Polygonum nepalense (Nepal persicaria)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Impact
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Polygonum nepalense Meisner (1826)
Preferred Common Name
- Nepal persicaria
Other Scientific Names
- Persicaria nepalensis (Meisner) H. Gross
- Polygonum alatum Sprengel (1827)
- Polygonum lyratum Nakai
- Polygonum punctatum var. alatum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don (1825)
- Polygonum quadrifidum Hayata
International Common Names
- English: snake weed (India)
Local Common Names
- Bhutan: berkhey ratnaulo; helepsi; metoshim; shido
- Ethiopia: labuche
- Germany: Nepalesischer Koeterich
- Indonesia: asem tembagan; ganrot; hahaseuman; jukut asam
- Japan: tanisoba
- Sri Lanka: kangany-machan-pillu
EPPO code
- POLAL (Polygonum alatum)
- POLNE (Polygonum nepalense)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Polygonales
- Family: Polygonaceae
- Genus: Polygonum
- Species: Polygonum nepalense
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageThis description is based largely on Grierson and Long (1983). Everaarts (1981) has especially good drawings.
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Equatorial Guinea | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Original citation: Ivens (1968) | |||||
Uganda | Present | Original citation: Ivens (1968) | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
China | Present | ||||||
-Anhui | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Gansu | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Hebei | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Jilin | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Liaoning | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Shaanxi | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Shanxi | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Tibet | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Original citation: Wang, 1980 | |||||
India | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | ||||||
-Java | Present | ||||||
-Sulawesi | Present | ||||||
-Sumatra | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
-Hokkaido | Present | ||||||
-Honshu | Present | ||||||
-Kyushu | Present | ||||||
-Shikoku | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1873 | ||||
Italy | Present, Localized | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present, Localized | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Mexico | Present | Invasive | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Colombia | Present |
Habitat
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Brassica napus var. napus (rape) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Camellia sinensis (tea) | Theaceae | Main | |
Daucus carota (carrot) | Apiaceae | Other | |
Eragrostis tef (teff) | Poaceae | Other | |
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | Main | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Other | |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Main | |
Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Poaceae | Main | |
Vicia villosa (hairy vetch) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageEden and Bond (1925) indicate that P. nepalense is 'not particularly tolerant of shade' but its predominance in tea must suggest that it has some shade tolerance. The same authors studied the balance between P. nepalense and other weeds under different fertilizer regimes and showed that this species has a lower optimum phosphate level, and that addition of high phosphorus levels encouraged other weeds more and reduced the dominance of P. nepalense.
Everaarts (1981) indicates that P. nepalense prefers not too dry soils in open or lightly shaded situations and is favoured by high soil fertility.
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Puccinia polygoni-amphibii | Pathogen | |||||
Ustilago polygoni-alati | Pathogen |
Impact
Top of pageThere are no reports on the competitive effect of P. nepalense and it has sometimes been regarded as relatively non-competitive in tea, to the point that it may be encouraged as a ground cover to suppress other, more serious, weeds (see Uses), but there can be little doubt that the dense infestations that can occur under suitable conditions must be competing significantly for nutrients.
Uses
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control
P. nepalense is shallow-rooted and readily removed by manual or hoe weeding.
Chemical Control
Recent information on the response of P. nepalense to herbicides is sparse. Older reports from Ethiopia show that it is susceptible to many of the standard herbicides for control of broad-leaved weeds, including MCPA, 2,4-D, dicamba, ioxynil, bromoxynil, fluorodifen, ametryne and prometryne (CADU, 1975; Anon., 1978). It is susceptible to terbutryne and methabenzthiazuron post-emergence, but possibly not pre-emergence. It was not controlled by bentazon. It is controlled by full doses of paraquat but may be relatively favoured by the use of reduced doses.
References
Top of pageEden T; Bond TET, 1925. The effect of manurial treatments on the growth of weeds in tea. Empire Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 13:141-157.
Grierson AJC; Long DG, 1983. Flora of Bhutan, Volume 1, Part 1. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden.
Guo L, 1993. Ustilago deyeuxiae sp.nov. and three smut species new to China. Mycosystema, 6:51-55
Hafliger TJ; Wolf M, 1988. Dicot Weeds. 1. Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd.
Haigh JC, 1951. A Manual of the Weeds of the Major Crops of Ceylon. Peradenya Manual No. 7. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Department of Agriculture.
Hutchinson J; Dalziel JM; Keay RWJ, 1954. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 1, Part 1, 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents.
Ivens GW, 1967. East African Weeds and their Control. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.
Kaul MK, 1986. Weed Flora of Kashmir Valley. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers, 422 pp.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Weeds of Bhutan., vi + 236 pp.
Stace C, 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tadulingam C; Venkatanarayana G; Mudaliar CR; Sakharam Rao J, 1955. A Handbook of some South Indian Weeds. Second edition. Madras, India: Madras Government Press.
Wang ZR, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.
Webb DA; Chater AO; Akeroyd JR, 1993. Polygonum L. In: Tutin TG, Burges NA , Chater AO, Edmondson JR, Heywood VH, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA, eds. Flora Europaea Volume 1 Psilotaceae to Platanaceae 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 91-97.
Wells MJ; Balsinhas AA; Joffe H; Engelbrecht VM; Harding G; Stirton CH, 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in South Africa. Memoirs of the botanical survey of South Africa No 53. Pretoria, South Africa: Botanical Research Institute.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Guo L, 1993. Ustilago deyeuxiae sp.nov. and three smut species new to China. Mycosystema. 51-55.
Hafliger TJ, Wolf M, 1988. Dicot Weeds., 1 Basle, Switzerland: CIBA-GEIGY Ltd.
Kaul M K, 1986. Weed flora of Kashmir Valley. Jodhpur, India: Scientific Publishers. 422pp.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Plant Protection Centre. vi + 236 pp.
Stace C, 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Webb DA, Chater AO, Akeroyd JR, 1993. (Polygonum L). In: Flora Europaea Psilotaceae to Platanaceae, 1 (2nd) [ed. by Tutin TG, Burges NA, Chater AO, Edmondson JR, Heywood VH, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 91-97.
Distribution Maps
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