Aeginetia indica (forest ghost flower)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Impact: Economic
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Aeginetia indica L.
Preferred Common Name
- forest ghost flower
Other Scientific Names
- Aeginetia aeginetia Huth
- Aeginetia boninensis Nakai
- Aeginetia japonica Siebold & Zucc.
- Aeginetia mairei H.Lév
- Orobanche aeginetia L.
- Phelipaea indica (L.) A.Spreng. ex Steud.
International Common Names
- English: ghost flower; Indian broomrape; ye gu
Local Common Names
- China: guan hen huang; guan-jen-huang
- India: aankuri bankuri
- Indonesia: rajatawa
- Japan: ama outsibo; ki moura dake; namban-gisero; nan han guiserou; nanban-giseru; nousbi tono aki; nousbi tono aki; omoigusa; omoigusa; oranda gisero
- Malaysia: keeripu
- Myanmar: kauk-hlaing-ti
- Nepal: aankuri bankuri; gaibyai; gaura parbata; nila jbar
- Netherlands: Indische bremraap
- Philippines: bangbangan-ti kiuing; Bbulaklak ng tubo; bulaklak; bulaklak sa puno; bunga ng tubo; cabrita; dagatan; dapong-tubo; kola; lapo; lapó; suako-ti-uak
- Thailand: Ddok din daeng; kembang boemi; Kkembang pare; patjing dawa; patjingan; peupeutjangan; Ppaak cha khe; ramo poejoeh; sop laeng; so-suai
- Vietnam: lệ duương; lêduong; tai dất; tai-dât án
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageAeginetia indica is not considered as an invasive species in its native range and it is not known to occur as an introduced species elsewhere. It has a wide distribution in Asia and Oceania (Papua New Guinea), where it is reported as dispersed in scattered locations throughout its range. Although it is listed as common in Thailand, the species is rare and declining elsewhere throughout its native distribution. It has a local IUCN Red List status of “Critically Endangered/Possibly Extinct” in Sri Lanka, with only a small population known after not been recorded for 125 years.
Because A. indica is a holoparasite affecting a number of crops, it is a species of concern for some countries outside of its native range. It is designated as a noxious weed in the USA, even without the species being present in the New World. Possible distribution models for A. indica show that the species has a broad invasive potential in tropical and subtropical areas of all continents where potential host crops are grown. The germination requirements and host-specificity of A. indica could be a deterrent for the species expanding outside its native range.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Scrophulariales
- Family: Orobanchaceae
- Genus: Aeginetia
- Species: Aeginetia indica
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe Orobanchaceae family includes about 100 genera and 2000 species of plants; almost all root parasites (POWO, 2020). Most of the species are native to the Old World and about 10% are found in the tropics (Theeret, 1971).
Aeginetia is a small genus with 6-8 accepted species from Cameroon, Asia, and Papua New Guinea (World Flora Online, 2019; POWO, 2020). The genus is distinguished by having a spathaceous calyx. Two of the species, A. indica and A. pedunculata, are well known, while the others are poorly recorded and defined (Parnell, 2012).
Description
Top of pageThe following description is from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2019):
Plants 15-40(-50) cm tall. Roots slightly fleshy, with small branches. Stems unbranched or branched from near base. Leaves red, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 5-10 X 3-4 mm, glabrous. Flowers usually solitary. Pedicel usually erect, 10-30(-40) cm, ca. 3 mm in diam. Calyx apex acute or acuminate. Corolla purple-red striate, indistinctly bilabiate, tubular-campanulate, 2-4.5 cm; tube slightly curved; lobes subentire. Filaments purple, 7-9 mm, glabrous; anthers yellow. Ovary 1-locular; parietal placentas 4. Style 1-1.5 cm; stigma pale yellow. Capsule conical, or long ovoid-globose, 2-3 cm. Seeds yellow, ellipsoid, ca. 0.04 mm.
Distribution
Top of pageAeginetia indica is a parasitic herb native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, from India to China and Japan, and throughout southeast Asia into Oceania (Papua New Guinea) (Lemmens, 2003; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019; Useful Tropical Plants, 2019; POWO, 2020). According to Ekanayake et al. (2015), A. indica is widely dispersed in scattered locations in its native range.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 06 May 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Native | |||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | |||||
China | Present | Native | |||||
-Anhui | Present | Native | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Guizhou | Present | Native | |||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangsu | Present | Native | |||||
-Jiangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Tibet | Present | Native | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Native | |||||
-Assam | Present | Native | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Native | |||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | |||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Native | |||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | |||||
Japan | Present | Native | |||||
-Bonin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Native | |||||
Laos | Present | Native | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
South Korea | Present | Native | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present, Few occurrences | Native | Critically endangered/possibly extinct designation | ||||
Taiwan | Present | Native | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | Meise Botanical Garden | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageAeginetia indica is a parasitic herb not known to be present or spreading outside its native range. There is a record of a herbarium specimen apparently made from its cultivation in Belgium, but the locality label information is not clear (Meise Botanic Garden, 2019). Although the herbarium specimen is a positive identification of an Aeginetia species, some photos attributed from the living specimen are not from A. indica but of other unidentified species.
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThere are insufficient data to properly assess the risk of introduction of A. indica. The species is a recognised holoparasite of various crops, which is a major concern for its spread (Auttachoat, 2003). Although Mohamed et al. (2006) present a model with the possible areas worldwide where A. indica could grow, the species is not known in the wild outside its native habitat. The germination requirements, including low conditioning temperatures and specific host relations are an apparent constraint to the spread of the species (French and Sherman, 1976). Nevertheless, due to the possible introduction of the seeds as contaminants of various crops, it has been declared as a noxious weed in USA (USDA-ARS, 2019). A. indica is valued for medicinal purposes in various Asian countries which may facilitate its spread into other countries (Darbyshire and Prasad, 2009).
Habitat
Top of pageAginetia indica is a gregarious root parasite that can be found on shaded forest floor covered with leaf litter in India (Flowers of India, 2019). In Thailand, the species occurs in a wide range of habitats including roadsides, hills and evergreen, bamboo, pterocarpus and pine forests, at elevations from sea level to 1,600 m (Parnell, 2012). It is also reported growing in grassy places in lowlands and low mountains, mixed evergreen-deciduous forests, and in mostly alluvial areas beside or near streams, in hummus soils and slopes (Chavan et al., 1961; Auttachoat, 2003; Ekanayake et al., 2015; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019; Useful Tropical Plants, 2019; Zheng et al., 2019).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageAginetia indica is reported as a holoparasite of various species, including some crops (Useful Tropical Plants, 2019). Host species include Imperata sp., dryland rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), Miscanthus sp., millet (Panicum miliaceum), Italian millet (Setaria italica), maize (Zea mays), Carex spp., Dioscorea sp., Luzula spp., Japanese ginger (Zingibermioga) and Canna spp. (Chavan et al., 1961; Lemmens, 2003; Ray and Dasgupta, 2010a; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019). In Thailand, the species grows under shady areas of bamboo (Auttachoat, 2003).
Nickrent and Musselman (2004) consider the species as only causing minor problems on monocots. It is reported as being able to be a destructive parasite of rice without further details (Lemmens, 2003; EPPO, 2019). The species causes damage to sugarcane plantations by lowering the sucrose content of healthy sugarcane from 13% to 5% (Hunsingi, 2012).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Canna | Cannaceae | ||
Carex (sedges) | Cyperaceae | ||
Dioscorea (yam) | Dioscoreaceae | ||
Imperata | Poaceae | ||
Luzula | Juncaceae | ||
Miscanthus (silvergrass) | Poaceae | ||
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | ||
Panicum miliaceum (millet) | Poaceae | ||
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Poaceae | ||
Setaria italica (foxtail millet) | Poaceae | ||
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | ||
Zingiber mioga | Zingiberaceae |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for A. indica is 2n = 30 (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019). The species is not threatened by genetic erosion due to its large area of distribution (Lemmens, 2003). It is morphologically variable throughout its range (Parnell, 2012).
Reproductive Biology
Aginetia indica is a holoparasite native to Asia and Oceania (Useful Tropical Plants, 2019). The species reproduces by seeds. A. indica probably self-pollinates, as the flower’s corolla is bent down with the stigma and anthers situated at the same level (Tiagi, 1952). Although the species produces seeds in abundance, many of the seeds lack an embryo or endosperm. The seeds will not germinate unless they are in contact with root exudates of another plant species. Seedling development only occurs in contact with the roots of the host species, mostly Poaceae (Auttachoat, 2003).
Physiology and Phenology
In India the species appears during the rainy season and grows until October when it set seeds (Tiagi, 1952). It is reported as flowering from April to August and fruiting from August to October in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019). In Thailand, flowering occurs during the rainy season (September to October) (Auttachoat, 2003).
The seeds are reported as being short lived, although other species in Orobanchaceae have long live seeds (Barnes, 1909; Auttachoat, 2003). The seeds will germinate only under the stimulus of root exudates from some specific vascular plant species. The germination occurs by the development of large globular cells at the radicular end of the embryo. These cells develop into a germ tube which will penetrate the host root to produce a haustorium. The part that remains outside the root forms a tubercule from which the plant body develops (Barnes, 1909; Auttachoat, 2003). Seedling development is host-specific (Auttachoat, 2003).
The isolation of the exudates that stimulate germination in Orobanchaceae has been difficult due t: the amount of stimulatory compound produced per root being very low, the compounds being unstable at high temperatures and the exudates being a mixture of compounds varying among the different host species. Some of the exudates that have been isolated appear to be unsaturated lactones (Auttachoat, 2003).
The seeds germinate slowly and show distinct dormancy (Lemmens, 2003). Treating the seeds with sodium hypochlorite has proven to be successful in breaking dormancy. Stratification of the seeds for about eight days at 3-5°C, or by brief exposures (15 min) to 50°C will break the dormancy. Continuous light, even if it is low, inhibits the germination completely. After breaking dormancy, the seeds have a high germination percentage when incubated at 25-30˚C (French and Sherman, 1976; Auttachoat, 2003).
Longevity
Aginetia indica is an annual (Auttachoat, 2003).
Associations
The seeds of A. indica will not germinate unless they are in contact with the roots of certain vascular plants. Germination has been recorded near the roots of the following species: Corchorus capsularis, Raphanus sativus,Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Pisum sativum, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense, Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris, Ipomoea purpurea, Oryza sativa and Beta vulgaris (French and Sherman, 1976). The seedlings only grow in contact with the roots of specific species, mostly Poaceae (Wolf, 1912). Host species include Imperata sp., Oryza sativa, Saccharum officinarum, Miscanthus sp., Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica, Zea mays, Carex spp., Dioscorea sp., Luzula spp., Zingibermioga and Canna spp. (Chavan et al., 1961; Lemmens, 2003; Ray and Dasgupta, 2010a; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2019).
Environmental Requirements
The Orobanchaceae in general grow in poor soils and the addition of fertilisers is detrimental to the species as they have a low ability to detoxify chemicals. There is very little information on the environmental requirements for A. indica. In Thailand the species is reported as growing in acidic soils (pH 4.49), with low phosphorus, low potassium and high calcium (Auttachoat, 2003).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
33 | -7 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 3 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 3 | 30 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 725 | 2500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil reaction
- acid
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageIn the Philippines, Platyptilia moth species have been reported damaging the flower buds of A. indica. Moths in the Daulia genus are also herbivores that affect young stems (Ray and Dasgupta, 2010b). Takano (1934) reports the following insects attacking A. indica in Taiwan: Daulia afralis, Platyptilia sp., Pericallia sp., and Amsacta lactinea.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Botanical gardens and zoos | A collection at Botanical Garden in Belgium | Yes | Meise Botanic Garden (2019) | |
Crop production | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | Yes | ||
Hitchhiker | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | Yes | Yes | |
Medicinal use | The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes | Yes | Yes | Lemmens (2003) |
People foraging | Not mentioned in references but foraging for medicinal purposes could be a possible cause of dispersal | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | Yes | ||
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | Yes | ||
Soil, sand and gravel | Not mentioned in references but could be a possible way of seed movement | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive |
Impact: Economic
Top of pageParasitic weeds are considered to be among the most serious and economically important agricultural pests in many parts of the world (Elzein and Kroschel, 2003). Although A. indica is reported as causing problems in various crops, very little detailed information is available on its impact (Auttachoat, 2003; Nickrent and Musselman, 2004). Wilt has been reported as one of the problems caused by A. indica in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) plants. Most of the information available is related to other genera in the Orobanchaceae. For example, Orobanche is reported as causing about 32% yield losses on legume crops, equalling to US$8.6 million.
Impact: Biodiversity
Top of pageAginetia indica is reported as being a parasite in rice (Oryza sativa), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and other crops (Auttachoat, 2003; Lemmens, 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Has a broad native range
- Tolerant of shade
- Gregarious
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Parasitism (incl. parasitoid)
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
Studies into the medicinal properties of A. indica have been carried out, partly to promote its use and support local economies (Auttachoat, 2003).
Social Benefit
The main use of A. indica is in traditional medicine (Auttachoat, 2003). Medicinal uses reported for the species include: to treat diabetes, hepatitis, impotence, sterility, dysmenorrhea, swelling, fever, as a tonic, to stimulate hormonal secretions and to clear heat and toxic materials (Auttachoat, 2003; Liu et al., 2012; DeFilipps and Krupnick, 2018; Philippine Alternative Medicine, 2019; Useful Tropical Plants, 2019). Studies suggest that A. indica has a high potential use for cancer treatment because its antitumor activity and immune-stimulatory properties (Auttachoat, 2003; Lemmens, 2003; Liu et al., 2012). Extracts of the plants also show activity against the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (Lin et al., 2018).
Flower extracts are used to colour a Thai dessert known as “Kanom dok din”, and the whole plant is cooked with sugar and nutmeg and eaten as an antiscorbutic (Useful Tropical Plants, 2019). The species is used in rituals in Nepal, as it is considered a symbol of Shiva and Parvati (Philippine Alternative Medicine, 2019).
Uses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Botanical garden/zoo
- Ritual uses
- Sociocultural value
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageEarly Warning Systems
Although A. indica is not known to occur outside its native range, the species is listed in USA as a noxious weed due to its possible negative impact to the agriculture (USDA-ARS, 2019).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageAginetia indica is similar to A. flava. This species differs from A. indica by having conspicuous scale leaves near the base of the stems. The flowers of A. flava are yellow with broadly spreading dentate lobes while in A. indica the corolla is purplish, not dentate and slightly to not spreading (Parnell, 2012). The species is also confused with A. pedunculata but the later has shorter pedicels and larger whitish or yellowish flowers with purplish or bluish corolla lobes (Lemmens, 2003).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures
Almost no information is available on the control of A. indica. Elzein and Kroschel (2003) published a technical report on the control of other Orobanchaceae that parasitize various crops. They recommend an integrated control approach with a combination of various methods.
Some cultural methods tried with other Orobanchaceae are: transplanting the host on seeding stages, crop rotating with a “trap crop” species that stimulates the seed germination, and intercropping with species not susceptible to the parasite’s infestation.
Physical/Mechanical Control
Hand Pulling and solarisation are methods recommended as part of an integrated control approach (Elzein and Kroschel, 2003).
Chemical Control
Glyphosate and Dicamba had been used in other Orobanchaceae species to control post emergence stages and control seed production. The application of germination stimulants (e.g. ethylene, ethephon, strigol) to induce suicidal seed germination has also been investigated (Elzein and Kroschel, 2003).
Host resistance
Large scale replacement of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) varieties with field resistant cv. NCo 310 had been successful for the control of A. indica in Taiwan (Ray and Dasgupta, 2012).
Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs
Top of pageVarious authors discuss the need for more information on A. indica or the Orobanchaceae in general, including: the ecology, morphology, development, host relationships, longevity, pollination and dispersal (Theeret, 1971; Auttachoat, 2003). Although reported as affecting various crops there are no details of the effects and economical losses caused by the species. Also needed is information about the medicinal potential of A. indica (Lemmens, 2003).
References
Top of pageAuttachoat MS, 2003. Study of immunotoxicological effects of dok din daeng (Aeginetia idica Roxb.). PhD Thesis. Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand: Suranaree University of Technology. 212pp.
Barnes CR, 1909. Development of Aeginetia. Botanical Gazette, 48(1), 75-76.
Chavan AR, Bedi SJ, Sabnis SD, 1961. Some observations on a root-parasite-Aeginetia indica Linn. Current Science, 30(5), 191-192.
Darbyshire SJ, Prasad R, 2009. Proceedings of the Weeds Across Borders 2008 Conference. [Weeds Across Borders], Alberta, Canada: Alberta Invasive Plants Council. 306 pp.
Ekanayake, SP, Jayarathne, S, Harischandra, S, Karunarathne, S, Weerakoon, B, Mahagedara, K, Thudugala, A, Ranawana, KB, 2015. Rediscovery of Aeginetia indica L. (Orobanchaceae) from Meegahakiula, Sri Lanka after 125 years. Taprobanica, 7(2), 101-102.
EPPO, 2019. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database Paris, France: EPPO.https://gd.eppo.int/
Flowers of India, 2019. Flowers of India. In: Flowers of India . http://www.flowersofindia.net/
Hunsingi G, 2012. Production of sugarcane: theory and practice. Advanced Series in Agricultural Sciences 21, Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.245 pp.
Khanna A, Raj K, 2018. Management of pineapple disease of sugarcane, incited by Ceratocystis paradoxa [De Seynes] Moreau. In: Research Trends in Agriculture Science, 13, New Delhi, India: AKINIK Publications. 123 pp.
Lemmens RHMJ, 2003. Aeginetia indica L. In: Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 12(3): Medicinal and poisonous plants 3, [ed. by Lemmens RHMJ, Bunyapraphatsara N]. Bogor, Indonesia: PROSEA Foundation.https://prota4u.org/prosea/
Meise Botanic Garden, 2019. Meise, Belgium: Meise Botanic Garden.http://www.br.fgov.be/RESEARCH/COLLECTIONS/livingplantcollections.php
Nickrent DL, Musselman LJ, 2004. Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants. St. Paul Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathological Society (APS).doi: 10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01
Parnell J, 2012. Aeginetia flava: a new and remarkable species of Aeginetia: Orobanchaceae from southeastern Thailand. In: Kew Bulletin,67(1) . 81-84.
Philippine Alternative Medicine, 2019. Dapong-tubo. Aeginetia indica Linn. http://www.stuartxchange.org/Dapong-tubo.html
Tiagi B, 1952. Studies in the Family Orobanchaceae. II. A Contribution to the Embryology of Aeginetia indica Linn. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,79(1) . 63-78.
Wolf FA, 1912. Germination of a parasite. The Plant World, 15(7), 165.
Distribution References
Ekanayake SP, Jayarathne S, Harischandra S, Karunarathne S, Weerakoon B, Mahagedara K, Thudugala A, Ranawana KB, 2015. Rediscovery of Aeginetia indica L. (Orobanchaceae) from Meegahakiula, Sri Lanka after 125 years. Taprobanica. 7 (2), 101-102.
Meise Botanic Garden, 2019. Living Plant Collection Database. Meise, Belgium: Meise Botanic Garden. http://www.br.fgov.be/RESEARCH/COLLECTIONS/livingplantcollections.php
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
India Biodiversity Portal | https://indiabiodiversity.org | |
Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States | https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5041 | |
Meise Botanical Garden Living Plant Collection Database | http://db.plantentuinmeise.be/RESEARCH/COLLECTIONS/LIVING/LIVCOL/lp-qry51.html | |
Philippine Alternative Medicine | http://www.stuartxchange.org/Dapong-tubo.html | |
Plants of the World Online | http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/about | |
Useful Tropical Plants | http://tropical.theferns.info/ |
Contributors
Top of page30/09/19 Original text by:
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán, UPR-RUM, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/