Datasheet
Mythimna separata (paddy armyworm)
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Identity
Top of page
Preferred Scientific Name
- Mythimna separata Walker 1865
Preferred Common Name
Other Scientific Names
- Cirphis separata
- Cirphis unipuncta Haworth
- Leucania consimilis Moore
- Leucania separata Walker
- Pseudaletia separata Walker
International Common Names
- English:
Chinese armyworm; cosmopolitan armyworm; ear-eating caterpillar; oriental armyworm; paddy army worm of Gramineae; paddy climbing armyworm; rice armyworm; rice earcutting caterpillar; southern armyworm
- Spanish:
cuncunilla de las chacras; oruga negra
Local Common Names
- Bangladesh:
sheesh-cutta ledha-poka
- Germany:
Asiatische reis-eule
EPPO code
- PSEDSE (Mythimna separata)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Noctuidae
- Genus: Mythimna
- Species: Mythimna separata
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 23 Apr 2020
| Continent/Country/Region |
Distribution |
Last Reported |
Origin |
First Reported |
Invasive |
Reference |
Notes |
Asia
|
| Afghanistan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Bangladesh | Present, Widespread | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); APPPC (1987); EPPO (2020) | |
| Bhutan | Present | | | | | Rajesh Kumar et al. (1994) | |
| Cambodia | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2020) | |
| China | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Anhui | Present | | | | | Hao et al. (1992); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Beijing | Present | | | | | Liu HongBing and Luo LiZhi (2004) | |
| -Fujian | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Guangdong | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Guangxi | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Guizhou | Present, Widespread | | | | | Hao et al. (1992) | |
| -Hainan | Present, Widespread | | | | | Wu (1982) | |
| -Hebei | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Heilongjiang | Present | | | | | Wu (1982); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Henan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Hubei | Present, Widespread | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983) | |
| -Hunan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Jiangsu | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Jilin | Present | | | | | Hao et al. (1992); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Liaoning | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Shaanxi | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Shandong | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Yunnan | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Zhejiang | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Hong Kong | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated) | |
| India | Present | | | | | Greathead and Greathead (1992); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Andhra Pradesh | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Assam | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Bihar | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Delhi | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Gujarat | Present, Widespread | | | | | Patel and Patel (1993) | |
| -Haryana | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Himachal Pradesh | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Jammu and Kashmir | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Karnataka | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Kerala | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Madhya Pradesh | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); Shukla et al. (1986); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Maharashtra | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Manipur | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Odisha | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Punjab | Present | | | | | Jaswant Singh (1988); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Rajasthan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Sikkim | Present | | | | | Azad Thakur (1984); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Tamil Nadu | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Uttar Pradesh | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -West Bengal | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Indonesia | Present | | | | | Greathead and Greathead (1992); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Irian Jaya | Present, Widespread | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); Waterhouse (1993) | |
| -Java | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Sulawesi | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Sumatra | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Japan | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Hokkaido | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Honshu | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Kyushu | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Shikoku | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Laos | Present, Localized | | | | | Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2020) | |
| Malaysia | Present, Widespread | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Peninsular Malaysia | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Sabah | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Sarawak | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Mongolia | Present | | | | | Feng HongQiang et al. (2008) | |
| Myanmar | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); APPPC (1987); EPPO (2020) | |
| Nepal | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| North Korea | Present | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| Pakistan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Philippines | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2020) | |
| South Korea | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Sri Lanka | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Taiwan | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Thailand | Present | | | | | Lewvanich (1974); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2020) | |
| Vietnam | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); Waterhouse (1993); EPPO (2020) | |
Europe
|
| Russia | Present, Localized | | | | | EPPO (2020) | |
| -Russian Far East | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Siberia | Present, Widespread | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983) | |
Oceania
|
| Australia | Present | | | | | Greathead and Greathead (1992); EPPO (2020) | |
| -New South Wales | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Northern Territory | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Queensland | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| -Western Australia | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Cook Islands | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Fiji | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| New Caledonia | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| New Zealand | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Norfolk Island | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Papua New Guinea | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Samoa | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Solomon Islands | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); APPPC (1987); EPPO (2020) | |
| Tonga | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
| Vanuatu | Present | | | | | UK, CAB International (1983); EPPO (2020) | |
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page
| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|
| Inflorescence / external feeding
| |
|
| Inflorescence / fall or shedding
| |
|
| Leaves / external feeding
| |
|
References
Top of page
Alam MA; Khatri AK; Jakhmola SS; Rathore VS, 1980. Losses caused by Mythimna separata Walker to rice. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 50(9):709-711
Alam MA; Khatri AK; Jakhmola SS; Rathore VS, 1980b. Economic threshold of rice army worm, Mythimna separata Walk. on rice. JNKVV Research Journal, 14:19-21.
Alam MZ, 1964. On the biology of rice ear-cutting caterpillar, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) in East Pakistan. Agriculture Pakistan, 11:560-572..
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).
Azad Thakur NS, 1984. Insect pests of rice in the Sikkim Hills. International Rice Research Newsletter, 9(6):18.
Bhatnagar VS; Davies JC, 1979. Arthropod endoparasitoids of insect pests (excluding Heliothis spp.) recorded at ICRISAT center, Andhra Pradesh (India), 1974-79. Arthropod endoparasitoids of insect pests (excluding Heliothis spp.) recorded at ICRISAT center, Andhra Pradesh (India), 1974-79. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh India, [4+] 17 pp.
Bhole SD; Patil RS; Patil SP, 1989. Some studies on life history and chemical control of climbing cutworm Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 14(3):298-300.
Burgess EPJ, 1987. Population dynamics of Mythimna separata and its parasitoid, Cotesia ruficrus, on maize in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 30(2):203-208
Cadapan EP; Sanchez FF, 1972. The biology of the true armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Philippine Entomologist, 2(3):217-226
Chen RL; Bao XZ; Drake VA; Farrow RA; Wang SY; Sun YJ; Zhai BP, 1989. Radar observations of the spring migration into northeastern China of the oriental armyworm moth, Mythimna separata, and other insects. Ecological Entomology, 14(2):149-162
Chiu SF, 1984. Recent advances in the integrated control of rice insects in China. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 30(3):41-46; 7 ref.
CIE, 1983. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No. 230. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Dhaduti SG; Mathad SB, 1979. Effect of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the armyworm Mythimna (Pseudaletia) separata on the tasar silkworm Antherpa mylitta. Current Science, 48(16):750-751
Dwijendra Singh; Rai L, 1977. Bionomics of the rice cutworm, Mythimna separata (Walker). Entomon, 2(2):141-144
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Feng HongQiang; Zhao XinCheng; Wu XianFu; Wu Bo; Wu KongMing; Cheng DengFa; Guo YuYuan, 2008. Autumn migration of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) over the Bohai Sea in northern China. Environmental Entomology, 37(3):774-781. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0046-225X%282008%2937%5B774%3AAMOMSL%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Giraddi RS; Kulkarni KA, 1987. Efficacy of insecticidal-baits and granules against army worm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in sorghum. Pesticides, 21(2):27-35
Greathead DJ; Greathead AH, 1992. Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. Biocontrol News and Information, 13(4):61N-68N.
Gu D; Gao X; Tao F; Qiu Y; Huang Z; Hu M; Jiang Z, 1996. Insect Pests and Disease in Rice and Application of Pesticides. China International Centre for Agricultural Training. Guangdong Science and Technology Press, 234 pp.
Hao JH; Li SW; Lin CS, 1992. Isozyme variation in different populations of Mythimna separata. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 35(1):33-39
Hayasaka S; Yonemura N, 1999. Infection and development of Nosema sp. NIS H5 (Microsporida: Protozoa) in several lepidopteran insects. JARQ, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 33(1):65-68; 7 ref.
Heinrichs EA, 1994. Biology and management of rice insects. New Delhi, India: Wiley Eastern Limited, x + 779 pp.
Hill MG, 1988. Analysis of the biological control of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by Apanteles ruficrus (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) in New Zealand. Journal of Applied Ecology, 25(1):197-208
Hirai K, 1988. Sudden outbreaks of the armyworm, Pseudaletia separata Walker and its monitoring systems in Japan. JARQ, Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 22(3):166-174
Hiremath IG; Bhuti SG; Kachapur MD; Viraktamath S; Lingappa S, 1990. Mass killing of moths - a new approach in the management of armyworm, Mythimna separata. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(1/2):128-130
Ho DT, 1986. Nuclear polyhedrosis virus for controlling the ear-cutting caterpillar. International Rice Research Newsletter, 11(6):23-24
Holloway JD, 1989. The moths of Borneo: family Noctuidae, trifine subfamilies: Noctuinae, Heliothinae, Hadeninae, Acronictinae, Amphipyrinae, Agaristinae. Malayan Nature Journal, 42(2-3):57-228
Iizuka T; Takasu K, 1998. Olfactory associative learning of the pupal parasitoid Pimpla luctuosa Smith (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 11(5):743-760; 44 ref.
Israel P; Prakasa Rao PS; Rao VRVJ, 1969. New records of some parasites of the paddy climbing cut worm Pseudaletia separata Walker. Oryza, 6:106-107.
Kanda K, 1997. Studies on the factors causing outbreaks of the oriental armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (Walker), in forage crops, and its cultural control based on the ecological characteristics. Bulletin of the National Grassland Research Institute (in Japanese), No. 55:9-76.
Khamparia DK; Rathore VS; Jakhmola SS; Patel RK, 1982. Economic threshold and economic injury level of Mythimna separata (Walker) on rice. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 9(1):88-93
Kunimi Y; Mizutani N; Wada S; Nakai M, 1999. Granulovirus-infected larvae of Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) produce factor(s) toxic to an endoparasitoid, Cotesia kariyai (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 34(2):241-250; 32 ref.
Lewvanich A, 1974. A correct name of rice armyworm in Thailand. Thailand Journal of Agricultural Science, 7:161-167.
Liu HongBing; Luo LiZhi, 2004. Morphological characteristics and inheritance of the melanic form of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 47(3):287-292.
Luo LiZhi, 1996. An ultrastructural study on the development of flight muscle in adult oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 39(4):366-373; 19 ref.
Luo LZ; Jiang XF; Li KB; Hu Y, 1999. Influence of flight on reproduction and longevity of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker). Acta Entomologica Sinica, 42(2):150-158.
Mallapur CP, 1997. Key mortality factors of the oriental armyworm on sorghum. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities, 22(3):347-349; 3 ref.
Naganagoud A; Kulkarni KA, 1997. Surveillance of sorghum armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) and its natural enemies in transitional region of Dharwad. Journal of Biological Control, 11(1/2):65-68; 7 ref.
Okada M, 1987. Utilization and mass production of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses for the control of some noctuid larvae. Extension Bulletin, ASPAC Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region, Taiwan, No. 257:11-14
Parameshwar Hugar; Kulkarni KA; Lingappa S, 1996. Effectiveness of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus against field populations of the armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) on sorghum. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(1):47-50; 9 ref.
Patel VB; Patel SN, 1993. Biology of armyworm (Mythimna separata) on cereal crops in Gujarat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 63(11):764-765
Rajesh Kumar; Mahla JC; Vinod Kumar, 1994. Effect of gunnybag treatment with insecticides and plant extracts against insect pests of stored rice. Annals of Biology (Ludhiana), 10(1):51-54.
Ramamani S; Subba Rao BR, 1965. On the identity and nomenclature of the paddy cutworm commonly referred to as Cirphis unipunctata Haworth. Indian Journal of Entomology, 27:363-365.
Reissig WH; Heinrichs EA; Litsinger JA; Moody K; Fiedler L; Mew TW; Barrion AT, 1986. Illustrated guide to integrated pest management in rice in tropical Asia. Laguna, Philippines; International Rice Research Institute, xi + 411pp.
Rombach MC; Rombach GM; Roberts DW, 1987. Pathogens of insect pests of rice: a bibliography. Insect Science and its Application, 8(2):197-210
Saini SS, 1987. Pest status of armyworms on rice crop in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 15(1):63-64
Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp.
Sharma HC; Davies JC, 1983. The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Wlk.). Distribution, biology and control: a literature review. Miscellaneous Report, Centre for Overseas Pest Research, No. 59:24 pp.
Shukla BC; Agrawal RK; Vaishampayan SM, 1986. Insect pests of wet season rice in Jabalpur, India. International Rice Research Newsletter, 11(6):25
Singh J, 1988. Ear-cutting caterpillar and whorl maggot - two new rice pests in Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology 50(3):390.
Takahashi S, 1983. Simultaneous attraction of three armyworm species to the synthetic sex pheromone of the rice armyworm, Pseudaletia separata (Walker). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Kyoto University, No. 122:37-41
Tanaka K; Watanabe M, 1996. Influence of prey species on the supercooling ability of the redback spider, Latrodectus hasseltii (Araneae: Theridiidae). Acta Arachnologica, 45(2):147-150; 11 ref.
Thornton IWB; Marshall AT; Kwan WH; Ma Q, 1975. Studies on Lepidopterous pests of rice crops in Hong Kong, with particular reference to the yellow stem-borer, Tryporyza incertulas (Wlk.). PANS, 21(3):239-252
Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.
Wilde G; Apostol R, 1983. Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) resistance in rice. Environmental Entomology, 12(2):376-379
Wu JT, 1982. Distribution, seasonal occurrence, and natural enemies of armyworms attacking rice in China. International Rice Research Newsletter, 7:(2)9-10.
Wu KongMing; Xu GuAng; Guo YuYuan, 1998. Observations on migratory activity of cotton bollworm moths across the Bohai Gulf in China. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 25(4):337-340; 11 ref.
Yasuda T, 1998. Effects of (E)-phytol of several lepidopteran species in prey-locating behavior of a generalist predatory stink bug, Eocanthecona furcellata (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Entomological Science, 1(2):159-164; 15 ref.
Zeng ZY; Liu HC; Li DQ, 1985. A study on the relationship between the oviposition behaviour of the oriental armyworm and damage caused by the rice borer. Insect Knowledge (Kunchong Zhishi), 23(1):3-5
Zhao KJ; Zhang LK; Song J; Zhang LH; Li GX; Wang XY; Wang Y, 1996. On the application of steinernematid nematodes against eight lepidopterous and coleopterous insect pests. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 23(1):20-24; 10 ref.
Distribution References
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document No. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).
Azad Thakur NS, 1984. Insect pests of rice in the Sikkim Hills. In: International Rice Research Newsletter, 9 (6) 18.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
EPPO, 2020. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO.
Feng HongQiang, Zhao XinCheng, Wu XianFu, Wu Bo, Wu KongMing, Cheng DengFa, Guo YuYuan, 2008. Autumn migration of Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) over the Bohai Sea in northern China. Environmental Entomology. 37 (3), 774-781. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1603/0046-225X%282008%2937%5B774%3AAMOMSL%5D2.0.CO%3B2 DOI:10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[774:AMOMSL]2.0.CO;2
Greathead D J, Greathead A H, 1992. Biological control of insect pests by insect parasitoids and predators: the BIOCAT database. Biocontrol News and Information. 13 (4), 61N-68N.
Hao J H, Li S W, Lin C S, 1992. Isozyme variation in different populations of Mythimna separata. Acta Entomologica Sinica. 35 (1), 33-39.
Jaswant Singh, 1988. Ear-cutting caterpillar and whorl maggot - two new rice pests in Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology. 50 (3), 390.
Lewvanich A, 1974. A correct name of rice armyworm in Thailand. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science. 7 (3), 161-167.
Liu HongBing, Luo LiZhi, 2004. Morphological characteristics and inheritance of the melanic form of the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica. 47 (3), 287-292.
Patel V B, Patel S N, 1993. Biology of armyworm (Mythimna separata) on cereal crops in Gujarat. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 63 (11), 764-765.
Rajesh Kumar, Mahla J C, Vinod Kumar, 1994. Effect of gunnybag treatment with insecticides and plant extracts against insect pests of stored rice. Annals of Biology (Ludhiana). 10 (1), 51-54.
Shukla B C, Agrawal R K, Vaishampayan S M, 1986. Insect pests of wet season rice in Jabalpur, India. International Rice Research Newsletter. 11 (6), 25.
UK, CAB International, 1983. Mythimna separata. [Distribution map]. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Map 230 (Revised).
Waterhouse D F, 1993. The major arthropod pests and weeds of agriculture in Southeast Asia. Canberra, Australia: ACIAR. v + 141 pp.
Wu J T, 1982. Distribution, seasonal occurrence and natural enemies of armyworm attacking rice in China. International Rice Research Newsletter. 7 (2), 9-10.
Distribution Maps
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