Plantago lanceolata (ribwort plantain)

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

• Plantago lanceolata L.

Preferred Common Name

• ribwort plantain

International Common Names

• English: buckhorn plantain; English plantain; lance-leaf plantain; lanceolate plantain; narrowleaf plantain; narrow-leaved plantain; ribgrass; ribwort
• Spanish: llantén menor
• French: petit plantain
• Portuguese: tanchagem menor

Local Common Names

• Cuba: llantén
• Germany: Spitzwegerich
• Italy: cinquenervi; lanciuola cinquenervi; mestolaccio; piantaggine commune
• Japan: heraoobako
• Netherlands: weegbree, smalle
• South Africa: bolilanyana; German psyllium; klein tongblaar; lamb's tongue; narrow leaved ribwort; oorpynhoutjie; oorpynwortels; ripplegrass; smalblaarplantago; small plantain; smalweeblaar; smalweebree; smalweegbree; weeblaar; wild sago
• Sweden: kaempar, svart-; spetsgroblad

EPPO code

• PLALA (Plantago lanceolata)

Summary of Invasiveness

Top of page There are little data to suggest that this species is a priority invasive species in its native range: it is principally a weed of arable field margins rather than the fields themselves. However it has dispersed widely throughout the temperate, and some of the tropical world, and is common in arable land and pastures. It has proved a problem in specific instances in the tropics and its lack of invasiveness in other areas may reflect global prophylactic use of broadleaf herbicides rather than an inherent lack of invasiveness in the species. It is a perennial and is, therefore, susceptible to cultivation. Traditional chemical control has proved effective.

Taxonomic Tree

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• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Plantaginales
•                         Family: Plantaginaceae
•                             Genus: Plantago
•                                 Species: Plantago lanceolata

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page Sagar and Harper (1964) note that a number of varieties have been recognised on the basis of hairiness, etc., but that the differences are often obscured as a result of phenotypic variation, and have not been adequately researched.

Description

Top of page P. lanceolata is a small, glabrous to pubescent perennial with one to several rosettes; leaves linear- to narrowly ovate-elliptic, 2-30 x 0.5-3.5 cm, very gradually narrowed to the petiole, entire to sparsely and weakly toothed; bracts 2.5-3.5 mm, the anterior connate for most of their length but their midribs separate, often shortly hairy. Scapes to 50 cm deeply furrowed. Inflorescence a spike, up to 4(-8) cm long. Flowers bisexual, inconspicuous, corolla 4-lobed, tubular, almost as long as surrounding calyx. Corolla tube 2-3 mm, glabrous, the lobes 1.5-2.5 mm lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, glabrous. Stamens 4, exserted, conspicuous, 3-5 mm long, the anthers yellowish. The fruit, 3-4 mm long, is a capsule opening with an operculum, containing 1-2 smooth, boat-shaped, mucilaginous. This species has a well-developed taproot (Lamp and Collet, 1979; Stace, 1997).

Plant Type

Top of page Herbaceous
Perennial
Seed propagated

Distribution

Top of page This remarkably widespread species is apparently native to Europe, North Africa and West and South Asia (USDA-ARS, 2003) but has been introduced extremely widely elsewhere and now occurs e.g. in every continental state of USA as well as in Hawaii, in Australia and New Zealand, 'throughout Japan' (Morita, 2002) and in many countries of Africa, where it thrives at high altitude.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Last Reported	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Asia
Afghanistan	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Armenia	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Azerbaijan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Bhutan	Restricted distribution		Introduced		Not invasive	Grierson et al., 2001
China	Widespread		Introduced		Invasive	Holm et al., 1979
-Fujian	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Guangdong	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Guangxi	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Guizhou	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Hubei	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Hunan	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Jiangsu	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Shaanxi	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Sichuan	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Xinjiang	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Yunnan	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
-Zhejiang	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Wang et al., 1990
Georgia (Republic of)	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
India	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Iran	Present		Native			Mirkamaly Maddah, 1973
Iraq	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Israel	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Japan	Widespread					Holm et al., 1979; Morita, 2002
Jordan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Kazakhstan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Korea, Republic of	Present					Holm et al., 1979
Kyrgyzstan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Lebanon	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Nepal	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Pakistan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Philippines	Present		Native			Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012
Saudi Arabia	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Syria	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Taiwan	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979; Chen et al., 1996
Tajikistan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Turkey	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979; Cobanoglu, 2000
Turkmenistan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Uzbekistan	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Yemen	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Africa
Algeria	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Botswana	Present		Introduced			Wells et al., 1986
Egypt	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Ethiopia	Present					Holm et al., 1979
Gabon	Present		Introduced			Verdcourt, 1971
Kenya	Present		Introduced			Verdcourt, 1971
Lesotho	Present		Introduced			Wells et al., 1986
Libya	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Malawi	Present		Introduced			Verdcourt, 1971
Mauritius	Present		Introduced			McIntyre and Barbe, 1994
Morocco	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Namibia	Present		Introduced			Wells et al., 1986
South Africa	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979; Wells et al., 1986; Glen, 1998
Spain
-Canary Islands	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Sudan	Present		Introduced			Verdcourt, 1971
Tanzania	Present		Introduced			Verdcourt, 1971
Tunisia	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Zimbabwe	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
North America
Canada	Present		Introduced			Cavers, 1980; Holm et al., 1979
Mexico	Present		Introduced			Lopez and Tellez Reyes, 1999
USA	Widespread		Introduced		Invasive	Holm et al., 1979; USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Alabama	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Alaska	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Arkansas	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-California	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Colorado	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Connecticut	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Delaware	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Florida	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Georgia	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Hawaii	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Idaho	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Illinois	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Indiana	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Iowa	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Kansas	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Kentucky	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Louisiana	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Maine	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Maryland	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Massachusetts	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Michigan	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Minnesota	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Mississippi	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Missouri	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Montana	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Nebraska	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Nevada	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-New Hampshire	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-New Jersey	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-New Mexico	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-New York	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-North Carolina	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-North Dakota	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Ohio	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Oklahoma	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Oregon	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Pennsylvania	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Rhode Island	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-South Carolina	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-South Dakota	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Tennessee	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Texas	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Utah	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Vermont	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Washington	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-West Virginia	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Wisconsin	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
-Wyoming	Present		Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS, 2003
Central America and Caribbean
Cuba	Present		Introduced		Invasive	Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012
Puerto Rico	Present					Holm et al., 1979
South America
Argentina	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979; Conticello and Gandullo, 1991
Chile	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979; Ramirez et al., 1989
Ecuador	Present					Holm et al., 1979
Uruguay	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979
Europe
Albania	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Austria	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Belarus	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Belgium	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Bulgaria	Present		Native			Milusheva & Rankova, 2002
Cyprus	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Czechoslovakia (former)	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Denmark	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Estonia	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Finland	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
France	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Germany	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Greece	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Hungary	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Iceland	Present					Holm et al., 1979
Ireland	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Italy	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Latvia	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Lithuania	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Malta	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Moldova	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Netherlands	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Norway	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Poland	Present		Native			Kozlowski et al., 1997; Grzegorczyk and Alberski, 1999
Portugal	Present		Native			Sousa, 1998; Holm et al., 1979
-Azores	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Romania	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Russian Federation	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
-Russia (Europe)	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
-Western Siberia	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Spain	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979; Iraola Calvo et al., 1999
Sweden	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Switzerland	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
UK	Present		Native			Mohd Norowi, 1999; Holm et al., 1979; Roberts and Boddrell, 1984
Ukraine	Present		Native			USDA-ARS, 2003
Yugoslavia (former)	Present		Native			Holm et al., 1979
Oceania
Australia	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979
-New South Wales	Present		Introduced			James, 1988
-Victoria	Present		Introduced			Lane, 1976
New Zealand	Present		Introduced			Holm et al., 1979; Ferguson and Fraser, 1993; Suckling et al., 1998

Risk of Introduction

Top of page Although not a federally listed noxious weed in USA, P. lanceolata is listed and regulated by many individual states (USDA-ARS, 2003).

Habitat

Top of page P. lanceolata is a plant of grasslands and wastelands with neutral or basic soils (Clapham et al., 1989). It is found in a wider range of grassland microclimates and soil types than some close relatives (such as P. major and P. media), but is not found in the hottest and driest grasslands (Stoutjesdijk, 1992). In general, it is restricted to comparatively open vegetation where there is plenty of light at ground level (Aart et al., 1992).

Habitat List

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Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial-managed
	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details
	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural
	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page This species is quick to colonize, establish and spread in disturbed agricultural areas. Its small size and low vigour, however, mean that it is seldom reported as a principal weed for a particular crop (Holm et al., 1977). It has been reported as a weed of lucerne in Iran (Mirkamaly and Maddah, 1973) and of citrus and mango in Mauritius (McIntyre and Barbe, 1994).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context
Citrus	Rutaceae	Main
Mangifera indica (mango)	Anacardiaceae	Main
Medicago sativa (lucerne)	Fabaceae	Main
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)	Solanaceae	Other

Biology and Ecology

Top of page Genetics

P. lancelolata has a chromosome number of 2n=12 (Stace, 1997). The high level of genetic mixing, low polymorphism and lack of population genetic structure in this species are thought to result from its exclusive out-crossing strategy (Sharma and Koul, 1995).

Physiology and Phenology

Evidence suggests that there is little dormancy in this species, and virtually all seeds germinate within the first year (Roberts and Boddrell, 1984; Pons, 1992). However, germination rate seems to increase with storage over 6 months (Sousa et al., 1998). Unlike some close relatives, such as P. major, seed of this species does not require light for germination (Pons and Toorn, 1988; Blom, 1992) although the effect of light intensity on germination rate seems unclear (Roberts and Boddrell, 1984; Sousa et al., 1998). Optimum germination has been obtained at 21% soil moisture (Blom, 1992).

Reproductive Biology

Reproduction is via seed in this species. P. lanceolata is an obligate out-breeder and its flowers are self-incompatible (Sagar and Harper, 1964; Sharma et al., 1992; Sharma and Koul, 1995). The species is considered mainly anemophilous (wind-pollinated) (Sagar and Harper, 1964), but there is evidence to suggest biotic pollination by syrphid flies (Stelleman, 1982) and bees (Apis dorsata and Apis florea) (Sharma et al., 1993). Gynodioecy is observed in P. lanceolata, i.e. populations contain both hermaphrodites and sterile males (Poot et al., 1997).

Environmental Requirements

P. lanceolata is so widely distributed that it is probably not restricted by climate (Holm et al., 1977). Suitable climates include those with winter rainfall (temperate), all-year rainfall (temperate), summer rainfall (temperate), summer rainfall (sub-tropical) (Wells et al., 1986). The deep taproot enables this species to withstand periods of drought. It is seldom reported to be an important weed in the tropics because more vigorous plants keep its growth in check. In open areas, plants will overwinter below ground and, if frosted, they can re-grow from underground storage organs. The chemical and physical characteristics of the soils in which Plantago species grow have been described by Troelstra (1992). Sagar and Harper (1964) note that P. lanceolata is found on a wide variety of soil types in the British Isles and occurs on sand-dunes, and spray-washed cliffs, but is absent from acidic uplands. It is mainly a species of basic and neutral grasslands.

Association

Sagar and Harper (1964) provide detailed lists of plants associated with P. lanceolata in the British Isles.

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity	References	Biological control in	Biological control on
Chrysolina staphylaea	Herbivore	Leaves
Gibberella sacchari	Pathogen
Gymnetron pascuorum	Herbivore	Seeds
Junonia coenia	Herbivore	Leaves
Phomopsis subordinaria	Pathogen
Trichosirocalus troglodytes	Herbivore	Growing point

Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page Sagar and Harper (1964) provide a long list of natural enemies including invertebrates, fungi and viruses but imply that these have much less influence than livestock management.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Top of page Natural Dispersal (Non-Biotic)

P. lanceolata produces a large number of small seeds which can be dispersed by the wind.

Vector Transmission (Biotic)

Seeds are mucilaginous and easily transported on animal fur or by man (Soekarjo, 1992). Sagar and Harper (1964) note that seeds retain over 50% viability after passing through cattle.

Accidental introduction

Because of the small size of its seeds, P. lanceolata may be introduced as a contaminant of agricultural produce.

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Pest stages	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes	roots
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx	seeds
Fruits (inc. pods)	seeds
Growing medium accompanying plants	seeds
Roots	roots
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants	whole plants
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches	seeds
True seeds (inc. grain)	seeds

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Leaves
Wood

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Animal/plant collections	None
Animal/plant products	None
Biodiversity (generally)	None
Crop production	Negative
Environment (generally)	None
Fisheries / aquaculture	None
Forestry production	None
Human health	Negative
Livestock production	None
Native fauna	None
Native flora	None
Rare/protected species	None
Tourism	None
Trade/international relations	None
Transport/travel	None

Impact

Top of page P. lanceolata has been described as an agricultural, pastoral and environmental weed competing with other plants for light, water and nutrients and replacing preferred vegetation. P. lanceolata and P. major have together been reported as weeds in over 50 countries affecting a wide range of crops (Holm et al., 1977). Holm et al. (1979) record P. lanceolata as a serious weed in Italy, and a principal weed in Canada, Ecuador, Iran, Mauritius and New Zealand.

Impact: Biodiversity

Top of page P. lanceolata forms dense swards that crowd out native vegetation and prevent the establishment of native species (Weber, 2003).

Social Impact

Top of page Pollen of this species can cause allergies and respiratory problems (Lamp and Collet, 1979; Mehta and Wheeler, 1991).

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page Invasiveness

• Invasive in its native range
• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Highly mobile locally
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year

Impact outcomes

• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Negatively impacts human health

Impact mechanisms

• Competition - monopolizing resources

Likelihood of entry/control

• Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant

Uses

Top of page P. lanceolata has been used for sward improvement (Stewart, 1996; Trzaskos, 1996; Kozlowski et al., 1997). The commercial cultivars 'Grasslands Lancelot' (Rumball et al., 1997) and 'Ceres Tonic' (Pyne Gould Guinness Ltd, 1996) have been developed in New Zealand for forage yield and suitability for livestock grazing. Sagar and Harper (1964) note that P. lanceolata is one of the most palatable species for sheep.

It also has value as a tough amenity turf component (Odermatt et al., 1998) and has been utilized as permanent ground cover in vineyards (Crozier, 1998).

Medicinal uses include the treatment of respiratory and inflammatory skin diseases (Marchesan et al., 1998; Paper and Marchesan, 1999).

Uses List

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Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Traditional/folklore

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page P. lanceolata can be distinguished from P. major by its furrowed scape, lanceolate leaves, one- to two-seeded capsule which splits around the middle and the smooth, boat-shaped seeds with a scar around the middle (Holm et al., 1977).

Prevention and Control

Top of page Mechanical Control

Grazing or mowing may reduce growth of P. lanceolata (Weber, 2003). This species is traditionally hand weeded in mango and citrus orchards in Mauritius (McIntyre and Barbe, 1994).

Chemical Control

Around young trees and shrubs: glyphosate applied twice a year controlled P. lanceolata over several years (Frank and Simon, 1981). Alternate treatments of glyphosate and a mixture of diuron + paraquat were also satisfactory (McIntyre and Barbe, 1994).

In arable crops: butralin + linuron was found to be particularly effective (Fererro, 1978) and mecoprop has been recommended to control field margin weeds (including Plantago lanceolata; Birnie, 1984).

In turf: 2,4-D used alone and bromoxynil and mecoprop together were effective (Wehner et al., 1981). Bingham et al. (1986) reported that P. lanceolata was controlled better with a mecoprop than a dichlorprop mixture.

Integrated Control

McIntyre and Barbe (1994) observed acceptable control in young mango and citrus orchards in Mauritius with combined chemical and traditional hand weeding.

References

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Aart PJM van der; Vulto JC, 1992. General ecology. Plantago: a multidisciplinary study [edited by Kuiper, P. J. C.; Bos, M.] Berlin, Germany; Springer-Verlag, 6

Bingham SW; Rucker EG; Shaver RL, 1986. Broadleaf weed species' response to turfgrass herbicides. Proceedings, Southern Weed Science Society, 39th annual meeting, 110

Birnie JE, 1984. A preliminary study on the effect of some agricultural herbicides on a range of field margin flora. Technical Report, AFRC Weed Research Organization, No.79:24 pp.

Blom CWPM, 1992. Germination and establishment. In: Kuiper PJC, Bos M, eds. Plantago: a Multidisciplinary Study. Ecological Studies, Vol. 89. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 88-98.

Cavers PB; Bassett IJ; Crompton CW, 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 47. Plantago lanceolata L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 60(4):1269-1282

Chen ShihHuei; Tseng YenHsueh; Wu MingJou; Liu ChingYu, 1996. Plantago lanceolata L., a newly naturalized plant in Taiwan. Taiwania, 41(3):180-184; 8 ref.

Clapham AR; Tutin TG; Moore DM, 1989. Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Cobanoglu S, 2000. Aphididae (Homoptera) species of Edirne Province (Thrace part of Turkey). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 136(1628-31):45-52; 18 ref.

Conticello L; Gandullo R, 1991. Survey of summer weeds in the upper valley of Rio Negro y Neuquen. Proceedings of the 12th Argentine meeting on weeds and their control, Mar del Plata, Argentina, 9-11 October 1991., Vol. 1:19-26; 22 ref.

Crozier P, 1998. Permanent ground cover and mulch: agricultural aspects. Phytoma, No. 511:42-45.

Ferguson CM; Fraser WJ, 1993. Eurythecta zelaea, an occasional dryland pasture pest. Proceedings of the Forty Sixth New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, 10-12 August 1993 Rotorua, New Zealand; New Zealand Plant Protection Society, 242-244

Ferrero A, 1978. Selective weed control in maize. Rapporti sull'attivita svolta nell'ambito del subprogetto "Fitoiatria del frumento del mais e del sorgo" Progetto finalizzato fitofarmaci e fitoregolatori, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; coordinatore V. Piglionica, Rome, 1978., 309-316

Frank JR; Simon JA, 1981. Glyphosate and paraquat effectiveness in woody nursery stock. Weed Science, 29(4):455-461

Glen HF, 1998. Investigation of the antiinflammatory activity of liquid extracts of Plantago lanceolata L. FSA contributions 12: Plantaginaceae. Bothalia, 28(2):151-157; 26 ref.

Grierson AJC; Long DG, 2001. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. Volume 2 Part 3. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.

Grzegorczyk S; Alberski J, 1999. The presence of forbs in meadow-pasture plant communities of the Olsztyn Lakeland. Folia Universitatis Agriculturae Stetinensis, Agricultura, No. 75:103-106.

Holm L; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Toronto, Canada: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

Holm LG; Plucknett DL; Pancho JV; Herberger JP, 1977. The World's Worst Weeds. Distribution and Biology. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: University Press of Hawaii.

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