Pissodes castaneus (small banded pine weevil)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pissodes castaneus (DeGeer, 1775)
Preferred Common Name
- small banded pine weevil
Other Scientific Names
- Curculio castaneus DeGeer, 1775
- Pissodes fabricii Stephens, 1831
- Pissodes notatus (Fabricius, 1787)
International Common Names
- English: banded pine weevil; lesser banded pine weevil; pine banded weevil; weevil, banded pine; weevil, minor pine
- Spanish: gorgojo do los pinos; gorgojo pequeno del pino; pissodes manchado
- French: petit charançon du pin; pissode du pin; pissode note; pissodes ponctue
Local Common Names
- Denmark: lille fyrresnudebille
- Finland: taimipikikärsäkäs
- Germany: Kiefernkulturrüssler; Ruesselkaefer, Kleiner Kiefern-; Ruessler, Kiefernjungholz-; Ruessler, Kiefernkultur-
- Italy: Pissode notato
- Netherlands: Dennensnuittor, kleine; Dennesnuitkever, kleine
- Sweden: mindre tallvivel
EPPO code
- PISONO (Pissodes castaneus)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Curculionidae
- Genus: Pissodes
- Species: Pissodes castaneus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageIvory-white, turgescent, ellipsoidal; length 0.70-0.75 mm, width 0.45-0.48 mm, posterior pole slightly more obtuse than anterior pole. Deposited singly or up to eight in each hole in the bark made by the female; number dependent on diameter of stem selected.
Larva
The final instar is 8-10 mm long; head protracted, as broad as long, broadest in the middle, rounded posteriorly, dark orange-brown, paler in paired dorsal and lateral stripes, ocellus present on each side. Body white, curved, crescent-shaped, lacking thoracic legs; slender pointed dense asperities covering entire surface; setae, especially those at abdominal apex, strong and long. Abdominal segments, except apical, tripartite; spiracles annular biforous, inconspicuous. For a generic larval diagnosis see Anderson (1947) and for detailed larval descriptions and keys including P. castaneus see Viedma (1963), Scherf (1964) and Angelov (1979). Alauzet (1984) provides measurements of the head capsule width for each instar of P. castaneus.
Pupa
Length 4.5-7.0 mm, white. Pupation in hollowed chamber, constructed at the end of the larval gallery in sapwood. Cocoon is covered by long whitish woody fibres and wood chips. The pupa is illustrated by Cecconi (1924) and Joly (1975), and those of other European species by Scherf (1964).
Adult
Body length 5.0-11.0 mm, including rostrum; elbowed antennae inserted at about the middle of the curved rostrum; femora unarmed; large specimens resemble small individuals of Hylobius abietis but in these the antennae are inserted preapically on the rostrum and the femora are spurred ventrally; red-brown to dark-brown; elytra with two transverse squamose fasciae, the antemedian is yellowish, interrupted medially, the postmedian white or grey-white, yellow laterally, uninterrupted; scales on lateral region of prothorax between pronotum proper and coxa, white, large, round, never more than 1.5-2 times longer than broad. In the related Pissodes validirostris the majority of these scales are brown, smaller, elongate and more than 2 times longer than broad (Bevan, 1971). For further characters to separate these formerly confused species see Viedma (1972, 1973) and Roudier (1988) and for keys to the European species see Endrödi (1963) and Freude et al. (1983).
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | ||||||
Morocco | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | Native | |||||
Belarus | Present | Native | |||||
Belgium | Present | Native | |||||
Bulgaria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Croatia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Czechia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | Native | |||||
Denmark | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Finland | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
France | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Germany | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Greece | Present | Native | |||||
Hungary | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Ireland | Present, Localized | ||||||
Italy | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Sardinia | Present | ||||||
-Sicily | Present | ||||||
Latvia | Present | Native | |||||
Lithuania | Present, Localized | ||||||
Moldova | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
North Macedonia | Present | ||||||
Norway | Absent, Invalid presence record(s) | ||||||
Poland | Present | Native | |||||
Portugal | Present, Few occurrences | Native | |||||
-Azores | Present | Native | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Native | |||||
Romania | Present | Native | |||||
Russia | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Central Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Eastern Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
-Northern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Russian Far East | Present | Native | |||||
-Southern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
-Western Siberia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
Slovakia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | Native | |||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Sweden | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Switzerland | Present | Native | |||||
Ukraine | Present | Native | |||||
United Kingdom | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Channel Islands | Present | ||||||
-England | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Northern Ireland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
United States | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
-New York | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | ||||||
Uruguay | Present |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Abies alba (silver fir) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann fir) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Larix decidua (common larch) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Picea abies (common spruce) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus (pines) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus banksiana (jack pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus halepensis (Aleppo pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus nigra (black pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus pinaster (maritime pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus pinea (stone pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus radiata (radiata pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) | Pinaceae | Unknown | |
Pinus wallichiana (blue pine) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Taxus baccata (English yew) | Taxaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageThe larvae of P. castaneus tunnel between the bark and the wood of young Pinus producing slightly tortuous galleries which proceed downwards in the inner bark and terminate at the root collar. A radiating gallery system is produced in stems of sufficient diameter, from eggs deposited in a mass. In stems of small diameter, the galleries are entirely longitudinal and descend as far as the root collar, where the bark is thickest. They may reach the phloem region of the roots when egg laying has taken place at the base of the trunk, as usually occurs in young Pinus. The galleries become wider with the development of the larvae and are obstructed by compacted sawdust and excrement. Their large dimensions, irregularity and lack of maternal galleries readily distinguish them from those of scolytids.
The larval galleries prevent the circulation of sap, causing a slow desiccation which is manifested by wilting and general yellowing and browning of the needles, and then by death of the tree. Partial browning of needles is also caused by gall midges (Cecidomyiidae), but their small reddish larvae are visible in the sheaths around the needles. If the larval galleries of the weevil do not encircle the stem, some green shoots remain on the otherwise wilting plant. At the base of the trunk, sawdust and a sap exudate are sometimes visible. The detachment of bark, although less frequent in young plants, is a serious symptom of Pissodes attack. This bark loss allows the easy detection of the larval galleries and cushion-like pupal chambers in the lower stem. In trees with larvae and pupae situated in the root neck, the stem is swollen at this point and the trees easily lose their hold in the soil. Figures showing characteristic damage are given by Zarco (1949) (colour plate), Anon. (1970) and Kudela (1974).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageOviposition can take place during the entire flight season. Females lay 1 to 5 eggs in punctures in the bark of young Pinus, usually between the root collar and the first whorl of branches and in older trees on the trunk and branches. In the laboratory, females can lay over 500 eggs in a lifetime (Alauzet, 1984). Incubation requires 8-10 days at 22-23°C (Ressouches, 1969) and the head and mandibles are usually visible on the ninth day after laying. After hatching, the larvae penetrate under the bark and furrow the inner bark (bast or phloem) with irregular passages which are more or less radiating when the eggs have been laid in a mass. There are four larval instars (Alauzet, 1985). P. castaneus usually develops without obligatory diapause, as shown in laboratory rearing (Carle, 1967; Alauzet, 1984). However, in the field, Carle (1974) and Alauzet (1986) observed a facultative diapause in the fourth-instar larvae of P. castaneus, possibly induced by temperature and photoperiod conditions. Pupal chambers are constructed at the ends of galleries and hollowed in the sapwood. The phenology is variable and depends on climatic and ecological conditions. In general, there is one generation per year, but two generations are observed in southern Europe whereas in northern Europe, one generation can take two years. Both adults and mature larvae overwinter, and overlapping generations are commonly observed. For further information on biology of P. castaneus, see Kangas (1938) in Finland, Viedma (1961) in Spain, Carle (1967, 1974) and Alauzet (1977, 1984, 1985, 1986) in southern France, and the review by Kudela (1974).
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacon palpebrator | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Bracon hylobii | Parasite | |||||
Coeloides abdominalis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | France | Pinus | ||
Coeloides sordidator | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | France | Pinus | ||
Dolichomitus terebrans | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eubazus atricornis | Parasite | |||||
Eubazus robustus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eubazus semirugosus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eurytoma annilai | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eurytoma wachtli | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Metacolus unifasciatus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Rhopalicus guttatus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Rhopalicus tutela | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Spathius rubidus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Thanasimus formicarius | Predator | Adults |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageMeans of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePlant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Wood | arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Pine | Yes |
Impact
Top of pageUsually this weevil is a secondary pest of conifers which have been weakened in some way. Often it may be associated with or succeed another pest, for example Pityogenes bidentatus. In the south of France, P. castaneus is a principal pest of Pinus attacked previously by the coccid Matsucoccus feytaudi (Carle, 1974; Arzone and Vidano, 1981); however, Alauzet (1969) showed that from 1962 to 1963, 58% of trees were destroyed by P. castaneus alone and it may, therefore, also be a primary pest of P. pinaster in France.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageLarge adult specimens resemble small individuals of Hylobius abietis but in these the antennae are inserted preapically on the rostrum and the femora are spurred ventrally.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Preventive control can be achieved by ensuring vigorous growth of quality planting material on the best soil. Good husbandry involves removing dead wood, which could act as oviposition sites, or any infected trees or parts. Infected trees should be uprooted and burnt, rather than felled, since pupation occurs close to the ground on young stems. Artificially weakened 'trap' trees can be established in a stand to attract oviposition; these are subsequently carefully removed and burnt. Similarly, piles of bark fragments and twigs can act as hibernation traps.Chemical control is rarely necessary, and is difficult, as the adult flight period extends from May until September. Satisfactory, though incomplete, control was achieved in Yugoslavia by spraying the trees with an insecticide treatment including malathion (Grujic and Milanovic, 1963). Cobos and Robredo (1982) recommended the use of 5% fenitrothion dust, applied from aircraft, when the intensity of attack is high and the area requiring treatment is very large.
The high rates of parasitism observed in P. castaneus suggest that parasitoids could be manipulated to improve natural control. No biological control project has been carried out against P. castaneus, but parasitoids of P. castaneus have been considered for introduction against the congeneric species Pissodes strobi in Canada (Kenis and Mills, 1994, 1998).
Phytosanitary measures must be carried out to prevent the introduction and establishment of P. castaneus in uninfested regions. Plants for planting of Pinus spp. should be visually inspected for P. castaneus, paying particular attention to the possibility of the weevils boring into young shoots. Wood should be debarked before shipment.
References
Top of pageAbgrall JF; Villèn González V; Porcile JF, 1999. Estudios de investigacion sobre gorgojo de los pinos (I parte). Peligro a la vista. Chile Forestal, 24:9-13.
Alauzet C, 1969. Importance relative du rôle du coléoptère curculionide Pissodes notatus et de la rouille Cronartium flaccidum dans la mortalité des pins maritimes de la forêt domaniale de Bouconne (Haute-Garonne). Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie, 163:1221-1223.
Alauzet C, 1984. BioTcologie de Pissodes notatus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). ThFse d'Etat. Toulouse, France: UniversitT Paul Sabatier.
Alauzet C, 1985. DTveloppement sous-cortical d'un ravageur des pins: Pissodes notatus F. (Col., Curculionidae). I - Exigences thermiques du dTveloppement dans la nature. Bulletin d'Ecologie, 16:265-268.
Anderson WH, 1947. A terminology for the anatomical characters useful in the taxonomy of weevil larvae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 49:123-132.
Angelov PA, 1979. [Coleoptera, Curculionidae. Part 3. Calandrinae 1]. Fauna na Bulgariya, 9:18-19.
Anon., 1970. Banded pine weevil (Pissodes notatus F.). Cooperative Economic Insect Report. Insects not Known to Occur in the USA, 8:65-66.
Bevan D, 1971. Notes on Pissodes validirostris Gyll. and P. pini L. (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 107:90.
Bukzeeva ON, 1971. The ecology of Pissodes notatus. Lesnoi Zhurnal, 14(1):135-136
Carle P, 1967. Contribution à l'étude biologique de Pissodes notatus F. Revue de Zoologie Agricole et Appliquée, 10-12:139-151.
Carle P, 1974. The decline of Pinus pinaster in Provence. Role of insects in changing the biological equilibrium of forests invaded by Matsucoccus feytaudi. Annales des Sciences Forestières, 31:1-26.
Cecconi G, 1924. Manuale di entomologia forestale. Padova, Italy: Tipografia del Seminario.
El Hassani A; Graf P; Hamdaoui M; Harrachi K; Messaoudi J; Mzibri M; Stiki A, 1994. Ravageurs et Maladies des Forets au Maroc. Rabat, Morocco: Editions DPVCTRF.
Endrödi S, 1963. [Curculionidae 3. Coleoptera V., Strepsiptera]. Fauna Hungariae, 64:90-93.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Felt EP, 1910. Recent observations upon European insects in America. Journal of Economic Entomology, 3:341-343.
Freude H; Harde KW; Lohse GA, 1983. Die KSfer Mitteleuropas. Band 11. Curculionidae II. Krefeld, Germany: Goecke & Evers.
Gillanders AT, 1908. Forest Entomology. Edinburgh & London, UK: William Blackwood & Sons.
Grujic D; Milanovic S, 1963. Some observations concerning bionomics and control of Pissodes notatus F. Zastita Bilja, 71:97-100.
Gy÷rfi J, 1942. Die Pissodes-Arten Ungarns. ErdTszeti KisTrletek, 44:258-287.
Kailidis DS, 1964. A review of forest insect problems in southeast Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. In: FAO/IUFRO Symposium on Internationally Dangerous Forest Diseases and Insects, Oxford, 20-30 July, 1964. Meeting No. II/III. FAO/Forpest 64, 1-4.
Karaman Z, 1968. Einige Bemerkungen uber die Massenvermehrungen von Pissodes notatus F. in Mazedonien. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 62:462-464.
Kozak VT, 1978. [Features of the development of certain weevils of the genus Pissodes (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) damaging pine]. Lesovodstvo i Agrolesomelioratsiya, 51:68-73.
Kudela M, 1974. Curculionidae, Pissodini. In: Schwenke W, ed. Die ForstschSdlinge Europas. 2 Band. Hamburg, Germany: Paul Parey, 299-310.
Lavrova NK, 1967. [Data on the ecology of the pine weevil Pissodes notatus F. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the conditions of Byelorussia]. Fauna I ekologiya nasekomyhk Belorussi: 53-63 Minok.
Lucht WH, 1987. The Middle European Beetles. Katalog. Krefeld, Germany: Goecke and Evers.
Mayné R, 1926. Les Pissodes en Belgique. Annales de Gembloux, 32:234-245.
Ressouches AP, 1969. Premières observations sur le développement embryonnaire de Pissodes notatus F. (Col. Curculionidae). Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Série D, 269:191-194.
Romanyk N, 1960. Dos curculionidos peligrosos de las repoblaciones de pino. Boletin del Servicio de Plagas Forestales, 3:147-158.
Scherf H, 1964. The developmental stages of Central European Curculionidae (Morphology, Bionomics, Ecology). Abhandlungen hrsg. von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 506:1-335.
Silva FAE; Nogueira CDS, 1967. [Pests of P. pinaster. 1. Insects that attack the current year's growth. Pests that are to be feared in graftings and plantations for seed production]. Lisboa, Portugal: Estudos Divulgacao TTcnica, Direccao Geral dos Servicos Florestais e Agricolas, 18:1-21.
Simionescu A; Mihalache G; eds, 2000. Protectia Padurilor. Bucarest, Romania: Regia Nationala a Padurilor.
Thomson WR, 1943. A Catalogue of the Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests. Section 1, Parasite Host Catalogue. Part 1, Parasites of the Arachnida and Coleoptera. Belleville, Canada: Imperial Parasite Service.
Viedma MG de, 1961. [A monographic study of the genus Pissodes in Spain]. Boletin del Servicio de Plagas Forestales, 4:33-61.
Viedma MG de, 1963. [Contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of European lignivorous Curculionidae]. Eos, 39:257-277.
Volkova JP, 1961. [Damage to pine regrowth by beetles of the genus Pissodes in Karolia. In: Reforestation and Forest Protection in the Karelian ASSR]. Karel'sk. Fil. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Petrozovodsk, 25:141-145.
Wibmer GJ; O'Brien CW, 1986. Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidae sensu lato) of South America (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, 39:1-563.
Zarco E, 1949. [The genus Pissodes Germar in Spain]. Boletin, Instituto Forestal de Investigaciones y Experiencias, 42:1-35.
Distribution References
Angelov PA, 1979. Coleoptera, Curculionidae. Part 3. Calandrinae 1. In: Fauna na Bulgariya, 9 18-19.
Bevan D, 1987. Forestry Commission Handbook, UK. 153pp.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Cecconi G, 1924. Manuale di Entomologia Forestale. Padova, Italy: Tipografia del Seminario.
El Hassani A, Graf P, Hamdaoui M, Harrachi K, Messaoudi J, Mzibri M, Stiki A, 1994. (Ravageurs et Maladies des Forets au Maroc)., Rabat, Morocco: DPVCTRF.
Endrödi S, 1963. (Curculionidae 3. Coleoptera V., Strepsiptera). In: Fauna Hungariae, 64 90-93.
Karaman Z, 1968. (Einige Bemerkungen uber die Massenvermehrungen von Pissodes notatus F. in Mazedonien). In: Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 62 462-464.
LAVROVA N K, 1967. Minsk: Nauka i tekhnika. USSR: 53-63 pp.
Lucht WH, 1987. The Middle European Beetles. In: Katalog, Krefeld, Germany: Goecke and Evers.
Mayné R, 1926. Les Pissodes en Belgique. Annales de Gembloux. 32 (pt. 10-11), 234-245 pp.
Romanyk N, 1960. (Dos curculionidos peligrosos de las repoblaciones de pino). In: Boletin del Servicio de Plagas Forestales, 3 147-158.
Viedma MG de, 1963. Contribution to the knowledge of the larvae of European lignivorous Curculionidae. In: Eos, 39 257-277.
Volkova JP, 1961. Damage to pine regrowth by beetles of the genus Pissodes in Karolia. In: Reforestation and Forest Protection in the Karelian ASSR. Karel'sk. Fil. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Petrozovodsk, 25 141-145.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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