Pityogenes chalcographus (sixtoothed spruce bark beetls)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Economic Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pityogenes chalcographus (Linnaeus, 1761)
Preferred Common Name
- sixtoothed spruce bark beetls
Other Scientific Names
- Bostrichus bicolor Chevrolat, 1838
- Bostrichus xylographus Sahlberg, 1836
- Dermestes chalcographus Linnaeus, 1761
- Ips chalcographus Linnaeus
- Ips spinosus DeGeer, 1775
- Scolytus sexdentatus Olivier, 1795
- Tomicus chalcographus Linnaeus
International Common Names
- English: bark beetle, six-dentated; engraver, spruce wood
- Spanish: barenillo pequeno de los abetos; barrenillo pequeño de los abetos
- French: bostryche chalcographe; petit rongeur de l'épicéa; petit rongeur du sapin
- Russian: obyknovennyj graver
- Chinese: xue xing keng xiao chong
Local Common Names
- Croatia: bestozubu smrekov potkornjak
- Czech Republic: lykozrout leskly
- Denmark: chalcograf
- Finland: kuusentähtikirjaaja
- Germany: Borkenkaefer, Sechszaehniger; Borkenkaefer, Sechszaehniger Fichten-; Kupferstecher; Sechszähniger Fichtenborkenkäfer
- Hungary: rèzmetszöszù
- Italy: bostrico calcografo
- Netherlands: koperetser
- Norway: liten barkbille
- Poland: rytownnik pospolity
- Serbia: mali trozubi smrcin potkornjak; sesterozubi smrcin potkornja
- Slovakia: lykozrut leskly
- Slovenia: mali smrekov lubadar; sesterozobi smrekov lubadar
- Sweden: sextandad barkborre
- Yugoslavia (former): mal jelkin potkornik
EPPO code
- PITYCH (Pityogenes chalcographus)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Scolytidae
- Genus: Pityogenes
- Species: Pityogenes chalcographus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageIt is rather unique within the Scolytids that such a widespread species has so few synonyms. P. chalcographus is a rather distinctive species but can be commonly mixed up with other morphologically related species, such as P. trepanatus, P. bidentatus or other species in museum and private collections.
Description
Top of pageRound, shiny, whitish.
Larvae
Whitish, curved, apode, 2.7-3.0 mm long in its last instar, there are three larval instars. Lekander (1968) described its morphology. The appearance of the larvae supports the division of this genus into two groups; species in which the females have a pit in their frons (e.g. P. chalcographus and P. trepanatus), and species where the females do not have this pit (e.g. P. bidentatus and P. quadridens).
Adults
Males
The beetle is about 1.6-3.0 mm in length, has a black head and thorax, the elytra has a characteristic red-brownish shine. Frons is simply convex and scarce punctured. Elytral declivity longitudinally impressed in the middle and armed with three strong lateral spines on each side. (Schwerdtfeger, 1957; Postner, 1974; Freude et al., 1981).
Females
Females have the same appearance as males, but frons has a deep transversal impression above epistomal margin and elytral spines are markedly smaller than the males, while the declivity is not so impressed (Schwerdtfeger, 1957; Postner, 1974; Freude et al., 1981).
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | Introduced | Original citation: Gaubil (1849) | ||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Native | |||||
-Beijing | Present | ||||||
-Heilongjiang | Present | Native | Original citation: Wood and Bright (1992) | ||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | Original citation: Wood and Bright (1992) | ||||
Israel | Present | Original citation: Schendl, 1978 | |||||
Japan | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: JPPA, 1980 | ||||
Mongolia | Present | Native | Original citation: Yanovskii and Tegshzhargal (1984) | ||||
North Korea | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
South Korea | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Turkey | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Íymen, 1992 | ||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Amman and Knabl (1913) | ||||
Belgium | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Wood and Bright (1992) | ||||
Bulgaria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Croatia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Czechia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Jaminicky, 1960 | ||||
Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Pfeffer (1931) | ||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Denmark | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Byers (1993) | ||||
Estonia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Voolma and et al. (1996) | ||||
Finland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
France | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Corsica | Present | Original citation: Barthe (1896) | |||||
Germany | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Andersch (1851) | ||||
Greece | Present | ||||||
Hungary | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Ireland | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: O’Conner and et al. (1991) | |||
Italy | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Beffa (1949) | ||||
Latvia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Telnov et al., 1997 | ||||
Lithuania | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Silfverberg (1992) | ||||
Netherlands | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
North Macedonia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Karaman (1971) | ||||
Norway | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Poland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Romania | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Central Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Stark (1952) | ||||
-Eastern Siberia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Stark (1952) | ||||
-Northern Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Belousov (1916) | ||||
-Russian Far East | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Krivolutskaya (1996) | ||||
-Southern Russia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Yanovskii (1999) | ||||
-Western Siberia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Stark (1952) | ||||
Serbia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Slovakia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Slovenia | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Jurc (2003) | ||||
Spain | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Riba (1996) | |||
Sweden | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Klefbeck and Sjoberg (1960) | ||||
Switzerland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Ukraine | Present, Widespread | Native | Original citation: Rudnev (1965) | ||||
United Kingdom | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | |||||||
-British Columbia | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Humble et al., 1994 | |||||
Jamaica | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Wood and Bright (1992) | |||||
Puerto Rico | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: USDA, 1976 | |||||
United States | |||||||
-Georgia | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
-Kentucky | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
-Louisiana | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
-Michigan | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
-Minnesota | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: MDA, 2003 | |||||
-New York | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
-Texas | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Haack (2001) | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
New Zealand | Absent, Intercepted only | Original citation: Bain (1974) |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageRisk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Cold lands / tundra | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | ||
Marine | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageThe ecology and biology of P. chalcographus has been described extensively by Ratzeburg (1839), Schwerdtfeger (1929), Stark (1930), Karpinski (1933), Galoux (1948), Klausert (1954), Pfeffer (1955), Schwerdtfeger (1957), Postner (1974), Novak (1976) and Zumr and Soldán (1981).
P. chalcographus is a polygamous species. The males dig a nuptial chamber in the bark. Inside the nuptial chamber, every male copulates with three to six females. After copulation, females begin to bore the mother galleries in a star-like arrangement, depositing about 40 egg niches on both sides of the mother gallery. After hatching, larvae generate larval galleries horizontally to the mother galleries, ending in a pupal chamber where development is completed. Here, after metamorphosis to immature adults, maturation feeding takes place, enabling the imago to undergo sexual development. The nuptial chamber does not touch the wood if the bark is thick. However, in thin parts of the phloem of spruce and pine trees the nuptial chamber can carve into the wood making the frass similar to that of P. bidentatus.
P. chalcographus has one to two generations per year, while under especially favourable conditions a third generation may also be established. The swarming period of the first generation begins in the last ten days of April, dependant on the temperature. Vité (1965) states that the adults appear only as soon as the temperature reaches 16°C. The second generation swarms during July and August (Schwerdtfeger, 1929; Postner, 1974). P. chalcographus hibernates either in the larval, pupal or in the young adult stage inside the gallery. Adult beetles can also hibernate in the soil (Renner, 1974; Postner, 1974). Eggs can survive hibernation, however, under extreme temperatures they are more likely to die than the other ontogenetic stages. Embryonic development is heavily dependant on photoperiod and temperature.
If females are disturbed or if the tree is too heavily infested by other P. chalcographus, females can emerge and start another mother gallery without mating, on another tree.
P. chalcographus is attracted to the host tree by a mixture of monoterpenes such as (±)-alpha-pinene,(-)-beta-pinene and camphene (Chararas, 1962; Kangas, 1968; Vite and Pitmann, 1969; Byers et al., 1988). The detoxification of these substances in the gut, results in their transformation into the aggregation pheromones that compose of two chemical substances, dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane, 2-ethyl-1,6 or chalcogran (Francke, 1977) and methyl-E,Z-2,4-decadienoate, which are found to act synergistically (Byers et al., 1988; Byers et al., 1990). The aggregation pheromone attracts males as well as females, resulting often in mass infestation.
Intra-specific investigations showed that P. chalcographus did not colonize its current distribution area in a uniform way but instead had formed races within Europe. Crossing experiments among Northeast and Central European populations revealed incompatibilities (Führer, 1976) and differences in fertility and reproductive incompatibility were recognised (Führer, 1977). Analysis of morphological parameters - proportion of the antennae and spine formation on the elytra revealed significant differences between Northeast and Central European populations (Führer, 1978). Allopatric females were partly rejected by males in certain strain combinations, in which sympatric and allopatric females were simultaneously offered as pairing partners (Sturies and Führer, 1979). Crossings of Scandinavian, Polish and Alpine strains resulted in different degrees of inter-population heterosis (Führer and Klipstein, 1980). Hybrids tend to have a superior epidemiological potential when compared to the parental strains (Führer, 1984). Inter-popular hybrids showed polyploid sperm. Increased polyploid rates are indicative of inter-popular hybridisation (Führer, 1980; Führer and Krehan, 1985). Allozyme electrophoreses revealed two groups, however, races were not clustered according to previous findings (Ritzengruber, 1990). The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia, often responsible for race formation due to induction of cytoplasmic incompatibility, was not found in P. chalcographus (Riegler, 1999).
P. chalcographus was influenced by the postglacial history of its host, Picea abies. After the temperature amelioration about 10 000 years ago, vegetation and fauna began to re-invade the previously frozen and incompatible northern zones. According to pollen analysis, Picea abies had three refugial areas: Dinaric Alps, Carpatic Alps and area north of Moscow, Russia (Schmidt-Vogt, 1977; Lagercrantz and Ryman, 1990). Further, the Apennines were important for the re-colonization of the Southern Alps (Giannini et al., 1991). It is suggested that Picea abies re-migrated from the Dinaric and the Apennine back to the Central Alps; from the Carpathic back to the northern Alps and from the area north of Moscow (Kostroma), Russia, back to western Europe and over Finland to Scandinavia (Schmidt-Vogt, 1977; Lagercrantz and Ryman, 1990). It is likely that P. chalcographus had the same refugial areas and the same remigration routes. However, according to allozyme findings in P. chalcographus (Ritzengruber, 1990), this scolytid species might have had a geographic barrier preventing migration from Kostroma, Russia, to Scandinavia. Further there might be several other barrier zones (e.g., the Danube river) which might be responsible for the race formation within Central Europe. The genetic background of the formation of the races in P. chalcographus is not yet known although the understanding of their evolution would be interesting from the phylogeographic standpoint but also could be exploited in forest protection. It may open new ways for integrated pest management such as the use of new semiochemicals.
Virkki (1960) studied the cytology of male meiosis in P. chalcographus. The main features appeared to be the same as in Pityogenes quadridens (Hartig). The chromosome number was 20 in spermatogonia, and 10 bivalents in the first meiotic metaphase (9+Xyp). Abnormal spermatogenesis in P. chalcographus results in oversized spermatozoa in all the populations investigated. They can be identified by light microscopy and classified as 2n up to 16n polyploid. The percentage of polyploid sperm increases when allopatric parents are crossed: Parental populations with less than 1% polyploid, result in male F-1 with more than 20% polyploid. Populations from allochthonous sites for the host tree are distinguished by higher rates of sperm polyploidy than those from autochthonous areas. Thus, it is assumed that polyploid sperm indicates populations originating from the mixing of partially incompatible beetles (Führer, 2004).
The preference of P. chalcographus in the upper, thin barked parts of the trunk enables its association with Ips typographus, whose presence is located in the lower, thick barked parts. (Ratzeburg 1839, Schwerdtfeger 1957, Postner 1974, Zumr and Soldán 1981, Benz & Zuber 1993). The proportion of windthrown trees attacked by I. typographus increases with stem diameter, whereas the opposite is true for P. chalcographus. There is a positive interspecific association between the species on the lower, middle and upper third parts of the trees (Gothlin et al, 2000). Byers (1993) concluded that the avoidance of interspecific competition between these two scolytid species is achieved by the pheromone components, drawing a barrier to their distribution on the trunk.
P. chalcographus, is associated with blue-stain fungi, in a rather intimate manner, since a large proportion of individuals carry spores of ophiostomatoid fungi (Kirisits 2004). The spectrum of the mycobiota associated with P. chalcographus comprises of Graphium fimbriisporum (Kirisits 1996; Kirisits et al., 2000), many Ophiostoma species, Ophiostoma ainoae (Kirisits 1996; Kirisits et al., 2000) Ophiostoma bicolour (Krokene and Sollheim 1996; Kirschner 1998, 2001) Ophiostoma piceae (Kirschner 1998; 2001) Ophiostoma piceaperdum (Kirisits 1996; Kirisits et al., 2000; Kirschner 1998, 2001), as well as some representatives of Ceratocystiopsis (Ceratocystiopsis minuta (Kirisits 1996; Kirisits et al., 2000; Kirschner 1998, 2001) and Pesotum species (Mathiesen 1950; Kirisits 1996; Kirisits et al., 2000).
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beauveria bassiana | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Beauveria caledonica | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Caenopachys hartigii | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Chytridiopsis typographi | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Coeloides bostrichorum | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Corticeus linearis | Predator | Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Cosmophorus cembrae | Parasite | Adults | ||||
Dendrosoter middendorffii | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Dinotiscus eupterus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Ecphylus hylesini | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Ecphylus silesiacus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Epuraea marseuli | Predator | Eggs | ||||
Eurytoma arctica | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eurytoma morio | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Gregarina typographi | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Macromesus amphiretus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Malamoeba scolyti | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Mattesia | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Medetera adjaniae | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Medetera dendrobaena | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Medetera dichrocera | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Medetera setiventris | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Menzbieria chalcographi | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Metacolus azureus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Metarhizium anisopliae | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Nemosoma elongatum | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Nemozoma elongatum | Predator | |||||
Nudobius lentus | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Paromalus parallelepipedus | Predator | |||||
Phaonia | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Placusa depressa | Predator | Adults; Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Platysoma angustatum | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Platysoma lineare | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Pteromalus abieticola | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Pyemotes dryas | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Rhizophagus depressus | Predator | Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Rhopalicus quadratus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Rhopalicus tutela | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Roptrocerus brevicornis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Roptrocerus mirus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Roptrocerus xylophagorum | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Scoloposcelis pulchella | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Thanasimus femoralis | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Thanasimus formicarius | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Tomicobia pityophthori | Parasite | Adults | ||||
Troxochrus nasutus | Predator | Adults | ||||
Unikaryon | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pagePlant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/nymphs; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/nymphs; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Conifer | No |
Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Loose wood packing material |
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Solid wood packing material without bark |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | Negative |
Animal/plant collections | Negative |
Animal/plant products | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | Positive |
Biodiversity (generally) | Positive |
Crop production | None |
Crop production | None |
Environment (generally) | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Positive |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Transport/travel | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageEconomic Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
The most effective measure is to remove infested trees from the forest before the new generation of adult beetles emerge. After logging, residue and other infested material should be burnt or chipped (Knízek and Zahradník, 2004). Thicker parts of trunks can be treated chemically by many commercially available pesticides (Zahradník, 2004). Forest management is recommended in order to increase the stability and vitality of forest stands (Thalenhorst, 1958; Christiansen and Bakke, 1988; Eidmann, 1992). Mass trapping with pheromone-baited traps or trap trees has also been successfully used to suppress beetle populations and prevent outbreak conditions (Bakke et al., 1977; Zumr, 1983; Bakke, 1985; Furuta et al., 1985; Weslien et al., 1989; Raty et al., 1995).The pheromone traps with commercially available pheromone dispensers are used in central Europe mainly for monitoring but sometimes for mass trapping as well (Knízek and Zahradník, 2004).
Debarking of logs before export is the best and may be the only efficient way to prevent P. chalcographus from being introduced into isolated new areas. The EPPO Specific Quarantine Requirements (OEPP/EPPO, 1990) offer countries the choice of prohibiting import of bark of conifers from countries where the species occurs or of demanding an appropriate treatment. Wood of conifers should be debarked, kiln-dried or subjected to another appropriate treatment.
No biological control method of P. chalcographus is applied at the present. The percentage of mortality caused by natural enemies is not effective enough to stop the beetles in the outbreak stage.
References
Top of pageAcloque A, 1896. Faune de France, contenant la description de especes indigenes disposes en tableaux analytiques et illustree de figures representant les types characteristiques des genres (Scolytidae, p405-411). J. Bailliere et Fils. Paris. Vol. 1 Coleopteres.
Allen A, 1951. New records of rare Ipinae in Hants and Berks. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, 87: 115.
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Distribution References
Androic M, 1951. (Los mas importantes problemas de entomologia forestal en Yugoslavia)., 9 43-53.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
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GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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