Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(mulberry scale)

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

• Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti, 1886) MacGillivray, 1921

Preferred Common Name

• mulberry scale

Other Scientific Names

• Aspidiotus lanatus (Cockerell) Ferris, 1941
• Aspidiotus vitiensis Maskell, 1895
• Aulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti) Cockerell, 1902
• Aulacaspis pentagona auranticolor (Cockerell) Carnes, 1907
• Aulacaspis pentagona rubra (Maskell) Fernald, 1903
• Chionaspis prunicola Maskell, 1895
• Diaspis amygdali Tryon, 1889
• Diaspis amygdali var. rubra Maskell, 1889
• Diaspis auranticolor Cockerell, 1899
• Diaspis geranii Maskell, 1897
• Diaspis lanata (Cockerell) Green, 1896
• Diaspis lanatus Cockerell, 1892
• Diaspis patelliformis Sasaki, 1894
• Diaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti, 1886
• Diaspis rubra (Maskell) Scott, 1952
• Epidiaspis vitiensis (Maskell) Lindinger, 1937
• Howardia prunicola (Maskell) Kirkaldy, 1902
• Pseudaulacaspis amygdali Tryon, 1889
• Pseudaulacaspis prunicola
• Sasakiaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), Kuwana, 1926

International Common Names

• English: peach scale; West Indian peach scale; white peach scale; white scale
• Spanish: cochinilla algodonosa; escama de flecos (Colombia)
• French: cochenille du mûrier; kermès du mûrier
• Russian: tutovaya schitovka
• Portuguese: cochonilha branca da amoreira

Local Common Names

• France: chermes des murier; cochenille des murier
• Germany: Mandel-Schildlaus; Maulbeer-Schildlaus
• Hungary: eperfa pajzstetu; Japán pajzstetu
• Italy: cocciniglia bianca del gelso e del pesco
• Japan: kuwa-kaigaramusi
• South Africa: wit perske-dopluis
• Spain: cochinilla blanca del duraznero; escma de fleccos; piojo blanco del moral y melocotonero; piojo de la morera
• Turkey: dut kabuklu biti; dut kosnili

EPPO code

• PSEAPE (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona)
• PSEAPR (Pseudaulacaspis prunicola)

Taxonomic Tree

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• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Arthropoda
•             Subphylum: Uniramia
•                 Class: Insecta
•                     Order: Hemiptera
•                         Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
•                             Unknown: Coccoidea
•                                 Family: Diaspididae
•                                     Genus: Pseudaulacaspis
•                                         Species: Pseudaulacaspis pentagona

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page There is some debate as to whether P. pentagona and Pseudaulacaspis prunicola should be treated as separate species. Borchsenius (1966) treated P. prunicola as a synonym of P. pentagona. Some other authors called attention to the variability of characters of P. prunicola: Davidson et al. (1983), Danzig (1993), and Kosztarab (1996) treated them separately. The later opinions are followed in this data sheet; however, this question warrants further study.

Description

Top of page The test of the female is slightly convex, white, ca 1.5-2.8 mm in diameter with central or sub-central yellow exuviae. Beneath the test, young adult females are pear shaped, orange-yellow; egg-laying females are almost circular. In adult females the pygidium has 3 pairs of well-developed lobes, notched on the outer margin. The plates between the lobes are partly pointed or fimbriated. Five perivulvar pore groups are present. There are high numbers of pores associated with the first pair of spiracles (Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988). Ghauri (1962) describes adult males. Male scales are smaller than females, narrow, with paralle sides and three parallel longitudinal ridges, white with a yellow spot at one end. Adult males each have one pair of wings, long antennae and limbs, no mouthparts and long genitalia.

Distribution

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P. pentagona originated in eastern Asia. It was accidentally introduced to Italy in the nineteenth century, and subsequently, to other regions: for example, USA, Argentina and Australia. It is currently widely distributed in the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions (Kozar, 1990a). There are many publications concerning its detailed distribution and importance in different parts of the world (Konstantinova, 1976; Kozar and Konstantinova, 1981; Davidson and Miller, 1990; Kozar et al., 1994; Anon., 1996).

This species is probably intercepted in most countries; however, interceptions go largely unreported. The species is thermophilous, so it only lives indoors in colder countries (for example, Sweden). In the past 20 years it has started to spread northwards in Europe in field conditions; this could be as a result of climate change. Where 'eradication' has been reported, P. pentagona may have died out locally because of unsuitable conditions, or it may persist at low densities. Under these circumstances, monitoring using pheromone traps may be advisable.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Risk of Introduction

Top of page This species is the subject of quarantine regulations in many countries (Anon., 1976, 1993), but not in EU countries.

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page P. pentagona is a polyphagous species. The host plant range could be much wider than is listed. However, P. pentagonia cannot complete development on some of the hosts listed, which indicates that some may not be true host plants. P. pentagonia is mainly a pest of deciduous fruits, including peach, currant, grape, kiwi, walnut; it also attacks some woody ornamental plants, including Morus, Sophora, Syringa, Catalpa, Euonymus and Paulownia (APPPC, 1987; Borchsenius, 1966; Konstantinova, 1976; Davidson and Miller, 1990; Kozar, 1990a; Kosztarab, 1996).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Growth Stages

Top of page Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Top of page Heavy infestations are often found as thick crusts on tree trunks and older branches in temperate regions, and rarely on the roots. The leaves and fruits are not usually infested. The large white colonies of females and males on the branches that make up a heavy infestation are easy to recognize.

In the case of heavy infestations, branches or entire trees can die. Heavily infested plants may die some years after the onset of infestation. Younger plants are more susceptible.

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Biology and Ecology

Top of page P. pentagona has between one and four generations per year in different parts of the world. Development under local conditions are described by Bobb et al. (1973); Shinano et al. (1976); Paloukis (1979); Stimmel (1982); Park and Kim (1990), Hanks and Denno (1993), and Erkilic and Uygun (1997a). It overwinters in cold countries as adult females. In Central Europe, egg-laying starts during mid-May. In Southern Europe, egg-laying starts 1 month earlier. Crawlers appear after 1-2 months. Females each lay ca 100 eggs (Ball, 1980). Males of the first generation start to fly at the begining of July, and the second generation flies in mid-September in Central Europe (Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988). In South Europe, flight commences about 1 month earlier.

Natural enemies

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Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page P. pentagona is attacked by a large number of parasitoids and predators, which have been studied in detail especially in the Palaearctic region (Trapitzin, 1978; Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988). Studies of natural enemies of P. pentagona include: Zaets (1970); Rosen and DeBach (1976); Gordon (1978); Yasuda (1981); Darling and Johnson (1984); Noyes and Hui (1987); Liebregts et al. (1989); Gordon and Hilburn (1990); Habibian (1991); Li (1991), and Hanks and Denno (1993). A comprehensive list of the natural enemies of P. pentagona is provided by Waterhouse and Norris (1987).

These natural enemies are efficient regulators of P. pentagona; they keep pest density down in natural habitats. Where chemical control has been used against P. pentagona in orchards, its natural enemies can be killed causing local outbreaks. P. pentagona has caused major problems in areas where it was accidentally introduced, in the absence of its natural regulators. The efficiency of natural enemies is reduced in urban areas by pollution. Consequently, P. pentagona can cause severe damage to ornamental plants in towns and cities.

There have been a number of successful biological control programmes against P. pentagona in different parts of the world, especially in the USA, Europe and Russia. Usually Encarsia (Prospaltella) berlesei is reared, released, and established, according to the protocols of Rosen (1991) (see also Greathead, 1976). E. berlesei was released in several European countries, and spread into neighbouring countries. Encarsia diaspidicola has been successfully released in Western Samoa (Sands et al., 1990).

Many of the listed parasitoids of P. pentagona may also be hyperparasitoids.

Impact

Top of page Crop losses caused by P. pentagona are difficult to assess. Trees lose vigour, and their lives are shortened. When P. pentagona becomes newly established in a region this may lead to the loss of whole trees and plantations. This species is a quarantine pest in many parts of the world; infested plants may be refused entry into many countries.

In recent years, outbreaks have been observed in different parts of the world on several species of fruit, especially kiwi, and peach (Whitmore et al., 1974; Kozarzevskaja and Vlainic, 1981; Kozarzevskaja et al., 1986; Ram and Pathak, 1987; Hickel et al., 1997). In Europe, heavy outbreaks have occurred on ornamental plants in Hungary (Kosztarab and Kozar, 1988) and Switzerland (Kozar et al., 1994; Mani et al., 1995).

Detection and Inspection

Top of page Heavy infestations on the bark of trees produce large, visible white colonies of female and male scales. Some infestations may be confirmed by laboratory examination with stereomicroscopic analyses of the branches, following the survey system described in detail by Kozar (1990b,c).

The structure and composition of the P. pentagona pheromone is known. P. pentagona pheromones are emitted by females and attract males, but not parasitoids. Pheromone traps are widely used for detection in newly infested regions, especially in Europe (Kozar et al., 1997). Colour and sticky traps were have also been developed to monitor the flight and dispersal of males and parasitoids (Kozar, 1990c, and Kozar et al., 1995).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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Only microscopic characteristics can be used to identify the species definitively. Kosztarab and Kozar (1988) and Williams and Watson (1988) describe the methodology of slide mounting. This species can be differentiated from P. prunicola according to the number and shape of plates. P. pentagona has mostly bifurcated plates, whilst P. prunicola usually has spine-like plates. These characters show great variability depending on temperature, geographic locality and host plant (Danzig, 1993).

Prevention and Control

Top of page Regulatory Control

For details of quarantine regulations for P. pentagona see Anon. (1976, 1993). Quarantine recommendations and requirements for the treatment of seedlings and other nursery materials have included irradiation, fumigation, cold-treatment and heat-treatment (Angerilli and Fitzgibbon, 1990; Balsari and Tamagnone, 1997).

Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods.

Obtaining scale-free nursery material is very important, because young plants can die very quickly after infestation. The removal of heavily infested parts of the trees and the cleaning of bark from infestation can improve the efficacy of chemical treatments. Surrounding vegetation can be a source of re-infestation by pests and/or a refugium for natural enemies.

Host-Plant Resistance

There are no varieties that exhibit real resistance to this pest (Arru, 1976). There are several tolerant varieties of different fruit tree species, but these varieties are not usually marketable.

Biological Control

The biological control of P. pentagona is well-studied (see Natural Enemies). Coccinellids and a number of parasitoids including Encarsia berlesei can be effective control agents. However, the effect of biological control programmes can only be observed over a relatively long period, and only in the absence of insecticides. The use of a range of different introduced parasitoid agents and predators, along with the encouragement of indigenous natural enemies can increase the efficacy of control. However, biological control is unlikely to be of significant use in controlling infestations on stressed ornamental plants in urban areas in Europe at times when the weather favours pest development.

Chemical Control

Fumigation of seedlings has traditionally been the most important means by which early infestation by P. pentagona is prevented. The chemicals used for this purpose have included hydrogen cyanide, fostoxin and methylbromide (Obrentchev and Stanev, 1992, and Mordkovich and Chernei, 1993).

Oil sprays have proved effective for the treatment of infested plantations (Meyer and Nalepa, 1991). Other insecticides may have different efficacy in different parts of the world (Torrel et al., 1987; Isufi and Mirtha, 1996; Erkilic and Uygun, 1997b). In orchards, insecticides (organophosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids) are very efficient against crawlers. These chemicals are often used in the summer against other orchard pests, such as codling moth (Cydia pomonella), leafrollers, leafminers and mites. However, chemical control should be avoided if biological control is in place, to avoid killing natural enemies of the scale.

Early Warning Systems

Kozar (1990b,c) studied monitoring and forecasting systems for P. pentagona in detail. Yellow sticky traps are useful for monitoring males and parasitoids, and pheromone traps collect males. The percentage of infested fruit can be monitored, with control being implemented when infestation levels pass a threshold.

IPM programmes

IPM programmes against orchard pests including scale insects have been developed by Kozar and Varjas (1976), Darvas and Zseller (1985), Parisot (1990), Semisi et al. (1992), Paloukis and Navzoridis (1995), and Jenser et al. (1997). These programmes incorporate the use of insect growth regulators (Rosen, 1991) which are effective against scale insects.

References

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