Paspalum scrobiculatum (ricegrass paspalum)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Rainfall
- Soil Tolerances
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Paspalum scrobiculatum L.
Preferred Common Name
- ricegrass paspalum
Other Scientific Names
- Paspalum akoense Hay.
- Paspalum auriculatum
- Paspalum barbatum Schum.
- Paspalum cartilagineum var. horneri
- Paspalum commersonii Lam.
- Paspalum horneri var. lanceolatum
- Paspalum lamprocaryon
- Paspalum orbiculare Forst.
- Paspalum polystachyum R. Br.
- Paspalum zollingeri var. bispicatum
International Common Names
- English: creeping paspalum; ditch millet; Indian paspalum; kodo; kodo millet; rice grass; scrobic; water couch
- Spanish: mijo koda
- French: herbe à épée
Local Common Names
- Germany: Kodahirse
- India: arika; haraka; kodra
- India/Madhya Pradesh: kondon
- India/Tamil Nadu: varagu
- Japan: suzumenokobie
EPPO code
- PASSC (Paspalum scrobiculatum)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Cyperales
- Family: Poaceae
- Genus: Paspalum
- Species: Paspalum scrobiculatum
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Angola | Present | Native | |||||
Benin | Present | Native | |||||
Botswana | Present | Native | |||||
Burkina Faso | Present | Native | |||||
Cameroon | Present | Native | |||||
Central African Republic | Present | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Equatorial Guinea | Present | ||||||
Eswatini | Present | Native | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Gabon | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | Native | |||||
Ghana | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Guinea | Present | Native | |||||
Kenya | Present | Native | |||||
Liberia | Present | Native | |||||
Madagascar | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | Native | |||||
Mali | Present | Native | |||||
Mauritania | Present | Native | |||||
Mauritius | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Mozambique | Present | Native | |||||
Namibia | Present | Native | |||||
Nigeria | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Réunion | Present | Native | |||||
Senegal | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Native | |||||
South Africa | Present | Native | |||||
Sudan | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Native | |||||
Togo | Present | Native | |||||
Uganda | Present | Native | |||||
Zambia | Present | Native | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Native | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Native | |||||
Brunei | Present | Native | |||||
Cambodia | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
China | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Hainan | Present | Native | |||||
-Hunan | Present, Widespread | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Yunnan | Present | Native | |||||
Hong Kong | Present, Localized | ||||||
India | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Chhattisgarh | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Meghalaya | Present | ||||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-Rajasthan | Present | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | Native | |||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Uttarakhand | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Bonin Islands | Present | ||||||
Laos | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
North Korea | Present, Localized | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | |||||
Philippines | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Singapore | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | |||||
Taiwan | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Thailand | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
United Arab Emirates | Present | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
United States | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | 1852 | ||||
-Maryland | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
-New Jersey | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
American Samoa | Present | ||||||
Australia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | Native | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Native | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Native | |||||
-Western Australia | Present | Native | |||||
Cook Islands | Present | ||||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present, Localized | Invasive | |||||
French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
Guam | Present | ||||||
Kiribati | Present | ||||||
Nauru | Present | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | ||||||
Niue | Present | ||||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | ||||||
Palau | Present | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present, Widespread | Invasive | |||||
Solomon Islands | Present | ||||||
Timor-Leste | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Tonga | Present | ||||||
Vanuatu | Present | ||||||
Wallis and Futuna | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Roraima | Present |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details |
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Corchorus olitorius (jute) | Tiliaceae | Main | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Unknown |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 0 | 0 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
- impeded
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- infertile
- shallow
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | weeds/seeds | |||
Growing medium accompanying plants | weeds/seeds | |||
True seeds (inc. grain) | weeds/seeds |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | Negative |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Negative |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | Negative |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Pest and disease transmission
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Uses
Top of pageUses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
- Forage
Human food and beverage
- Cereal
Materials
- Poisonous to mammals
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageReferences
Top of pageAnon., 1996. Lost Crops of Africa. Volume 1: Grains. Washington DC, USA: National Academy Press.
Baghel MS; Yadva HS; Tomar; MS; Verma; SNP, 1991. Intercropping of pulse and oil seeds with kodo millet in dryland. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 6(1):34-38.
Bisset WJ; Marlowe GWC, 1974. Productivity and dynamics of two Siratro based pastures in the Burnett coastal foothills of south east Queensland. Tropical Grasslands, 8(1):17-24.
Christopher J; Raj PS; Pillai KG, 1987. Cytomorphological studies of three species of Paspalum Linn. from South India. Cytologia, 52(3):487-491.
Clayton WD; Renvoize SA, 1982. Gramineae (Part 3). In: Polhill RM, ed. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema.
Dubey RK; Shukla RS; Dubey N, 1994. Association analysis in gamma treated kodo millet cv. JNK115. Journal of Soils and Crops, 4(2):113-116.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Gupta SP; Narain U; Mohit Singh; Shukla TN, 1982. A new leaf blight of 'kondon' (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.) from India. National Academy Science Letters, 5(2):41
Holm GL; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger, Malabar, Florida.
Hurt CR; Hardy MB; Tainton; NM, 1993. Identification of key grass species under grazing in the Highland Sourveld of Natal. African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 10(2): 96-102.
Kapoor PN; Netke SP; Bajpai LD, 1987. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 4(2):83-88.
Kitamura M; Nada Y, 1986. Preliminary evaluation of 24 tropical grasses introduced into sub-tropical Japan. Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 32(3):278-280.
Kumar S; Chandra KD, 1988. Studies on the utilization of rice bran for spawn production of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Indian Journal of Mushrooms, 14(1-2):10-15.
Nema AG; Kulkarni SN; Pall BS, 1979. Bacterial leaf streak of kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.). Science and Culture, 45(9):365-366
Noltie HJ, 2000. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. Volume 3 Part 2. The Grasses of Bhutan. Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.
Onkar Singh; Sharma RP; Singh RP; Singh D, 1984. Effect of sowing dates on the incidence of shootfly (Atherigona simplex) and yield of some improved kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) strains. Bulletin of Entomology, 25(1):22-26.
PIER, 2004. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. http://www.hear.org/pier/.
Ramasamy M; Vairavan K; Srinivasan K, 1996. Production potential and economics of cereal based cropping system in red lateritic soils of Pudukkottai district. Madras Agricultural Journal, 83(4):236-239.
Sastry MS; Singh YP; Jain VK, 1975. Kodo poisoning in animals [Paspalum scrobiculatum]. Indian Journal of Animal Health, 14(2):183-184.
Senthivel S; Solaiappan U; Subramanian S, 1994. Agricultural Science Digest, Karnal, 14(3-4):197-200.
Smith AC, 1979. Flora Vitiensis nova: A new flora of Fiji. Volume I. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii, USA: National Tropical Botanical Garden, 494 pp.
Stone BC, 1970. The flora of Guam. Micronesica 6:218.
Su SJ; Lin JR, 1994. Report on pratacultural system engineering of hilly land in Fujian Province, China. Pratacultural Science, 11(1):38-41.
USDA-ARS, 2003. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov.
Wagner WL; Herbst DR; Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Revised ed. Honolulu, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Yadava HS; Ahmad MS; Singh SB, 1996. Phenotypic stability for grain yield and fodder yield in Kodo-millet. Crop Research Hisar, 12(3): 343-348.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DC, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds., Malabar, Florida, Krieger.
Mian A L, 1971. Weeds of East Pakistan. PANS. 17 (4), 486-9.
Noltie HJ, 2000. Flora of Bhutan including a record of plants from Sikkim and Darjeeling. In: The Grasses of Bhutan, 3 (2) Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh and Royal Government of Bhutan.
PIER, 2004. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. In: Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, http://www.hear.org/pier/
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Wagner WL, Herbst DR, Sohmer SH, 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii, Revised ed., Honolulu, USA: University of Hawaii Press.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Distribution Maps
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