Pinus oocarpa (ocote pine)
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl.
Preferred Common Name
- ocote pine
Variety
- Pinus oocarpa var. manzanoi Martinez
- Pinus oocarpa var. microphylla Shaw
- Pinus oocarpa var. ochoterenai Martinez
- Pinus oocarpa var. oocarpa
- Pinus oocarpa var. trifoliata Martinez
Other Scientific Names
- Pinus praetermissa
International Common Names
- English: Nicaraguan pitch pine; oocarpa pine
- Spanish: pino prieto
EPPO code
- PIUOO (Pinus oocarpa)
- PIUPZ (Pinus praetermissa)
Trade name
- Caribbean pitch pine
- Nicaraguan pitch pine
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Gymnospermae
- Class: Pinopsida
- Family: Pinaceae
- Genus: Pinus
- Species: Pinus oocarpa
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageVar. trifoliata has leaves in fascicles of 3; its cones are small and almost spherical and can readily be distinguished from other varieties of P. oocarpa. The distribution of this variety is limited to Jalisco and Durango states in Mexico.
Var. microphylla has much shorter needles than the other oocarpa varieties, 8-16 cm compared with 20-25 cm in the other varieties. The peduncle is long and slender and significantly different from the other varieties (Perry, 1991).
Description
Top of pageThe tree is a medium to large pine, from 15 to about 37 m high. The stem normally reaches 50-70 cm and occasionally 90 cm in diameter. The lower branches are more horizontal while the top ones are more ascending, forming a thick, rounded crown. The bark is 2-4 cm thick and is a dark greyish brown colour when the tree is older and mature. The bark also has shallow vertical and horizontal fissures, which gives the bark rough, longitudinal, geometric shaped plates. Young trees also have a rough, but thin and reddish brown bark. Branchlets are stiff, upright, rough and scaly. The bark of branchlets is reddish brown and the bases of the leaf bracts are decurrent.
Foliage
The leaves of the tree are in fascicles of 5 and occasionally 3 or 4. Needles are usually 20 to 25 cm long, thick and stiff and are occasionally slender and flexible. The margins are finely serrated and the stomata are present on the dorsal and ventral surfaces. There are 4-8 resin canals, which are mostly septal. The exterior wall of the endoderm is not thickened. Two contiguous but distinct fibrovascular bundles are present. Fascicle sheaths are brown and approximately 25 mm long.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits
Conelets are subterminal, borne singly and in pairs on long, 2-3 cm, scaly peduncles. The cone scales are small and thick and rounded with a very deciduous prickle. The cones are very variable in form and size, ranging from globose (almost round) to ovoid and somewhat conical. Cones taper off to the apex in general and are mostly symmetrical, and oblique and reflexed on 3-4 cm long strong penduncles. The peduncles can be slender and weak in some forms, though short, thick, and very tenacious in others. Cones are between 6-10 cm long and pale yellowish brown to polished ochre in colour.
The cones ripen from January to November and can be closed for very long periods only to release seeds during long dry periods. The cones are persistent for long periods on the branches and when they do fall off the peduncles remain attached to the cone. Cone scales are hard, strong, stiff, and the apophysis is almost flat with a well-defined transverse keel.
In Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador the apophysis may be raised to a pyramidal with a small, recurved umbo. In most cases the umbo is small and almost flat to depressed, with a very small, early-deciduous prickle. When the scales are open they form a wide open symmetrical rosette pattern which contrasts with the cones of P. patula or P. pringlei (Perry, 1991).
Seeds of P. oocarpa are small, dark brown and 4-7 mm long. The wings are 10 to 12 mm long, articulated and thickened at the base where it joins the seed. Cotyledons are 5 to 7, usually 6. About 120,000 seeds weigh a kilogramme.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 23 Nov 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Planted | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | Planted | ||||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | Planted | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | Planted | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | Planted | ||||||
Kenya | Present | Planted | ||||||
Liberia | Present | Planted | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Planted | ||||||
Malawi | Present | Planted | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Planted | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Planted | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Planted | ||||||
Uganda | Present | Planted | ||||||
Zambia | Present | Planted | ||||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Planted | ||||||
India | Present | Planted | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Java | Present | Planted | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Planted | ||||||
Nepal | Present | Planted | ||||||
Philippines | Present | Planted | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Planted | ||||||
Thailand | Present | Planted | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | Planted | ||||||
North America |
||||||||
Belize | Present | Planted | ||||||
Costa Rica | Present | Planted | ||||||
Cuba | Present | Planted | ||||||
El Salvador | Present | |||||||
Guatemala | Present | |||||||
Honduras | Present | Planted | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | Planted | ||||||
Mexico | Present | Planted | ||||||
Nicaragua | Present | |||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Planted | ||||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | Planted | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Planted | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Planted | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Planted | ||||||
Vanuatu | Present | Planted | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Argentina | Present | Planted | ||||||
Brazil | Present | |||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Planted | ||||||
Colombia | Present | Planted | ||||||
Ecuador | Present | Planted | ||||||
French Guiana | Present | Planted | ||||||
Guyana | Present | Planted | ||||||
Peru | Present | Planted | ||||||
Venezuela | Present | Planted |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
28 | 13 | 250 | 2500 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 0 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 13 | 27 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 21 | 34 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 7 | 20 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 0 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 700 | 3000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- shallow
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Revegetation
- Soil improvement
Materials
- Fibre
- Gum/resin
- Wood/timber
Wood Products
Top of pagePulp
- Long-fibre pulp
Railway sleepers
Roundwood
- Piles
- Posts
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Beams
- Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
- Flooring
- For heavy construction
- For light construction
References
Top of pageBillings RF; Schmidtke PJ, 2002. Central America southern pine beetle/fire management assessment. Report submitted to U.S. Agency for International Development under a technical services agreement with USDA Foreign Agriculture Service/International Cooperation and Development, 41 pp.
Booth TH; Jovanovic T, 2000. Improving descriptions of climatic requirements in the CABI Forestry Compendium. A report for the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research. CSIRO - Forestry and Forest Products, Client Report No. 758.
Cibrián Tovar D; Tulio Mendez Montiel J; Campos Bolanos R; Yates HO; Flores Lara J, 1985. Insectos forestales de Mexico/Forest Insects of Mexico. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, North American Forestry Commission. [In English and Spanish].
Greaves A, 1981. A bibliography on Pinus oocarpa covering the literature from 1920 to 1980. 23 pp.; 263 ref.
Greaves A, 1981. Progress in the Pinus caribaea Morelet and Pinus oocarpa Schiede international provenance trials. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 60(1):35-43; See FA 41, 6524; 14 ref.
Greaves A, 1982. Pinus oocarpa. [Review Article]. Forestry Abstracts, 43(9):503-532; 212 ref.
Hawksworth FG; Wiens D, 1996. Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, and Systematics. Agriculture Handbook 709. Washington DC, USA: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service.
Hernandez Paz M, 1975. El gorjojo de la corteza, plaga principal de los pinares. Publ. 1. Corporación Hondureña de Desarrollo Forestal. 13 pp.
Houkal D, 1982. Spiral grain in Pinus oocarpa. Wood and Fiber, 14(4):320-330; 14 ref.
Keeley JE; Zedler PH, 1998. Evolution of life histories in Pinus. In: Richardson, D.M. (editor), Ecology and biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press, pp. 219-250.
Ketcham DE; Bennett WH, 1964. Epidemics of pine bark beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., in Honduras. Final Report USDA Forest Service unpublished manuscript. 7 pp.
Poynton RJ, 1977. Report to the Southern African Regional Commission for the Conservation and Utilisation of the Soil (SARCCUS) on Tree planting in southern Africa, Vol. 1, The Pines. Department of Forestry, Republic of South Africa.
Solberg KH, 1978. A nursery experiment with shading and potting soils. Pinus caribaea and P. oocarpa. Tanzania. EAC NORAD Lowland Afforestation Project, 1973 1975, Technical report No.5, 15 pp.
Solberg KH, 1978. Direct sowing contra transplanting in the nursery. Pinus caribaea and P. oocarpa. Tanzania. Lysholm, G.-Project-leader:-EAC-NORAD-Lowland-Afforestation-Project,-1973-1975, Technical Report No. 7, 8 pp.
Solberg KH, 1978. Nursery experiments with various potting soils. Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa and Eucalyptus microcorys. Tanzania. EAC NORAD Lowland Afforestation Project, 1973 1975, Technical report No.3, 28 pp, 8 ref.
Solberg KH, 1978. Tube size and plant age. Nursery and field experiment. Pinus caribaea and Pinus oocarpa. Tanzania. Lysholm, G.-Project-leader:-EAC-NORAD-Lowland-Afforestation-Project,-1973-1975, Technical Report No. 10, 34 pp.
Vidakovic M, 1991. Conifers: morphology and variation. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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