Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Principal Source
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.
Preferred Common Name
- Chinese albizia
Other Scientific Names
- Acacia stipulacea Roxb.
- Acacia stipulata DC.
- Albizia marginata (Lam.) Merr.
- Albizia stipulata (DC.) Boivin
- Inga purpurascens Hassk.
- Mimosa chinensis Osbeck
- Mimosa marginata Lam.
- Mimosa stipulacea Roxb.
- Pithecellobium serronii Glaz.
International Common Names
- English: sau tree; sauce tree; silk tree; siris
- French: albizia de Chine
Local Common Names
- Australia: chocolate heart albizia
- Cambodia: ko: i
- China: ying shu
- India: amulkia; bikumbh; chakua; godhunchi; kali siris; kasir; koroi; motta vagai; nirusil; ohi; pottu vaga; saris; sau; silai vagai; siran; tarli
- Indonesia: jeungjng; sengghung; sengon
- Laos: kha:ng; kha:ng hu
- Madagascar: albizi; bonara vazaha
- Nepal: kalo siris; rato siris
- Philippines: hinagit; kantingen; unik
- Samoa: tamaligi; tamaligi uliuli; tamalini
- Thailand: kaang juang; kham hung cham; saan khan
- Vietnam: soos ng rawsn tafu chu mef
EPPO code
- ALBCH (Albizia chinensis)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. chinensis is a large, multipurpose tree up to 30 m tall and 1 m diameter. It has a very wide native distribution including India, China and Southeast Asia, and is cultivated in many other tropical countries. Due its fast growth and prolific seed production it can become an aggressive colonizer. Seeds retain their viability for up to five years, although they are prone to bruchid attack. It is a common weed in its native range in Indonesia, and has proved invasive where introduced in the Pacific, especially in Hawaii and Samoa, as well as in Mayotte in the Indian Ocean. As it is also present in many other countries, and other Albizia species are invasive, there is a high risk that A. chinensis could also become an invasive species elsewhere in the future.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Mimosoideae
- Genus: Albizia
- Species: Albizia chinensis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageA. chinensis is a mimosoid legume in the Ingeae tribe. A variety is described from India, A. chinensis var. smithiana (Roxb.) K.C. Sahni, S. Chawla & S.S.R. Bennet (Sahni et al., 1977), which is accepted in the Plant List (2013). Further molecular work on the taxonomy of A. chinensis has been undertaken and further clarification of the genetic relationships between closely related species is likely (Aparajita et al., 2008).
Description
Top of pageFrom ICRAF (2014) and PIER (2014):
A. chinensis trees are commonly 20 m tall, sometimes to 30 and exceptionally to 40 m or more, with trunk diameters up to 70 cm, though 140 cm diameter trees are reported. It is sometimes erect when in dense stands, but is generally multistemmed with a flat, spreading crown. The bark is dark grey, quite smooth and thin but densely hooped and lenticellate.
Trees are unarmed, deciduous or evergreen depending on site and climatic conditions. Branchlets are slightly angular in the distal parts, terete, puberulous to tomentose, glabrescent.
Leaves are bipinnate with 4-14(-20) pairs of pinnae and (10-)20-30(-45) pairs of leaflets per pinna, 10-25 cm long. Leaflets are puberulous to tomentose, asymmetrical with the midrib strongly eccentric near one of the margins, 6-10 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, apex sharply acute, base obtuse, oblique, midrib close to the upper margin, sparsely sericeous or glabrous on either side. There are elliptical, raised nectar glands on the rachis just below each pair of pinnae, 2-3 mm x 1-1.5 mm, though glands are sometimes absent, and stipules up to 1.5 cm long and 3 cm wide.
Flowers 8-12 mm long (central one larger), in heads 20-25 mm in diameter (excluding stamens). These are usually in wide terminal panicles, sometimes reduced to 3-4 peduncles clustered in the leaf axils. Glomerule composed of 10-20 flowers, flowers pentamerous and dimorphic; the central flower is male, the marginal flowers are bisexual. The calyx is tubular to narrowly funnel-shaped, 2.5-5 mm long, tomentose to hirsute, ending in small triangular teeth, with white funnel-shaped corolla, 6-10 mm long and numerous stamens up to 30 mm long.
The indehiscent pods are a glossy reddish or yellowish-brown, flat and thin, (6-)10-17(-20) cm long and 1.7-3.5 cm wide, often with slightly sinuate margins, each containing 8-12 seeds. Seeds are dark brown, ellipsoid, laterally flattened, 7-10 mm long and 4-6 in diameter, distinctly median (remote from sutures), with a small basal pleurogram about 1 mm in diameter. There are 50,000 seeds/kg.
Distribution
Top of pageA. chinensis is native to a wide area including South Asia, East and South-East Asia (USDA-ARS, 2014). It is native to much of India, especially in the foothill of the Himalayas, Nepal and Bhutan, but also throughout South-East Asia including Indonesia, and in parts of China. It is also cultivate in many parts of its native range (USDA-ARS, 2014).
It has been introduced to a number of African countries, though is only reported from southern Brazil in South America and a few Caribbean islands and some Pacific islands (PIER, 2014).
As a tropical and frost-sensitive species, reports in GBIF (2014) for the Netherlands, Spain and Syria are questioned, though are not entirely implausible, especially in sheltered or protected situations.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Comoros | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Egypt | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Gambia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Togo | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Brunei | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Cambodia | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
China | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Fujian | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Hainan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Xinjiang | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Hong Kong | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
India | Present, Widespread | Native | Planted | |||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Assam | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Bihar | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Delhi | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Goa | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Haryana | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Karnataka | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Kerala | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Maharashtra | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Manipur | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Mizoram | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Nagaland | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Odisha | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Punjab | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Tripura | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-West Bengal | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Java | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
-Sumatra | Present | Planted | ||||||
Laos | Present | Native | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sabah | Present | Native | ||||||
-Sarawak | Present | Native | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Philippines | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Thailand | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
Vietnam | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
North America |
||||||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
United States | Present | Introduced | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
Oceania |
||||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Planted | In productivity trials | ||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Planted | ||||
Timor-Leste | Present | Native | Planted | |||||
South America |
||||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Introduced | Planted |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageAn Australian/New Zealand Weed Risk Assessment adapted for Hawaii gave A. chinensis had a high risk score for invasiveness of 8 (PIER, 2014).
Habitat
Top of pageA. chinensis has been intentionally introduced internationally as a potentially useful tree for agroforestry, fodder and soil improvement.
Information is lacking regarding local movement and dispersal. The large seeds and dry pods are not conducive to dispersal by animals, though livestock could possibly browse and ingest the seeds. They could also be spread by flood waters and along coast lines.
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
A. chinensis is reported to have a chromosome number of 2n = 26 (Majumdar et al., 2000).
Reproductive Biology
In its native range, flowering and fruit varies depending on the prevailing climate, though pods can remain on the tree for at least several months. In Southeast Asia, A. chinensis flowers between September and June, with fruits ripening between October and August. In northern India, flowering begins in March and April, with pods ripening from December to March. The tree is generally evergreen, or may be leafless for a short period such as in northern India during the winter (ICRAF, 2014).
Seed storage is orthodox and it the plant reproduces entirely by seed in nature, although in cultivation, vegetative propagation by stump plants and tissue culture has proved possible. There are 50, 000 seeds/kg(, and dormancy is broken by various pre-treatments when raised in nurseries.
Physiology and Phenology
A. chinensis is a nitrogen-fixing tree that regenerates rapidly when cut or otherwise damaged. It is only slightly tolerant of drought and frost. The tree is mostly propagated by seed. Dormancy can be broken by scarification or soaking seed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 10 minutes, followed by washing and soaking in water for 18 hours. After 6-8 weeks, the seedlings can be transplanted into the field (ICRAF, 2014).
Environmental Requirements
A. chinensis is a tree with a broad native range, including the humid tropics in Southeast Asia, to more sub-humid regions in South and East Asia, and regions with a cool winter in northern India and neighbouring Himalayan countries (USDA-ARS, 2014). The mean annual rainfall in its native range varies from 1000 mm to 5000 mm, though it is sensitive to dry periods lasting more than a few months, and is also sensitive to anything more than the lightest of frosts. It grows from seas level to altitudes of 2400 m, though it is possible that it occurs at higher elevations (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014).
A. chinensis prefers moist, well-drained sites and thrives on lateritic alluvial soil, but is also tolerant to of poor, saline and alkaline soils and will grow in sandy soils and mine spoils (ICRAF, 2014).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
A - Tropical/Megathermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coolest month > 18°C, > 1500mm precipitation annually | |
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate | Preferred | Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
28 | -10 | 0 | 2400 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | -1 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 16 | 32 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 29 | 43 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 6 | 13 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 4 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 1100 | 5000 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
Soil reaction
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- shallow
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cephalosporium | Pathogen | not specific | ||||
Endoclita signifer | Herbivore | not specific | ||||
Eurema hecabe | Herbivore | not specific | ||||
Fusarium oxysporum | Pathogen | not specific | ||||
Ganoderma lucidum | Pathogen | not specific | ||||
Indarbela quadrinotata | Herbivore | not specific | ||||
Oxyrachis tarandus | Herbivore | not specific | ||||
Ravenelia sessilis | Pathogen | not specific | ||||
Xystrocera globosa | Herbivore | not specific |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageNo serious diseases have been reported on A. chinensis, though many trees were killed by a canker in northeast India in the 1940s, which reduced longevity there to about 20 years (ICRAF, 2014). Infestation by thrips is reported to prevent flower opening, and young pods can be damaged by beetles and larvae of various bruchid beetles (ICRAF, 2014). The rust Ravenelia sessilis is a known pathogen (Cannon, 2008) that can cause significant damage in young seedlings in tree nurseries (Khan et al., 1993). Cephalosporium sp. is also reported to cause stem necrosis (Khan and Misra, 2000).
Other pests recorded include Endoclita signifer, Eurema hecabe (Sharma, 2006), the stem rot Ganoderma lucidum and Oxyrachis tarandus. The fungus Fusarium oxysporum is also a serious pathogen, and the insects Xystrocera globosa and Indarbela quadrinotata bore into living trees.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageA. chinensis has been intentionally introduced internationally as a potentially useful tree for agroforestry, fodder and soil improvement. It is likely that it may be further introduced.
Information is lacking regarding local movement and dispersal. The large seeds and dry pods are not conducive to dispersal by animals, though livestock could possibly browse and ingest the seeds. They could also be spread by flood waters and along coast lines.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Digestion and excretion | Yes | |||
Forage | Yes | Yes | ||
Forestry | Yes | Yes | ||
Nursery trade | Yes | |||
Ornamental purposes | Yes | |||
Research | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Economic/livelihood | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageA. chinensis is recorded as invasive in Hawaii, Samoa and Mayotte, but there is little information available regarding details of the specific environmental impacts. However, impacts are likely to be similar to those of other invasive Albizia species, in crowding out native species and monopolizing resources.
Speith and Harrison (2012) reported that A. chinensis can form single species stands that shade out all competition, and can alter the structure and composition of native ecosystems, thereby potentially facilitating further invasion by other invasive species. A. chinensis ‘is fast-growing and can displace vegetation preferred by threatened native birds, such as the purple-capped fruit dove (Ptilinopus porphyraceus) and the Pacific imperial pigeon (Ducula pacifica). Young leaves contain saponin and may be toxic to animals’ (Speith and Harrison, 2012).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Reproduces asexually
- Has high genetic variability
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of pageA. chinensis wood is lightweight, soft and non-durable, with light to dark brown heartwood and white sapwood. The wood is, however, resistant to termite and other insects attack, and is use in making canoes (Santhakumaranand Rao, 1995), packing-cases, boxes, planking, small turnery articles, and for construction and light furniture, tea chests, veneers. Good quality paper can be produced from A. chinensis pulp with the addition of other long fibred pulp. The wood is a poor fuel. The density of stem and bark is reported by Sagwal and Gupta (1987).
A. chinensis leaves have potential as fodder, as leaves are readily eaten by goats (Ahn et al., 1989). The foliage contains 21-28% crude protein and the chemical content has been assessment (Liu et al., 2009). Where grown for fodder, trees are grown in hedges or in dense stands with spacings of 3 m x 1 m or less. The trees can be harvested for fodder twice a year during the growing season by cutting the stem back to 1 m, and they tolerate frequent pruning (ICRAF, 2014).
A low quality gum is extracted from the bark, which has been mixed with other gums and used as an extender for sizing paper. The bark contains triterpenes which have spermicidal activity (Rawat et al., 1989). An extract of the wood has can act as a repellent to subterranean termites (ICRAF, 2014).
A. chinensis is widely used in agroforestry systems in Himchal Pradesh, India (Naresh Kumar et al., 2010) and elsewhere in northern India, including as a shade tree in tea (Camellia sinensis) plantations in north-eastern India (Barua and Sarma, 1982; Saini et al., 2003) and in pineapple agroforestry in Bangladesh (Khaleque and Gold, 1993); it is also intercropped in China (ICRAF, 2014). A. chinensis has also been evaluated for agronomy in Australia (Gutteridge, 1990). When grown in tea plantations in India as a shade tree in agroforestry systems, A. chinensis is planted at spacings of between 7 m and 15 m apart. Trees grown for shade are left to grow to 7 m tall and then cut back to 4 m (ICRAF, 2014).
A. chinensis is also planted for slope stabilization, as a fast growing tree legume, and has proved valuable for the reforestation and improvement of degraded land. It is also planted as an ornamental tree in parks, gardens and along roads.
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
- Forage
Environmental
- Agroforestry
- Amenity
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Land reclamation
- Ornamental
- Revegetation
- Soil conservation
- Soil improvement
Human food and beverage
- Honey/honey flora
Materials
- Wood/timber
Wood Products
Top of pageBoats
Containers
- Boxes
- Cases
- Crates
Furniture
Pulp
- Short-fibre pulp
Sawn or hewn building timbers
- Carpentry/joinery (exterior/interior)
Veneers
Wood extractives (including oil)
Woodware
- Cutlery
- Industrial and domestic woodware
- Turnery
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageA. chinensis can be confused with the A. lebbek and A. julibrissin, two other commonly introduced and morphologically similar Albizia species. A. lebbek is the most widespread species and is especially common in tropical sub-humid and semi-arid climates, whereas A. julibrissin is more prevalent in sub-tropical climates. A. chinensis is also similar to another invasive tree Falcataria moluccana, also called ‘albizia’ in some countries. F. moluccana can be differentiated by its lighter-coloured bark and its stamens, which are only 10-15 mm long, about half the length of those in A. chinensis.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
In Samoa, a practice reportedly developed by local farmers is to cut A. chinensis and converted invaded bush fallow to 1 m height, plant various species of grass, and then manage the regrowth as a shrub legume/grass pasture, as it tolerates regular cutting (Lee, 2009).
No other methods of control have been identified, though it might be assumed that those that have proved effective for the related A. julibrissin could also be attempted for A. chinensis.
References
Top of pageChauhan L, Dayal R, 1985. Wood anatomy of Indian albizias. IAWA Bulletin, 6(3):213-218; 6 ref
Faridah Hanum I, Maesen LJG van der, eds. , 1997. Plant resources of southeast Asia. No. 11. Auxillary plants. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys
GBIF, 2014. GBIF data portal. Copenhagen, Denmark: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). http://data.gbif.org
Hensleigh TE, Holaway BK, (eds. ), 1988. Agroforestry species for the Philippines. Manila, Philippines: US Peace Corps
ICRAF, 2014. AgroForestryTree Database. Nairobi, Kenya: International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF). http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/af/asp/Search.asp
ILDIS, 2014. International Legume Database and Information Service. Reading, UK: School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading. http://www.ildis.org/
Lee S, 2009. Country pasture/forage resource profiles: Samoa. Rome, Italy: FAO, 14 pp. http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/counprof/PDF%20files/Samoa.pdf
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014. Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
Negi SS, 1977. Fodder trees in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester, 103(9):616-622
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Prasad P, Nautiyal AR, 1996. A note on soil N enrichment under some multipurpose N2 fixing tree plantations. Indian Forester, 122:1013-1017
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S, eds, 1998. Plant resources of southeast Asia. Timber trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden, The Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 5(3)
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 78 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/samoa_report.pdf
Speith E, Harrison S, 2012. Invasive plant field guide, National Park of American Samoa., USA: University of Hawaii, 32 pp. https://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/pacn/assets/docs/Invasive_Species_Cards_and_Calendars_PBIN/NPS_CARDS_NPSA_12112012_final.pdf
The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.theplantlist.org
Troup RS, Joshi HB, 1983. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol IV. Leguminosae. Delhi, India; Controller of Publications
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Weidelt HJ, Agpaoa A, Endangan D, Festins S, Gumayagay J, Hoenninger T, Seeber G, Unkel K, eds, 1975. Manual of reforestation and erosion control for the Philippines. Schriftenreihe der GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, German Federal Republic, No. 22, 569 pp
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
GBIF, 2014. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org/species
ILDIS, 2014. International Legume Database and Information Service., Reading, UK: School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading. http://www.ildis.org/
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2014. Tropicos database., St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Space JC, Flynn T, 2002. Report to the Government of Samoa on Invasive Plant Species of Environmental Concern., Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. 78 pp. http://www.hear.org/pier/pdf/samoa_report.pdf
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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