Phoracantha recurva (eucalyptus longhorned borer)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportPictures
Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Phoracantha recurva Newman, 1840
Preferred Common Name
- eucalyptus longhorned borer
International Common Names
- English: eucalyptus borer; yellow longicorn beetle; yellow phoracantha borer
- Spanish: taladrador del eucalipto
- Portuguese: broca do eucalipto
Local Common Names
- Germany: Bock (Kaefer) Eucalyptus
EPPO code
- PHOARE (Phoracantha recurva)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Cerambycidae
- Genus: Phoracantha
- Species: Phoracantha recurva
Description
Top of pageEggs
The egg is cylindrical with rounded extremities, yellow-white and 2.5 mm long.
Larvae
The larval body is white, cylindrical and 25-40 mm long. The larvae have strong, dark jaws.
Adults
The head, pronotum and ventrites of the adult are reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown. The antennae and legs are yellowish-brown to reddish-brown. The antennae are 1.6 times as long as the body in the males and slightly longer than the body in the females. There are very dense, long, golden hairs arising from the underside of each body segment. The elytra are pale yellow to yellowish-brown with dark reddish-brown to blackish-brown markings. There is a narrow, incomplete zigzag band towards the centre of the elytra, and in most cases this is reduced to a small spot on each elytra. There is a wide fascia towards the tip of the elytra, which is wide at the suture and narrow at the margin. The male is 15-28.8 mm long and the female is 19.5-29.2 mm long (Ivory, 1977; Wang, 1995; Hanks et al., 1998; Paine et al., 2000).
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Libya | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Morocco | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tunisia | Present | Introduced | 1999 | ||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
India | |||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | Original citation: Ozdikmen and Caglar (2004) | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Gibraltar | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
Italy | |||||||
-Sardinia | Present | Introduced | 2003 | ||||
-Sicily | Present | Introduced | 2005 | ||||
Malta | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | 2001 | ||||
Spain | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Mexico | Present | ||||||
United States | Present, Localized | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
-California | Present | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-New South Wales | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-South Australia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Tasmania | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Victoria | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Western Australia | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
New Zealand | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | 1997 | ||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | Introduced | 2001 | ||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 1997 | ||||
Uruguay | Present | Introduced | 1998 |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageP. recurva is an A2 quarantine pest for EPPO and NAPPO, and it is also of quarantine significance for CPPC and JUNAC.
Countries may require a phytosanitary certificate for Eucalyptus logs. The wood used in SWPM must be free of insect damage and specimens of P. recurva.
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pageThe larvae bore through or under the bark and mine along the cambium of stressed trees. They make irregular or parallel galleries that are tightly packed with frass. A single gallery may be 1.5 m long. When mature, the larva bores into the sapwood and then it constructs a vertical pupal chamber in the heartwood (Wang, 1995; Bianchi et al., 2000).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Stems / galls | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageNatural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Avetianella longoi | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Callibracon limbatus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Jarra maculipennis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Jarra phoracantha | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Megalyra fasciipennis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Syngaster lepidus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThe larval parasitoids, Syngaster lepidus, Jarra phoracantha, Jarra maculipennis and Callibracon limbatus were introduced from Australia to California for the biological control of P. recurva. However, there is no evidence to suggest that S. lepidus or J. phoracantha have become permanently established (Millar et al., 2000; Paine et al., 2000; Paine and Millar, 2003).
The braconid, Iphiaulax sp. was recorded in South Africa but in a low density (Ivory, 1977). Megalyra fasciipennis is a larval parasitoid that was introduced to South Africa in 1910 and rediscovered in 1993 when parasitism reached 50% (Moore, 1993).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageThe adults can fly and natural dispersal occurs by this means. Once established in its new environment, P. recurva can spread very rapidly as has been observed in California, USA and South Africa (Kliejunas et al., 2001).
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Wood | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Eucalyptus | Yes |
Solid wood packing material without bark | Eucalyptus | Yes |
Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Loose wood packing material |
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Impact
Top of pageP. recurva is not a problem in Chile but the Eucalyptus plantations are still monitored. This is particularly important because 44% of the plantations are held by owners of small to medium sized properties who would be unable to control a serious outbreak due to economic restrictions (Lanfranco and Dungey, 2001).
Eucalyptus trees in Zambia were seriously damaged and this was associated with the severe droughts of 1972 and 1973. Between October 1973 and September 1974, tree mortality was 34% for five-year-old Eucalyptus grandis and 29% for six-year-old Eucalyptus cloeziana. Most of the mortality resulted from the combined effects of drought and attack by P. recurva and Phoracantha semipunctata. Some of the tree mortality was caused by drought alone (Ivory, 1977).
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageIn the field, a sampling method for monitoring P. recurva egg-lay in Eucalyptus plantations involves attaching strips of shed Eucalyptus bark (40 mm x 80 mm) to a freshly felled log, using drawing pins (Cillie and Tribe, 1991). The eggs are laid between the bark strips and the log, which makes counting in the laboratory an easy task.
Countries importing Eucalyptus logs from regions where this borer is present may require a phytosanitary certificate.
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageThe wings of P. semipunctata are mostly dark brown, with a zigzag line bisecting a cream area in the middle of the elytra. The bases of the elytra are black and yellow, and are an inverted U-shape. The hairs are absent or scattered on the antennal segments of P. semipunctata (Hanks et al., 1998).
P. semipunctata larvae have temples with a broad ferruginous cuneiform band behind the bases of the antennae. The supra-ocellar area has seven setae, three of which point towards the pronotum. The tenth abdominal tergite has a uniform setose area with distinctly central setae at each median lobe.
In P. recurva, a broad ferruginous cuneiform band is absent on the temples behind the bases of the antennae. The supra-ocellar area has five setae. The tenth abdominal tergite has less chaetotaxy and a pair of long setae in the border of the median lobe (Bianchi et al., 2000; Morelli et al., 2002). See Bianchi et al. (2000) and Morelli et al. (2002) for the differences between the mature larvae of P. recurva and P. semipunctata.
The biology and life histories of P. recurva and P. semipunctata are subtly different. In California, 4 years after its introduction, P. recurva has largely replaced P. semipunctata. In mixed populations, the proportion of P. recurva increased from 0.1% in 1995 to 74% in 1997 (Paine et al., 2000).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Chemical insecticides are ineffective against these borers. The removal of infected trees and the prevention of drought stress, through the appropriate management of Eucalyptus plantations, are measures used to effectively control P. recurva. Management programmes have focused on the integration of silvicultural practices, host plant resistance and biological control (Luhring et al., 2000; Paine et al., 2000; Millar et al., 2002).The kiln-drying of lumber and solid wood packing material, can be used to avoid insect introduction through international trade. Also, the certification and debarking of Eucalyptus logs may reduce the risk of introduction.
References
Top of pageBercedo PP; Bahillo PP, 1999. Primera cita para Europa de Phoracantha recurva Newman, 1840 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Estudios del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de -lava, 14:169-174.
Bianchi M; Morelli E; Sanchez A, 2000. The morphology of the imature stages of Phoracantha recurva Newman 1840 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and a key to larvae of the species of Phoracantha in Uruguay. In: Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, 460.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Farrow RA, 1996. Insect pests of eucalypts on farmland and in plantations in south-eastern Australia. Australia: CSIRO. 60pp.
Ferari Fontecilla L; Ramirez Grez O, 1998. Manual de deteccion y control de plagas y enfermedades presentes y potenciales en plantaciones de pino y eucalipto. Concepci=n, Chile: Editora Anibal Pinto.
Hanks LM; Paine TD; Millar JG; Campbell CD, 1998. Another tree killing pest of eucalyptus invades California. California Plant Pest and Disease Report, 16:19-21.
Ivory MH, 1977. Preliminary investigations of the pests of exotic forest trees in Zambia. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 56:47-56.
Millar JG; Hanks LM; Paine TD, 2000. Biological control of coleopteran pests of eucalyptus in California. In: Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil, 476.
Paine TD; Millar; JG, 2003. Biological control of introduced pests of eucalyptus in California. In: The Bugwood Network, eds. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, USDA, 66-71. Retrieved November, 5, 2003 from http://www.bugwood.org/arthropod/day1/paine.pdf.
Perez Moreno I, 2001. Plagas introducidas em Espa±a peninsular em la segunda mitad del siglo XX. ARACNET, rev. elect. entom., 4 [Boletin electonico on line] Disponible desde Internet en: http://entomologia.rediris.es/aracnet/num4/entomap/index.htm [Con acceso el 19 de Octobre de 2003].
Silva EJE, 2002. Phoracantha recurva Newman 1840 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) um novo inseto para o eucalipto no Brasil. In: Anais do XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, UNIVALE, Itajaf, Brasil, 145.
Wang Q, 1995. A taxonomic revision of the Australian genus Phoracantha Newman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 9:865-958.
Distribution References
Bianchi M, Morelli E, Sanchez A, 2000. The morphology of the imature stages of Phoracantha recurva Newman 1840 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and a key to larvae of the species of Phoracantha in Uruguay. [Proceedings of the XXI International Congress of Entomology, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil], 460.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Hanks LM, Paine TD, Millar JG, Campbell CD, 1998. Another tree killing pest of eucalyptus invades California. In: California Plant Pest and Disease Report, 16 19-21.
Perez Moreno I, 2001. (Plagas introducidas em Espa±a peninsular em la segunda mitad del siglo XX). In: ARACNET, rev. elect. entom. http://entomologia.rediris.es/aracnet/num4/entomap/index.htm
Silva EJE, 2002. (Phoracantha recurva Newman 1840 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) um novo inseto para o eucalipto no Brasil). [Anais do XXIV Congresso Brasileiro de Zoologia, UNIVALE, Itajaf, Brasil], 145.
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/