Persicaria maculosa (redshank)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Persicaria maculosa Gray
Preferred Common Name
- redshank
Other Scientific Names
- Persicaria dolichopoda (Ochi) Sasaki
- Persicaria maculata (Raf.) S.F. Gray
- Persicaria mitis Delarbre
- Persicaria persicaria (L.) Small
- Persicaria ruderalis (Salisb.) C.F. Reed
- Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq.
- Polygonum dubium Stein
- Polygonum fusiforme Greene
- Polygonum minus auct. non Huds.
- Polygonum persicaria L.
- Polygonum puritanorum Fern.
- Polygonum vulgaris Samp.
International Common Names
- English: lady's thumb; ladysthumb
- Spanish: persicaria manchada
- French: persicaire douce; pied rouge
- Portuguese: erva-pessegueira
Local Common Names
- Brazil: persicaria-de-pe-vermelho
- Germany: floh knöterich
- Italy: persicaria
- Japan: harutade
- Netherlands: duizendknoop, kleine; perzikkruid
- New Zealand: willow weed
- Sweden: piloert, aaker-
- USA: heart's-ease; heartweed; spotted ladysthumb
EPPO code
- POLMI (Polygonum minus)
- POLPE (Polygonum persicaria)
- PRAVU (Persicaria vulgaris)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Polygonales
- Family: Polygonaceae
- Genus: Polygonum
- Species: Persicaria maculosa
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Egypt | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tunisia | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present | Invasive | |||||
Bangladesh | Present | Introduced | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1983 | ||||
China | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guizhou | Present | Native | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | ||||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | Invasive | |||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | Invasive | |||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Native | |||||
Austria | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Belarus | Present | Native | |||||
Belgium | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Bulgaria | Present | Native | |||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Denmark | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Estonia | Present | Native | |||||
Faroe Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Finland | Present | Native | |||||
France | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Corsica | Present | Native | |||||
Germany | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Greece | Present | Native | |||||
Hungary | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Iceland | Present | Native | |||||
Ireland | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Italy | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Latvia | Present | Native | |||||
Lithuania | Present | Native | |||||
Moldova | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands | Present | Native | |||||
Norway | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Poland | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Portugal | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Azores | Present | Native | |||||
Romania | Present | Native | |||||
Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Central Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Northern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Southern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | Native | |||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Balearic Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Sweden | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
Switzerland | Present | Native | |||||
Ukraine | Present | Native | |||||
United Kingdom | Present | Native | Invasive | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Manitoba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Anon. (1996) | |||
-Ontario | Present | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | |||||
United States | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Alaska | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Arizona | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-California | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Colorado | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Delaware | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Idaho | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Iowa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Kansas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Kentucky | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Louisiana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Maine | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Minnesota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Mississippi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Missouri | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Montana | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Nevada | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New Mexico | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New York | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-North Dakota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-South Dakota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Utah | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Vermont | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Wyoming | Present | Introduced | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1907 | ||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: New York Botanical Garden (2003) | |||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Missouri Botanical Garden (2003) | ||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Parana | Present | Introduced | Original citation: New York Botanical Garden (2003) | ||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | Original citation: New York Botanical Garden (2003) | ||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | Original citation: New York Botanical Garden (2003) |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageRisk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | Other | |
Beta vulgaris (beetroot) | Chenopodiaceae | Main | |
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Daucus carota (carrot) | Apiaceae | Other | |
Glycine max (soyabean) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Helianthus annuus (sunflower) | Asteraceae | Other | |
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | Main | |
Medicago sativa (lucerne) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Solanaceae | Other | |
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Pisum sativum (pea) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Poaceae | Main | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageP. persicaria has been found to hybridize with pale smartweed (P. lapathifolium). Compared with P. persicaria, the hybrid plants have narrower flower spikes and flatter achenes (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2003). Flora Europaea (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, 2003) lists a number of hybrids including P. persicaria though considering the array of varietal synonymity the exact status of these requires verification. However, it is certain that there is widespread variation in the morphology of this species.
Physiology and Phenology
Research has shown that P. persicaria has a great deal of plasticity in its traits (Sultan and Bazzaz, 1993). For example, in a resource-rich environment, this species reproduced much more vigorously, while in a low-light environment it doubled the amount of leaf tissue (Sultan, 1996). Plants of this terrestrial summer annual typically do not form close colonies, but grow as scattered individuals. Plants are killed in the autumn by the first hard frost. Foliage turns brown to reddish and does not persist through the cold season (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2003).
Reproductive Biology
Propagation is by seed. Seeds fall near the parent plant, but often remain on the parent plant until scattered by animals or other disturbance. Once the seeds fall to the soil surface, they may be dispersed with water, animals, in soil movement, or with machinery. They may also survive crop harvest and become contaminants of crop seed. A persistent soil seed bank usually accumulates. Seeds are dormant when shed and require a cold, moist period to break dormancy. Length of initial seed dormancy varies widely on individual plants and between populations. Seeds normally germinate in the springtime, and those that do not germinate the first season enter secondary dormancy (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2003). Research has shown that most seeds of P. persicaria easily emerge from most soil textures and from soil depths up to 50 mm (James et al., 2002). Seed longevity in the field is poorly documented. Under very rare conditions, fragmented stems can also regenerate into new plants (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2003).
Environmental Requirements
Climatic requirements include reasonable soil moisture. As noted above, cold, moist conditions are required to break seed dormancy. Although this weed thrives under moist conditions for much of the season, it can tolerate moderate summer droughts. P. persicaria plants have been found to elevations of 1500 m in California, USA (California Department of Food and Agriculture, 2003) or 1800 m in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2003).
Associations
Although these plants are considered somewhat toxic, the seeds are frequently consumed by animals. Though rarely having a serious impact on P. persicaria, at least one virus disease (Arabis mosaic nepovirus) can utilize P. persicaria as a host, where symptoms are mosaics, mottling, chlorotic ringspots and sometimes necrosis. Generally these symptoms disappear soon after infection, but plants may remain stunted. This virus can be transmitted by nematodes or through infected seed.
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 0 | 1800 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -20 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 5 | 20 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 13 | 30 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | -10 | 4 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 7 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 2500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageP. persicaria is propagated almost entirely by seeds which are produced in large numbers. Dispersal over short distances (1-10 m) is generally by wind or animals. Dispersal over longer distances can occur with water, particularly floods (NASD, 2002).
Vector Transmission (Biotic)
Birds and other animals can consume and disseminate seeds.
Agricultural Practices
In agricultural areas, both cultivation and harvesting machinery can carry seeds from field to field.
Accidental Introduction
Crop seeds need to be cleaned well to ensure that this and other weed seeds are not disseminated via crop seeds and planted with future crops.
Intentional Introduction
P. persicaria seeds are sold for wildflower gardens. These sales are made through seed catalogues and over the internet and there exists the possibility of further introduction as a minor ornamental species.
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sold as wildflower | Yes | |||
Soil, sand and gravel | Rivers and floods | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | weeds/seeds | |||
Fruits (inc. pods) | weeds/seeds | |||
Growing medium accompanying plants | weeds/seeds | |||
True seeds (inc. grain) | weeds/seeds |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
Wood |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | Negative |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageEnvironmental Impact
Top of pageImpact: Biodiversity
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Pest and disease transmission
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural ControlIntensive agricultural cultivation that does not allow emerged P. persicaria plants to mature will manage populations over time. Perennial turf or forages with frequent mowing will also deplete this weed.
Mechanical Control
Tillage/cultivation is effective for control of P. persicaria seedlings. The same is true of hoeing in home gardens and similar areas that can be managed by hand. Repeated mowing which prevents seed production will reduce populations over time.
Chemical Control
Numerous herbicides are highly effective in controlling P. persicaria. However, in France from 1980, there were reports of biotypes of this weed resistant to Group C1/5 (photosystem II inhibitors) herbicides found in maize and other cropland. Research has shown that these particular biotypes are also resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group C1/5 herbicides (Weed Science Society of America, 2003). Similar resistance to triazines has since been confirmed in the Czech Republic, New Zealand and the United States.
Biological Control
Although P. persicaria plants are susceptible to Arabis mosaic virus, no research has been undertaken on the development of biological control agents, whether viral or fungal. No arthropods known to attack this species specifically have been identified.
Integrated Control
In agricultural and horticultural crops, P. persicaria can be managed through a combination of cultural, mechanical and chemical measures.
References
Top of pageAnon., 1996. Manitoba Regulation Noxious Weeds Regulation - MR 38-5/96. http://web2.gov.mb.ca/laws/regs/pdf/n110-035.96.pdf.
Anon., 2003. Quebec Statutes and Regulations. Noxious Weeds. Agricultural Abuses Act. http://www.canlii.org/qc/regu/crqc/20030530/r.q.a-2r.1/whole.html.
Cranston R; Ralph D; Wikeem B, 2002. Field Guide to Noxious and Other Selected Weeds of British Columbia. Government of British Columbia. Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries. http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/cropprot/weedguid/weedguid.htm.
Ekman S; Knutsson T, 1994. Nomenclatural notes on Persicaria. Nordic Journal of Botany, 14(1):23-25
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2003. Flora of China Web. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/.
Freedman R, 1998. Famine Foods. Polygonaceae. USA: Purdue University. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/faminefoods/ff_families/POLYGONACEAE.html.
Grierson AJC; Long DG, 1983. Flora of Bhutan, Volume 1, Part 1. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden.
Holm LG; Doll J; Holm E; Pancho JV; Herberger JP, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Holm LG; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DC, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Malabar, Florida: Krieger.
INRA, 2001. Weed Science and Agronomy. HYPPA. Dijon, France: INRA. http://www.inra.fr/hyppa/hyppa-a/lamam_ah.htm.
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2003. VAScular Tropicos database. St. Louis, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html.
NASD, 2002. Weed management after a flood - strategies for this year and next. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension.
New York Botanical Garden, 2003. Catalogue of Vascular Plant Species of Eastern Brazil. Polygonaceae. http://www.nybg.org/bsci/hcol/sebc/Polygonaceae.html.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003. Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS). Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html.
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, 2003. Electronic Plant Information Centre. Kew, Richmond, London, UK. http://epic.kew.org/index.htm.
Simmonds NW, 1946. Biological flora of the British Isles. Polygonum L. em. Gaertn. Journal of Ecology, 33:117-143.
Stace C, 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
USDA-ARS, 2003. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov.
Uva RH; Neal JC; DiTomaso JM, 1997. Weeds of the Northeast. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press.
Weed Science Society of America, 2003. International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds. HRAC/ NAHRAC/ WSSA. http://www.weedscience.org/in.asp.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2003. Flora of China Web., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard University Herbaria. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/
Freedman R, 1998. Famine Foods. Polygonaceae., USA: Purdue University. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/faminefoods/ff_families/POLYGONACEAE.html
Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DC, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds., Malabar, Florida, Krieger.
INRA, 2001. Weed Science and Agronomy. HYPPA., Dijon, France: INRA. http://www.inra.fr/hyppa/hyppa-a/lamam_ah.htm
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2003. Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS)., Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html
USDA-NRCS, 2002. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Weed Science Society of America, 2003. International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds., HRAC/ NAHRAC/ WSSA. http://www.weedscience.org/in.asp
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