angeles County. Guava fruit fly quarantine in portion of Los Angeles County, News Release #15-025. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Office of Public Affairs
Chauhan DS, Dhyani SK, 1989. Traditional agroforestry practices in north-east Himalayan region of India. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 4(2):73-81; 5 ref
Cronk QCB, Fuller JL, 1995. Plant invaders: the threat to natural ecosystems. London, UK: Chapman & Hall
Cunha, R. L. da, Hubinger, M. D., Sato, A. C. K., Vieira, G. S., 2012. Tropical and subtropical fruits: postharvest physiology, processing and packaging, Iowa, USA, John Wiley & Sons.203-222.
Dadhwal KS, Sharma NK, Saroj PL, 1995. Diagnosis and possible interventions in designing agroforestry systems in north-western plains of Uttar Pradesh - a case study. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(1):47-53; 4 ref
DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. DAISIE (online). www.europe-aliens.org
FAO, 2013. FAOSTAT database. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html [2011 data taken in 2013.]
Fernández Oviedo Gde, 1535. Historia General y Natural de las Indias: Islas y Tierra-firme del Mar Océano ([English title not available]). Madrid, Spain: Real Academia de la Historia, 770 pp
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web. Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Forzza RC, Leitman PM, Costa AF, Carvalho Jr AA, et al. , 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Gill AS, Gangwar KS, 1990. Evaluation of intensive forage production system under guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 35(4):437-438
Govaerts R, 2013. World Checklist of Myrtaceae. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
Hawkes JG, 1991. The centers of plant genetic diversity in Latin America. Diversity, 7(1/2):7-9
Henderson L, 2001. Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. Plant Protection Research Institute Handbook No. 12. Cape Town, South Africa: Paarl Printers
I3N-Argentina, 2013. Base de Datos sobre Especies Invasoras (Database of invasive species)., Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Sur. www.inbiar.org.ar
I3N-Brasil, 2013. Base de dados nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras (National database of exotic invasive species). http://i3n.institutohorus.org.br/www/
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) (3.3). http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Janick, J., Paull, R. E., 2008. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts, CABI.xviii + 954 pp.
Jeyakumar, P., 2016. Physiological disorders in fruit crops. Guava. In: Physiological disorders in fruit crops. Guava, Tamil Nadu, India, Tamil Nadu agritech Portal.http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/PDF/Physiological%20disorders%20-%20Dr.%20P.J.pdf
Kader, A. A., 1999. . UC Davis, Postharvest technology, Maintaining produce Quality & safety, California, USA, University of California.http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/PFfruits/Guava/
Kavimani S, Karpagam RI, Jaykar B, Ilango Karpagam R, 1997. Anti inflammatory activity of volatile oil of Psidium guajava. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59(3):142-144
Langeland KA, Burks KC, 1998. Identification and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida’s Natural Areas. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida, 165 pp
Madagascar Catalogue, 2012. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Antananarivo, Madagascar: Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Research and Conservation Program. http://www.efloras.org/madagascar
Miller JH, Chambliss EB, Bargeron CT, 2002. Invasive Plants of the Thirteen Southern States. http://www.invasive.org/seweeds.cfm
Mitchell, W. C., 1973. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication No. 111, Honolulu, Hawaii, 8-10.
Natale, W., Mello Prado, R. de, Quaggio, J. A., Mattos, D. de Jr, 2007. In: Crisóstomo LA, Naumov A, Johnston AE, IPI Bulletin No. 18 Fertilizing for High Yield and Quality, Tropical Fruits of Brazil, Horgen, Switzerland, International Potash Institute.103-122. http://www.ipipotash.org/udocs/6_Guava.pdf
National Tropical Botanical Garden, 2007. http://ntbg.org
NatureServe, 2010. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. Arlington, Virginia, USA: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer
Nilsson PO, 1995. Agroforestry in Cabo Delgado Mozambique: a study of farmers' experience and knowledge of growing trees. Recommendations for extension work in Cabo Delgado. Working Paper - International Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, No. 295:v + 74 pp.; [ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP-295-SE]; 12 ref
Owen SJ, 1996. Ecological weeds on conservation land in New Zealand: A database. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand: DOC Science Publications. http://www.hear.org/weedlists/other_areas/nz/nzecoweeds.htm
Partridge IJ, 1973. Chemical control of guava. Fiji Agricultural Journal, 35(2):101-102
Pathak RK, Ojha CM, 1993. Genetic resources of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops, (1):143-147; 22 ref
Paull, R. E., Chen, C. C., 2014. Guava: postharvest quality-maintenance guidelines. Guava: postharvest quality-maintenance guidelines, http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/F_N-41.pdf Fruit, Nut and Beverage Crops F_N-41. College of Tropical Agricultural and Human Resources. Hawaii, USA: University of Hawaii.
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Pleines T, 1993. Agroforestry systems and peasant farming practices for erosion control in the Antananarivo region. Akon'ny Ala, 11:10-14
Prasad NBL, Azeemoddin G, 1994. Characteristics and composition of guava (Psidium guajava L.) seed and oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 71(4):457
Pritpal-Singh, Bhatt, R., Kendra-Ropar, D. P. K. V., 2013. Management of micro-nutrients deficiencies in fruit plants. In: Management of micro-nutrients deficiencies in fruit plants, Ludhiana, India, Punjab Agricultural University.http://www.agrolook.com/pdfs/micronutrients-management-plants-dec.pdf
Radha, T., Mathew, L., 2007. Fruit Crops, New Delhi, India, New India Publishing.
Raturi GB, Hiwale SS, 1993. Horti-silvi-pastoral system for increased productivity of marginal and degraded lands under rainfed conditions. Advances in Horticulture and Forestry, 3:179-186; 3 ref
Roxas CA, Florido HB, Saplan J, Rondina R, Dimaculangan R, 1991. Drought resistant species. RISE - Research Information Series on Ecosystems 3(2)
Saroj PL, Arora YK, 1994. Horticulture based agroforestry systems of Doon Valley. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 22(3):60-65; 12 ref
Sheil D, 1994. Naturalized and invasive plants in the evergreen forests of the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 32:66-71
Singh A, 1980. Fruit physiology and production. New Delhi, India: Kalyani Publications, 323-326
Smith CW, 1998. Pest Plants of Hawaiian Native Ecosystems. University of Hawaii, USA: Department of Botany. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/aliens.htm
Somarriba E (Somarriba EJ), Somarriba EJ, 1982. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) growing in pastures: methods of volume measurement and potential for wood production. [Guayabo (Psidium guajava L.) asociado con pastos: metodos de analisis volumetrico y potencial de produccion de lena.] 1982, iv + 33 pp.; 20 ref
Somarriba E (Somarriba EJ), Somarriba EJ, 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. I. Fruit production and seed dispersal. [Arboles de guayaba (Psidium guajava L.) en pastizales. I. Produccion de fruta y potencial de dispersion de semillas.] Turrialba, 35(3):289-295; 31 ref
Somarriba EJ, 1986. Effects of livestock on seed germination of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Agroforestry Systems, 4(3):233-238; 21 ref
Somarriba EJ, Beer JW, 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. III. Fuelwood production. Turrialba, 35(4):333-338; 18 ref
Space J, 2001. Notes from Jim Space on his survey of invasive plant species in Tonga. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). http://www.issg.org/features/invasives_on_tonga.html
Space JC, Waterhouse B, Denslow JS, Nelson D, Mazawa TR, 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia. USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
Subramanyam MD, Iyer CPA, 1993. Improvement of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit crops - Volume 1., 337-347; 56 ref
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov
USDA-NRCS, 2013. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Villiers, E. de, Grové, T., 2000. Guava pests. Neltropika Bulletin, (No. 309), 7-10.
Weeds of Australia, 2012. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=
Wilson CW III, 1980. Guava. In: Nagy S, Shaw PE, eds. Tropical and Sub tropical Fruits. Composition, Properties and Uses. Westport, Connecticut, USA: AVI Publishing Inc., 279-299
World Agroforestry Centre, 2002. Agroforestree Database. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm
Zemede A, Ayele N, 1995. Home-gardens in Ethiopia: characteristics and plant diversity. Sinet, an Ethiopian Journal of Science, 18(2):235-266; 23 ref
Ziller SR, Rosa F, 2001. Solicitaç¦o de colaboraç¦o para o workshop de 17-19 October 2001
Distribution References
Boldingh I, 1914. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands: The Flora of Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire., Leyden, Netherlands: EJ Brill. 244 pp. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20608
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.htm
Buss CM, 2002. The potential threat of invasive tree species in Botswana., Department of Crop Production and Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Botswana. 40 pp.
CABI, 2022. CABI Distribution Database: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
FAO, 2013. FAOSTAT database., Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2012. Flora of China Web., Cambridge, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Forzza RC, Leitman PM, Costa AF, Carvalho Jr AA et al, 2012. List of species of the Flora of Brazil. (Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2012/
Govaerts R, 2013. World Checklist of Myrtaceae., London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
I3N-Argentina, 2013. Database of invasive species. (Base de Datos sobre Especies Invasoras)., Argentina: Universidad Nacional del Sur. http://www.inbiar.org.ar
I3N-Brasil, 2013. National database of exotic invasive species. (Base de dados nacional de espécies exóticas invasoras)., http://i3n.institutohorus.org.br/www/
Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 2002. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)., http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Madagascar Catalogue, 2012. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar., Antananarivo, Madagascar: Missouri Botanical Garden, Madagascar Research and Conservation Program. http://www.efloras.org/madagascar
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
USDA-ARS, 2012. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
USDA-NRCS, 2013. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Weeds of Australia, 2012. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition., http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=
World Agroforestry Centre, 2002. Agroforestree Database., Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF. http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sites/TreeDBS/AFT/AFT.htm
Ziller SR, Rosa F, 2001. (Solicitação de colaboração para o workshop de 17-19 October 2001).,
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page01/03/13 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/