Phenacoccus madeirensis (Madeira mealybug)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Adults and ovisac

Adults of P. madeirensis feeding on Hibiscus sp. (ovisac arrowed).

©Georg Goergen/IITA Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923

Preferred Common Name

Madeira mealybug

Other Scientific Names

Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell (misidentification)
Phenacoccus grenadensis Green & Laing, 1924
Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson, 1965

EPPO code

PHENMD (Phenacoccus madeirensis)

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Unknown: Coccoidea
Family: Pseudococcidae
Genus: Phenacoccus
Species: Phenacoccus madeirensis

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 23 Apr 2020

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference
Africa
Algeria	Present, Localized	Guenaoui et al. (2019); EPPO (2020)
Angola	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Benin	Present	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
Cabo Verde	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Cameroon	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	NHM (1983); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	NHM (1984); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Gabon	Present	NHM (1966); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Gambia	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Ghana	Present	NHM (1982); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Liberia	Present	NHM (1988); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Malawi	Present	NHM (1988)
Mauritius	Present	Williams and Matile-Ferrero (2008)
Mozambique	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Nigeria	Present, Localized	Victor (1984); Fürsch (1987); Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Réunion	Present	EPPO (2020)
São Tomé and Príncipe	Present	Fernandes (1991); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Senegal	Present, Localized	Fürsch (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Seychelles	Present	EPPO (2020)
Sierra Leone	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); James and Fofanah (1992); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Togo	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Tunisia	Present	Halima-Kamel et al. (2014); EPPO (2020)
Zimbabwe	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Asia
China	Present	EPPO (2020)
Hong Kong	Present	EPPO (2020)
India	Present	EPPO (2020)
-Tamil Nadu	Present	Vijay and Suresh (2013); EPPO (2020)
Japan	Present	Kondo et al. (2001); EPPO (2020)
-Kyushu	Present	Kondo et al. (2001)
-Shikoku	Present	Kondo et al. (2001)
Jordan	Present	Katbeh-Bader et al. (2019)
Philippines	Present	EPPO (2020)
Taiwan	Present	Chen et al. (2012)
Thailand	Present	EPPO (2020)
Turkey	Present	EPPO (2020); Kaydan et al. (2016)
Yemen	Present	Marotta et al. (2001); EPPO (2020)
Europe
Croatia	Present	Milek et al. (2015); EPPO (2020)
France	Present	Matile-Ferrero and Germain (2004); EPPO (2020)
Greece	Present, Localized	EPPO (2020); Papadopoulou and Chryssohoides (2012); Stathas et al. (2015)
-Crete	Present	EPPO (2020)
Italy	Present, Localized	Longo et al. (1995); Sinacori (1995); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
-Sicily	Present	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
Portugal	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
-Madeira	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated);
Spain	Present	Beltrà and Soto (2011); EPPO (2020)
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Bahamas	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Barbados	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Bermuda	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
British Virgin Islands	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Cayman Islands	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Costa Rica	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Cuba	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Dominica	Present	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Dominican Republic	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); CABI (Undated)
Grenada	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Guadeloupe	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Guatemala	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Haiti	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Jamaica	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Mexico	Present, Localized	Miller (1996); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Montserrat	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Panama	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Puerto Rico	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present, Localized	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Saint Lucia	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	EPPO (2020)
United States	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
-Alabama	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-California	Present	Williams (1987); Zuparko (1995); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020)
-Florida	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Illinois	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Louisiana	Present	NHM (1923); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Maryland	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Minnesota	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Mississippi	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-New York	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-North Carolina	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Texas	Present	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Virginia	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Wisconsin	Present	Ben-Dov (1994); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Oceania
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	CABI and EPPO (2000)
Guam	Present	CABI and EPPO (2000)
South America
Argentina	Present	EPPO (2020)
Bolivia	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Brazil	Present, Localized	NHM (1983); Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
-Bahia	Present	NHM (1978); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Culik et al. (2007); Culik et al. (2009); EPPO (2020)
-Minas Gerais	Present	NHM (1979); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	NHM (1986); CABI and EPPO (2000)
-Sao Paulo	Present	NHM (1986); CABI and EPPO (2000)
Colombia	Present	Castillo L. and Bellotti (1990); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Ecuador	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
French Guiana	Present	EPPO (2020)
Guyana	Present, Localized	CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Paraguay	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Peru	Present, Localized	Williams (1987); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)
Venezuela	Present, Localized	NHM (1980); CABI and EPPO (2000); EPPO (2020); CABI (Undated)

Growth Stages

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List of Symptoms/Signs

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Sign	Life Stages	Type
Leaves / abnormal leaf fall
Leaves / honeydew or sooty mould
Leaves / wilting
Leaves / yellowed or dead
Stems / distortion
Stems / external feeding
Stems / honeydew or sooty mould
Whole plant / distortion; rosetting
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Biological control in	Biological control on
Acerophagus coccois	Parasite
Acerophagus pallidus	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Amblyseius degenerans	Predator
Anagyrus	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Anthoseius foenilis	Predator
Apoanagyrus elgeri	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Blepyrus insularis	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Euseius stipulatus	Predator
Gyranusoidea	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Hyperaspis notata	Predator	Adults/Nymphs
Leptomastix	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Leptomastix dactylopii	Parasite	Adults/Nymphs
Metanotalia maderensis	Parasite
Nephus phenacoccophagus	Predator	Adults/Nymphs	Nigeria; Senegal	cassava
Typhlodromus exhilaratus	Predator

References

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Beltrà A, Soto A, 2011. New records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Spain. Phytoparasitica, 39(4):385-387. http://www.springerlink.com/content/w243808608u27l68/

Ben-Dov Y, 1994. A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Andover, UK; Intercept Limited, 686 pp

CABI/EPPO, 2000. Phenacoccus madeirensis. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, Map No. 607. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

Castillo L JA, Bellotti AC, 1990. Diagnostic characters of four mealybug species (Pseudococcidae) in cassava crops (Manihot esculenta) and observations on some of their natural enemies. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia, 16(2):33-43

Chen SP, Wong JY, Chiu YC, 2012. Survey of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on Hibiscus spp. (Malvaceae) in Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin (Taipei), 54(1):13-27. http://www.pps.org.tw

Chiara SRdi, Tsolakis H, 1995. The effect of Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) on some biological parameters of four species of phytoseiid mites (Parasitiformes: Phytoseiidae). Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:301-307; 19 ref

Cock MJW (ed.), 1985. A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean and Bermuda up to 1982. Farnham Royal, United Kingdom; Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, xii + 218 pp.

Cox JM, Williams DJ, 1981. An account of cassava mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) with a description of a new species. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 71(2):247-258

Culik MP, Martins Ddos S, Ventura JA, Peronti ALBG, Gullan PJ, Kondo T, 2007. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 7(3):61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en

Culik MP, Ventura JA, Martins Ddos S, 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) of pineapple in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the Sixth International Pineapple Symposium, Joao Pessoa, Brazil, 18-23 November 2007.], No.822:215-218. http://www.actahort.org

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fernandes IM, 1991. New data on the scale fauna of the islands of S. Tome and Principe. Garcia de Orte. Serie de Zoologia, 18(1-2):111-113

Fursch H, 1987. New African species of Scymnini (Coleoptera Coccinellidae) as predators of cassava pests. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 100(4):387-394

Green EE, 1923. Observations on the Coccidae of the Madeira Islands. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 14:87-97

Guenaoui, Y., Watson, G. W., Labdaoui, Z. E., 2019. First record of the mealybug Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) in Algeria. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 49(2), 352-354. doi: 10.1111/epp.12574

Halima-Kamel MB, Germain JF, Mdellel L, Abdelaoui K, 2014. Phenacoccus madeirensis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): a new species of mealybug in Tunisia. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 44(2):176-178. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2338

James BD, Fofanah M, 1992. Population growth patterns for Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr on cassava in Sierra Leone. Tropical Pest Management, 38(1):89-92

Katbeh-Bader, A., Al-Jboory, I. J., Kaydan, M. B., 2019. First record of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Jordan. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 49(2), 401-404. doi: 10.1111/epp.12579

Kaydan MB, Hayat M, Çaliskan AF, Ulusoy MR, 2016. New record of a parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of the Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Turkey. Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 18(3):107-112. http://www.entomol.org/journal/index.php?journal=JERS&page=issue&op=archive

Kondo T, Esato T, Kawai S, 2001. Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a recently introduced exotic pest in Japan. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura [Proceedings of the ISSIS IX International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Padua, Italy, 2-8 September 2001.], 33(3):337-341

Longo S, Mazzeo G, Russo A, Ascher KRS, BenDov Y, 1995. Biological observations on some scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) in Sicily. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:219-222

Marotta S, Harten Avan, Mahyoub MA, 2001. Mealybugs found on agricultural crops in Yemen. Bollettino di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura [Proceedings of the ISSIS IX International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies, Padua, Italy, 2-8 September 2001.], 33(3):233-238

Matile-Ferrero D, Germain JF, 2004. Eriococcus munroi (Boratynski), new pest on Lavandin in France, and note on two mealybugs new for France (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae and Pseudococcidae). (Eriococcus munroi (Boratynski), nouveau ravageur du Lavandin en France, et note sur deux Pseudococcines nouvelles pour la France (Hemiptera, Eriococcidae et Pseudococcidae).) Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France, 109(2):191-192

Milek TM, Simala M, Markotic V, 2015. First records of Bougainvillea mealybug (Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willink, 2007) and Madeira mealybug (Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Croatia [Conference poster]. In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 12. Slovenskega posvetovanja o varstvu rastlin z mednarodno udelezbo, 3.-4. marec 2015, Ptuj, Slovenija [ed. by Trdan, S.]. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Drustvo za Varstvo Rastlin Slovenije, 318-322

Miller DR, 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 98(1):68-86; 33 ref

Noyes JS, Hayat M, 1994. Oriental mealybug parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Wallingford, UK; CAB International, viii + 554 pp

Papadopoulou S, Chryssohoides C, 2012. Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on Ocimum basilicum: a new geographical record for Greece. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 42(1):146-147. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2338

Pijls JWAM, Alphen JJMvan, 1996. On the coexistence of the cassava mealybug parasitoids Apoanagyrus diversicornis and A. lopezi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) in their native South America. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 86(1):51-59; 27 ref

Rameshkumar A, Noyes JS, Poorani J, Chong JH, 2013. Description of a new species of Anagyrus Howard (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae), a promising biological control agent of the invasive Madeira mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae). Zootaxa, 3717(1):76-84. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03717p084f.pdf

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp

Sinacori A, 1995. Bio-ethological observations on Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) in Sicily. Israel Journal of Entomology, 29:179-182; 9 ref

Stathas GJ, Kartsonas ED, Darras AI, 2015. Record of Phenacoccus peruvianus Granara de Willing and Phenacoccus madeirensis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on new host ornamental plants in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 8(1):12-14. http://www.bpi.gr/files/journal/2015/january/VOLUME%208%20-%20ISSUE%201%20(January%202015).pdf

Veenakumari K, Buhl PN, Prashanth Mohanraj, Khan FR, 2013. Three new species of Allotropa Förster (Platygastridae: Sceliotrachelinae) from India. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(2):222-231. http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/genv20