Papilio demoleus (chequered swallowtail)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758
Preferred Common Name
- chequered swallowtail
Other Scientific Names
- Orpheides erithonius (Moore)
- Papilio demoleus f. demoleinus Jordan
- Papilio epius Fabricius
- Papilio erithonius Cramer
- Papilio erithonius var. demoleinus Oberthür
- Princeps demoleus Linnaeus
International Common Names
- English: citrus dog; lemon butterfly; lemon caterpillar; lime butterfly; lime swallowtail; orange butterfly
- Chinese: Damo Fengde
Local Common Names
- Germany: Indischer Citrus-Schwalbenschwanz
EPPO code
- PAPIDE (Papilio demoleus)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Papilionidae
- Genus: Papilio
- Species: Papilio demoleus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThis species is replaced in the Afrotropical region (including southern Oman, Yemen and southwestern Saudi Arabia) by the very similar P. demodocus Esper, 1798 (Larsen, l983; Pittaway, l985).
Description
Top of pageEggs are pale yellow and spherical (1 mm), but become dark as the larva develops within.
Larvae
Newly hatched larvae (2.5 mm) are black or dark brown with a dorsal white saddle-like mark, and are spiny. These spines disappear as the larva grows, apart from the anterior and posterior pair. Diffuse orange lateral patches and small blue spots develop as size increases, with the head and true legs becoming orange.
Mature larvae (33 mm) are very different. The dorsal surface is a smooth, rich velvet green while the ventral surface is greyish-white. These two areas are separated by a brilliant milky-white lower lateral band. Segment 3 bears dorsally a transverse white and brown bar with eye-like spots at either end, and the green area of segment 5 is bordered anteriorly by a narrow curved black line. Segments 7 and 8 bear laterally a fragmented diagonal yellow-brown and white bar (this may be absent in some individuals), and there is a patch of the same colour on segment 9. The osmeterium is flesh-coloured; the true legs and head are orange.
It should be noted that the Australasian subspecies differ in both markings and coloration (Common and Waterhouse, 1981).
Pupae
Pupae are slightly concave dorsally (this differs from P. polytes), with a pair of lateral anterior projections and a short dorsal thoracic projection. They are formed under leaves or on twigs near the feeding site and may be either brown or green depending on the colour of the substrate.
Adults
The butterflies (65-110 mm) are unmistakeable. Dorsally, the wings are black with large yellow markings and a dusting of fine yellow scales. The main yellow markings form an irregular broken bar running from the apex of the forewing to the mid-dorsum on the hindwing, and there is a series of yellow submarginal spots on both wings. In the tornal angle of the hindwing there is a red and blue eye-like marking; in the female this eye spot contains a large black circular area. The ventral surface is mainly yellow with black markings, with a series of reddish post-discal bars on the hindwing. Both thorax and abdomen are yellow laterally, and black dorsally and ventrally. Unlike most swallowtails, the hindwings carry no tails.
Distribution
Top of page
The distribution map includes records based on specimens of P. demoleus from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK): dates of collection are noted in the list of countries (NHM, various dates).
P. demoleus was not recorded from Kalimantan (southern Borneo), Timor or Sulawesi by Common and Waterhouse (198l), even though citrus is widely cultivated there. They also stated that this butterfly was absent from the Philippines and Sumatra (Indonesia); however, Corbet and Pendlebury (1992) recorded it from these last two areas. Jumalon (1969) had also recorded it from the Philippines much earlier. It has recently colonized Sarawak (Wan, 1970), Java (Matsumoto and Woro Noerdjito, 1996), Borneo (including Indonesian Kalimantan) and Bali, Indonesia (Matsumoto, 2002). Records from Sabah (Anon., 1962) require further investigation because this species appears to be extending its range. Vagrants have occurred sporadically on various islands of the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (Matsuka, 2003).
In March 2004 P. demoleus was discovered in the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in an area commonly known as 'Hoyo Azul' (18°33.528'N, 68°26.807'W) located in the municipality of El Veron, Higuey Province. This was the first New World documentation of this Old World citrus pest (Guerrero et al., 2004). The specimens were not the strongly yellow Australian subspecies P. demoleus sthenelus, but resembled populations of P. demoleus malayanus from South-East Asia. P. demoleus has now been reported from Puerto Rico (Homziak and Homziak, 2006) and, more recently, a December 2006 OPIS (Offshore Pest Information System) report helped to confirm new country detection of lime swallowtail in Jamaica (NAPPO, 2006; see http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=244).
All records of this species from the Afrotropical (Ethiopian) biogeographical region refer to the closely related but specifically distinct P. demodocus.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present, Localized | ||||||
Bahrain | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Bangladesh | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Bhutan | Present | ||||||
Cambodia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Fujian | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | ||||||
-Hainan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | ||||||
-Zhejiang | Present, Localized | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present, Widespread | ||||||
India | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Andhra Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Assam | Present | ||||||
-Gujarat | Present | ||||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Maharashtra | Present | ||||||
-Punjab | Present | ||||||
-Rajasthan | Present | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | ||||||
-Tamil Nadu | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Java | Present, Few occurrences | Original citation: Matsumoto & Woro Noerdjito, 1996 | |||||
-Lesser Sunda Islands | Present | Invasive | |||||
-Sumatra | Present | Original citation: Kalshoven and van der Laan (1981) | |||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Iraq | Present, Localized | ||||||
Kuwait | Present, Localized | ||||||
Laos | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Sabah | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
-Sarawak | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
Myanmar | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Nepal | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Oman | Present, Widespread | Original citation: Larsen & Larsen, 1980 | |||||
Pakistan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Philippines | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Qatar | Present, Localized | ||||||
Saudi Arabia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Singapore | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Syria | Present | P. demoleus confirmed in the Latakia Mountains of western Syria, with numerous later observations of the butterfly and its early stages in Citrus groves along the Mediterranean coast of Syria. | |||||
Taiwan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Thailand | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Turkey | Present | Extensive spread of P. demoleus in south-eastern Turkey and in regions adjacent to the north-eastern Mediterranean. | |||||
United Arab Emirates | Present, Localized | Original citation: Walker and Pittaway (1987) | |||||
Vietnam | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Cayman Islands | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | 2004 | ||||
Haiti | Present | ||||||
Jamaica | Present, Widespread | Introduced | 2006 | Invasive | Established in most parishes and a minor pest in citrus nurseries | ||
Puerto Rico | Present | Original citation: Homziak Homziak (2006) | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-New South Wales | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Queensland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-South Australia | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Victoria | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Western Australia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present, Localized |
Habitat
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageYunus and Munir (1972) showed that P. demoleus larvae will accept leaves of at least 19 citrus species or varieties, but demonstrated some differences in larval consumption rates, development times, and mortality between the hosts.
Utilization of the leguminous genus Psoralea is mainly confined to the Australasian subspecies (Common and Waterhouse, 1981); however, Psoralea corylifolia [Cullen corylifolium] has been recorded as a suitable host from Rajasthan (Pandey and Bogawat, 1969) and other areas of northern India. Michelia champaca and Annona squamosa are also newly recorded hosts from India (Patil and Rajashekhargouda, 1985).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Aegle marmelos (golden apple) | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Annona squamosa (sugar apple) | Annonaceae | Other | |
Citrus | Rutaceae | Main | |
Citrus aurantium (sour orange) | Rutaceae | Unknown | |
Cullen corylifolium (black-dot) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Cullen corylifolium (black-dot) | Fabaceae | Wild host | |
Desmodium gangeticum | Fabaceae | Wild host | |
Glycosmis pentaphylla | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Haplophyllum | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Ixora coccinea (flame-of-the-woods) | Rubiaceae | Unknown | |
Limonia acidissima (elephant apple) | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Magnolia champaca (golden champa) | Magnoliaceae | Wild host | |
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry) | Rubiaceae | Unknown | |
Murraya koenigii (curry leaf tree) | Rutaceae | Main | |
Ruta graveolens (common rue) | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Zanthoxylum (prickly-ash) | Rutaceae | Wild host | |
Zinnia elegans (zinnia) | Asteraceae | Unknown | |
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube) | Rhamnaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Growing point / external feeding | ||
Leaves / external feeding |
Biology and Ecology
Top of page
Eggs
The spherical, pale yellow eggs are laid singly on the upper surface of young leaves. These darken as the larva develops within, and hatch after 5-9 days. Radke and Kandalkar (1988) state that 15-22 eggs are laid per female, but Farid (1987) quotes a maximum of 511 eggs per female. Krishnamoorthy and Singh (1986) found that natural rates of egg parasitism by Trichogramma chilonis could reach 75.9% in Karnataka, India. This stage generally lasts 4-7 days, depending on temperature.
Larvae
Up until the fourth instar the brown-black and white larvae feed and rest openly on the upper sides of leaves, relying on a resemblance to fresh bird droppings for protection.
Mature larvae behave differently. These generally rest some distance from the feeding area on twigs among foliage and rely on their now cryptic coloration for protection; however, Corbet and Pendlebury (1992) state that it is at this stage that larvae suffer their heaviest mortality. Larvae of this species can often be found in the company of larvae of Papilio polytes and P. memnon, which are very similar in appearance. The larval stage generally lasts 15-26 days, depending on temperature.
Pupae
Pupae, which are formed under leaves or on twigs near the feeding site, may be either brown or green depending on the colour of the substrate. Rafi et al. (1989) found that overall mortality was highest during this stage, with the main mortality factor being the parasitoid Pteromalus puparum. Farid (1987) states that 30-86% of pupae are killed by this wasp. This stage lasts from 8-19 days to a number of months, depending on whether the pupa diapauses. Details of pupal diapause are given by Singh (1993b) and Ishii (1987).
Adults
The unmistakable yellow and black chequered adults (65-100 mm) generally emerge during the morning and are usually on the wing a few hours later, visiting low-growing flowers in sunny locations. Courtship takes place in such areas, with mating lasting 1.5-2 h. The natural lifespan of wild adults rarely exceeds 6 days (Singh and Gangwar, 1989).
More details of the biology of this species in India and Pakistan are given by Ghosh (1914), Mishra and Pandey (1965), Radke and Kandalkar (1988), Rafi et al., (1989), Singh and Gangwar (1989), and Goyle (1990).
In Puerto Rico, where it has recently been introduced, it has a life cycle of approximately 30 days. From oviposition, eggs hatch in three days. Larval instar durations are 3, 2, 3, 3, and 5 d for larval stages 1 to 5, respectively. Pupal stage lasts approximately 12 days. Twelve or more generations are possible under local citrus-growing conditions (Segarra-Carmona et al., 2010).
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacillus thuringiensis | ||||||
Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Brachymeria jambolana | Parasite | Arthropods|Pupae | ||||
Bracon hebetor | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | Karnataka | Citrus | ||
Distatrix papilionis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | India; Karnataka | Citrus | ||
Erycia nymphalidophaga | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Holcojoppa coelopyga | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Ooencyrtus papilionis | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Ooencyrtus papilionis | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Polistes olivaceus | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Pteromalus puparum | Parasite | Arthropods|Pupae | ||||
Stegodyphus sarasinorum | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Telenomus talaus | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Trichogramma chilonis | Parasite | Eggs | India; Karnataka | Citrus |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageSingh (1991) carried out a similar survey in Tamil Nadu, India, of P. demoleus, P. polytes, P. polymnestor and P. helenus, all pests of citrus. The following parasitoids were recorded: Distatrix papilionis, Holcojoppa coelopyga, Melalophacharops sp., Brachymeria jambolana and Pteromalus puparum. The latter was found by Farid (1987) to be the most active parasitoid of pupae in southern Iran, with pupae of the fourth generation being the most susceptible (86% parasitism) and those of the seventh generation the least susceptible (30%).
Singh (1993) reported that an entomophilic nematode (Steinernema sp.) isolated from Agrotis segetum and A. biconica in India, was shown to be highly effective against larvae of P. demoleus in the laboratory, causing 90-100% mortality within 10 days.
Preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis have been used throughout the region to control this species and may sometimes be found infecting larvae under natural conditions.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePlant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageThe adult P. demoleus is, however, very similar to the African species P. demodocus, from which it can be distinguished by the characteristic form of the blue and red eyespots on the hindwing as well as the rounded outlines of cream spots on the forewing.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Low-level infestations can be controlled by hand-picking larvae (Cherian, 1942). Severe infestations are generally controlled by applying chemical pesticides or plant extracts to the foliage, e.g. carbaryl, phosalone, acephate, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, permethrin, etc. Details are given by Radke and Kandalkar (1986), Singh and Kumar (1986), Batra (1990), Nandihalli et al. (1991), and Solunke and Deshpande (1991).
The efficacy of different concentrations of the biopesticides Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana, as well as of neem seed kernel extract, neem oil and azadirachtin were tested by Narayanamma and Savithri (2003) against P. demoleus in Andhra Pradesh, India. Spraying of B. thuringiensis resulted in a 100% control of the pest population after 5 days of application, regardless of the concentration used (0.0025, 0.005 or 0.0075%). The mean reduction in the population of the pest was highest using B. thuringiensis and lowest with azadirachtin sprays.
References
Top of pageAl-Houty W, 1983. Butterflies and hawkmoths of Kuwait. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 95(9-10):202-204
Anon, 1962. Host list of insects recorded in the South East Asia and Pacific Region, Citrus spp. - Citrus. Technical Document, Food and Agriculture Organization, Plant Protection Committee for the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, No 22, 1-9
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA)
Bingham CT, 1907. Butterflies Vol 2. In: Bingham CT, ed. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. London, UK: Taylor & Francis
Channa Basavanna GP, 1954. Important insect pests of fruit crops - nature of damage and control. Mysore Agricultural Calendar, 1954:96-103
Cherian MC, 1942. Our present position with regard to the control of fruit pests. Madras Agricultural Journal, 30(1):14-17
CIE, 1979. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, No. 396. Wallingford, UK: CAB International
Common IFB, Waterhouse DF, 1981. Butterflies of Australia. rev. edn. Melbourne, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers
Corbet AS, Pendlebury HM, 1992 (revised by JN Eliot). The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th edn. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: United Selangor Press
Dean GJ, 1978. Insects found on economic plants other than rice in Laos. PANS, 24(2):129-142
Eckweiler W, Hofmann P, 1980. Checklist of Iranian butterflies. Nachrichten der Entomologischen Verein Apollo, Suppl. 1:1-28
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Farid A, 1987. Some bio-ecological features of citrus butterflies in south-east Iran. Entomologie et Phytopathologie Appliquees, 54(1-2):49-50, 129-137
Ghosh CC, 1914. Life-histories of Indian insects - V. Lepidoptera (Butterflies). Memoirs, Department of Agriculture India Entomology Series V (I):1-71
Guerrero KA, Veoz D, Boyce SL, Farrell BD, 2004. First New World documentation of an Old World Citrus pest. The lime swallowtail Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), in the Dominican Republic (Hispaniola). American Entomologist, 50(4):224-226
HANSON HC, 1963. Diseases and pests of economic plants of Burma. 68 pp
Heydemann F, 1954. Beitrag zur Lepidopteren-Fauna Afghanistans. Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 39:385-396, 412-428
Io C, ed, 1990. Monographia Rhopalocerorum Sinensium Vol. 1. Henan, China: Henan Scientific and Technical Publishing House
Jumalon JN, 1969. Notes on the new range of some Asiatic papilionids in the Philippines [including Papilio demoleus L.]. Philippine Entomologist, 1(3):251-257
Larsen TB, 1977. Extension récente en Iraq de l'aire de Papilio demoleus Linné. Entomops, 42:37-38
Larsen TB, Larsen K, 1980. Butterflies of Oman. Edinburgh, UK: Bartholomew Books
Marsh JCS, 1960. Hong Kong Butterflies. Hong Kong, China: Shell Company of Hong Kong Ltd
Matsuka H, 2003. A list of butterflies from Japan: immigrant species. http://www02.so-net.ne.jp/~jamides/jplist/jplist-e.html
Matsumoto K, Woro Noerdjito A, 1996. Establishment of Papilio demoleus L. (Papilionidae) in Java. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society, 50(2):129-140
Mishra SC, Pandey ND, 1965. Some observations on the biology of Papilio demoleus Linn (Papilionidae: Lepidoptera). Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2):142-143
Murphy DH, 1973. A preliminary list of insects attacking economic plants in Singapore. Technical Document, Food and Agriculture Organization, Plant Protection Committee for the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, No. 87:17 pp
Narayanamma VL, Savithri P, 2003. Evaluation of biopesticides against citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus L. on sweet orange. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 31(2):105-106
Pandey SN, Bogawat JK, 1969. Growth and development of Papilio demoleus (L.) in relation to a wild host plant. Indian Journal of Entomology, 31(1):92
Pinratana BA, 1977. Butterflies in Thailand Vol. 1. Papilionidae and Danaidae. Bangkok, Thailand: Viratham Press
Singh SP, 1991. Natural enemies of Papilio spp. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 48(3):237-242
Smith C, 1990. Beautiful butterflies: a colourful introduction to Nepal's most beautiful insects. Bangkok, Thailand: Craftsman Press
Talbot G, 1939. Butterflies Vol. 1. In: Sewell RBS, ed. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. London, UK: Taylor & Francis
Tong X, 1993. Butterfly fauna of Zhejiang. Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishers
Wan MTK, 1970. A list of insects and other animals of economic importance of Sarawak, East Malaysia 1961-1970. Kuching, Malaysia: Department of Agriculture, Entomology Division
Wiltshire EP, 1964. The Lepidoptera of Bahrain. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61:119-141
Distribution References
Al-Houty W, 1983. Butterflies and hawkmoths of Kuwait. In: Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 95 (9-10) 202-204.
Anon, 1962. Host list of insects recorded in the South East Asia and Pacific Region, Citrus spp. - Citrus. In: Technical Document, Food and Agriculture Organization, Plant Protection Committee for the Southeast Asia and Pacific Region, 22 1-9.
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document No. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).
Başbay O, Salimeh M, John E, 2020. Preliminary note on the range expansion of Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in south-eastern Turkey, and on the first documented arrival of this invasive species at the Mediterranean coast of Syria. Phegea. 48 (1), 01.iii.2020: 20.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Channa Basavanna G P, 1954. Mysore Agricultural Calendar and Year Book 1954. 96-103.
Corbet AS, Pendlebury HM, 1992. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 4th edn., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: United Selangor Press.
Dean G J, 1978. Insects found on economic plants other than rice in Laos. PANS. 24 (2), 129-142.
Eckweiler W, Hofmann P, 1980. Checklist of Iranian butterflies. In: Nachrichten der Entomologischen Verein Apollo, 1-28.
Larsen TB, 1977. (Extension récente en Iraq de l'aire de Papilio demoleus Linné). In: Entomops, 42 37-38.
Marsh JCS, 1960. Hong Kong Butterflies., Hong Kong, China: Shell Company of Hong Kong Ltd.
NHM, 1891. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).
NHM, 1918. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).
NHM, 1921. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).
NHM, 1927. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).
Pinratana BA, 1977. Butterflies in Thailand Vol. 1. Papilionidae and Danaidae., 1 Bangkok, Thailand: Viratham Press.
Singh S P, 1991. Natural enemies of Papilio spp. Indian Journal of Horticulture. 48 (3), 237-242.
Smith C, 1990. Beautiful butterflies: a colourful introduction to Nepal's most beautiful insects., Bangkok, Thailand: Craftsman Press.
Tong X, 1993. Butterfly fauna of Zhejiang., Hangzhou, China: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishers.
Wan MTK, 1970. A list of insects and other animals of economic importance of Sarawak, East Malaysia 1961-1970., Kuching, Malaysia: Department of Agriculture, Entomology Division.
Waterhouse DF, 1981. Butterflies of Australia., Melbourne, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers.
Wiltshire EP, 1964. The Lepidoptera of Bahrain. In: Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 61 119-141.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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