| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foliar symptoms on cabbage | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); initial foliar wilting is followed by reddening of the leaves. | ©AgrEvo | |
| Symptoms | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); symptoms on cabbage roots. | ©Thorsten Kraska/University of Bonn, Germany | |
| Symptoms | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); symptoms on broccoli roots. | ©Thorsten Kraska/University of Bonn, Germany | |
| Symptoms | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); symptoms on cauliflower. | ©AgrEvo | |
| Symptoms | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); symptoms on cabbage roots. | ©AgrEvo | |
| Symptoms | Plasmodiophora brassicae (cabbage club root); symptoms on cabbage roots. | ©Thorsten Kraska/University of Bonn, Germany |
Datasheet
Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root)
Index
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin (1877)
Preferred Common Name
- club root
International Common Names
- English: cabbage club root; club root of cabbage; club root of crucifers; clubroot disease of cabbage; crucifers club root; finger and toe
- Spanish: hernia de la col
- French: gros-pied des cruciferes; hernie des cruciferes; hernie du chou; maladie digitaire des cruciferes
- Portuguese: hérnia-das-crucíferas
Local Common Names
- Germany: Knotensucht: Kohl; Kohlhernie; Kropfkrankheit: Kohl
EPPO code
- PLADBR (Plasmodiophora brassicae)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pagePlasmodiophora brassicae is a root-infecting protist pathogen that causes clubroot disease in brassica species. The organism is soil-borne and has long-lived resting spores that can survive in soil for more than 15 years. Local spread of motile zoospores can be facilitated by wet conditions but most dispersal of the pathogen is through the movement of infested soil. P. brassicae has a wide host range in the brassica family including numerous weed species. Control of the disease is difficult but clubroot can be managed by a combination of crop rotation, varietal resistance, improved agronomic practice such as improved drainage and the application of lime of related products to raise pH which can limit the effects of the disease. There are currently no effective fungicides for the widespread control of clubroot. Yield losses range from 10 to 15% but can exceed 50% under disease conducive environmental conditions.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Protista
- Phylum: Protozoa
- Class: Plasmodiophoromycetes
- Order: Plasmodiophorales
- Family: Plasmodiophoraceae
- Genus: Plasmodiophora
- Species: Plasmodiophora brassicae
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Angola | Present | ||||||
| Malawi | Present | ||||||
| São Tomé and Príncipe | Present | ||||||
| South Africa | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Brunei | Present | ||||||
| China | Present | ||||||
| -Anhui | Present | ||||||
| -Beijing | Present | ||||||
| -Chongqing | Present | ||||||
| -Fujian | Present | ||||||
| -Gansu | Present | ||||||
| -Guangdong | Present | ||||||
| -Guangxi | Present | ||||||
| -Guizhou | Present | ||||||
| -Heilongjiang | Present | ||||||
| -Henan | Present | ||||||
| -Hubei | Present | ||||||
| -Hunan | Present | ||||||
| -Jiangsu | Present | ||||||
| -Jiangxi | Present | ||||||
| -Jilin | Present | ||||||
| -Liaoning | Present | ||||||
| -Shaanxi | Present | ||||||
| -Shandong | Present | ||||||
| -Sichuan | Present | ||||||
| -Tibet | Present | ||||||
| -Yunnan | Present | ||||||
| -Zhejiang | Present | ||||||
| Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
| India | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
| -West Bengal | Present | ||||||
| Indonesia | Present | ||||||
| -Java | Present | ||||||
| Iraq | Present | ||||||
| Israel | Present | ||||||
| Japan | Present | ||||||
| -Hokkaido | Present | ||||||
| -Honshu | Present | ||||||
| -Kyushu | Present | ||||||
| -Ryukyu Islands | Present | ||||||
| Kyrgyzstan | Present | ||||||
| Malaysia | Present | ||||||
| -Peninsular Malaysia | Present | ||||||
| Nepal | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| North Korea | Present | ||||||
| Pakistan | Present | ||||||
| Philippines | Present | ||||||
| Singapore | Absent, Eradicated | ||||||
| South Korea | Present | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
| Taiwan | Present | ||||||
| Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Austria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Belarus | Present | ||||||
| Belgium | Present | ||||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | ||||||
| Bulgaria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Croatia | Present | ||||||
| Czechia | Present | ||||||
| Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Denmark | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Estonia | Present | ||||||
| Faroe Islands | Present | ||||||
| Finland | Present, Localized | ||||||
| France | Present | ||||||
| Germany | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Greece | Present | ||||||
| Hungary | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Iceland | Present | ||||||
| Ireland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Italy | Present | ||||||
| -Sardinia | Present | ||||||
| Latvia | Present | ||||||
| Lithuania | Present | ||||||
| Luxembourg | Present | ||||||
| Montenegro | Present | ||||||
| Netherlands | Present | ||||||
| Norway | Present | ||||||
| Poland | Present | ||||||
| Portugal | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Azores | Present | ||||||
| Romania | Present | ||||||
| Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Central Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Eastern Siberia | Present | ||||||
| -Russia (Europe) | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Western Siberia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
| Slovakia | Present | ||||||
| Spain | Present | ||||||
| Sweden | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Switzerland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Ukraine | Present | ||||||
| United Kingdom | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Channel Islands | Present | ||||||
| -England | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
| -Scotland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
| Canada | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Alberta | Present | ||||||
| -British Columbia | Present | ||||||
| -Manitoba | Present | ||||||
| -New Brunswick | Present | ||||||
| -Newfoundland and Labrador | Present | ||||||
| -Nova Scotia | Present | ||||||
| -Ontario | Present | ||||||
| -Prince Edward Island | Present | ||||||
| -Quebec | Present | ||||||
| -Saskatchewan | Present | ||||||
| Guatemala | Present | ||||||
| Mexico | Present | ||||||
| Puerto Rico | Present | ||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
| United States | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Alaska | Present | ||||||
| -California | Present | ||||||
| -Colorado | Present | ||||||
| -Connecticut | Present | ||||||
| -Delaware | Present | ||||||
| -Florida | Present | ||||||
| -Hawaii | Present | ||||||
| -Illinois | Present | ||||||
| -Iowa | Present | ||||||
| -Louisiana | Present | ||||||
| -Maine | Present | ||||||
| -Maryland | Present | ||||||
| -Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
| -Michigan | Present | ||||||
| -Minnesota | Present | ||||||
| -Missouri | Present | ||||||
| -New Hampshire | Present | ||||||
| -New Jersey | Present | ||||||
| -New York | Present | ||||||
| -North Carolina | Present | ||||||
| -North Dakota | Present | ||||||
| -Ohio | Present | ||||||
| -Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
| -Oregon | Present | ||||||
| -Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
| -Rhode Island | Present | ||||||
| -South Carolina | Present | ||||||
| -Texas | Present | ||||||
| -Vermont | Present | ||||||
| -Virginia | Present | ||||||
| -Washington | Present | ||||||
| -West Virginia | Present | ||||||
| -Wisconsin | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Present | ||||||
| -New South Wales | Present | ||||||
| -Queensland | Present | ||||||
| -South Australia | Present | ||||||
| -Tasmania | Present | ||||||
| -Victoria | Present | ||||||
| -Western Australia | Present | ||||||
| New Zealand | Present | ||||||
| Papua New Guinea | Present, Localized | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Present | ||||||
| Brazil | Present | ||||||
| -Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
| -Parana | Present | ||||||
| -Rio de Janeiro | Present | ||||||
| -Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
| -Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
| Chile | Present | ||||||
| Colombia | Present | ||||||
| Guyana | Present | ||||||
| Venezuela | Present | ||||||
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Roots / galls along length | ||
| Roots / soft rot of cortex | ||
| Roots / stubby roots |
Pathway Causes
Top of page| Cause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal production | Infested soil can be moved by livestock | Yes | ||
| Crop production | P. brassicae resting spores can survive upwards of fifteen years. Infested soil can be easily moved on machinery, livestock, people, or by the environment. | Yes | Yes | Wallenhammar (1996) |
| Hitchhiker | Infested soil can be moved on footwear | Yes | Wallenhammar et al. (2016) | |
| Horticulture | Infected plants could be moved long distance | Yes | ||
| People foraging | Infested soil can be moved on footwear | Yes | Wallenhammar et al. (2016) | |
| Research | Infested soil or disease roots could be distributed globally for research purposes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of page| Vector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clothing, footwear and possessions | Infested soil can be moved on footwear | Yes | Wallenhammar et al. (2016) | |
| Host and vector organisms | Infested soil can be moved on livestock | Yes | ||
| Machinery and equipment | Infested soil can be easily moved on machinery | Yes | Yes | |
| Plants or parts of plants | Infected plants could be moved long distance | Yes | ||
| Soil, sand and gravel | P. brassicae resting spores can survive upwards of fifteen years. Infested soil can be easily moved on machinery, livestock, people, or by the environment. | Yes | Yes | Wallenhammar (1996) |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growing medium accompanying plants | fungi/spores | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
| Roots | fungi/plasmodia; fungi/sporangia | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
| Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | fungi/plasmodia; fungi/sporangia | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
|---|
| Bark |
| Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
| Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
| Fruits (inc. pods) |
| Leaves |
| Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
| Wood |
Wood Packaging
Top of page| Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
|---|
| Loose wood packing material |
| Processed or treated wood |
| Solid wood packing material with bark |
| Solid wood packing material without bark |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page
Invasiveness
- Invasive in its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Tolerant of shade
- Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Has high genetic variability
- Host damage
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices
- Negatively impacts livelihoods
- Reduced amenity values
- Damages animal/plant products
- Antagonistic (micro-organisms)
- Pathogenic
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
References
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Distribution References
AVA, 2001. Diagnostic records of the Plant Health Diagnostic Services., Singapore, Plant Health Centre Agri-food & Veterinary Authority.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
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Herb IMI, Undated. Specimen record from the collection in the Herb IMI Database., Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.herbimi.info/herbimi/home.htm
Organizations
Top of pageSweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, P.O. Box 7080, SE-75007 Uppsala, https://www.slu.se/en/departments/plant-biology-forest-genetics/
UK: Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, Scotland, https://www.sruc.ac.uk/
Canada: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 1341 Baseline Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C5, http://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/home/?id=1395690825741
Canada: Crop Diversification Centre North (CDC North), Crop Diversification Centre North Pest Surveillance Section, 17507 Fort Road Edmonton AB, T5Y 6H3, http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/cdc5230
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