Nicandra physalodes (apple of Peru)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Impact
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertner (1791)
Preferred Common Name
- apple of Peru
Other Scientific Names
- Atropa physaloides L.
- Calydermos erosus Ruiz & Pav.
- Nicandra physaloides (L.) Pers.
- Physalis daturaefolia Lam.
International Common Names
- English: Chinese lantern; shoo-fly plant (USA, South Africa); wild gooseberry (Zambia); wild hops (Australia)
- Spanish: capuli cimarron
- French: fausse coquerette; nicandre faux-alkekenge
Local Common Names
- Angola: margarita; onigahongula
- Bolivia: farolita; guackonto; tonto
- Brazil: balão; bexiga; falso joá de capote; joá de capote; juá de capote; quintilho
- Germany: Giftbeere, Blasen-
- Indonesia: endog bangkok; tjeploekan
- Indonesia/Java: ceplukan
- Kenya: chemogong'it-chepitet
- Madagascar: bereda
- Netherlands: giftbes
- Peru: capuli de lacosta; toccoro
- South Africa: basterapplliepie; bitter-appelliefie; bloubitter; Peru apple; rivabe; wildebitter
- Zimbabwe: mubumacembre
EPPO code
- NICPH (Nicandra physalodes)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Solanales
- Family: Solanaceae
- Genus: Nicandra
- Species: Nicandra physalodes
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Angola | Present | ||||||
Botswana | Present | ||||||
Burundi | Present | ||||||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Egypt | Present | Introduced | 1879 | ||||
Eswatini | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
Lesotho | Present | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | ||||||
Namibia | Present | ||||||
Rwanda | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | 1917 | Invasive | |||
Asia |
|||||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1963 | ||||
China | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1840s | ||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | 1851 | ||||
India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | ||||||
-Java | Present | ||||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | Introduced | 2001 | ||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | 1917 | ||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Introduced | 1978 | ||||
Austria | Present | Introduced | First reported: <1855 | ||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1853 | ||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | 1853 | ||||
Estonia | Present | Introduced | 1957 | ||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1900s | ||||
Hungary | Present | ||||||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
Lithuania | Present | Introduced | 1960 | ||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | 1874 | ||||
Poland | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | 1956 | ||||
-Azores | Present | Introduced | 1952 | ||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | 1872 | ||||
Romania | Present | Introduced | 1887 | ||||
Russia | Present | Introduced | 1889 | ||||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | 1864 | ||||
Spain | |||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | First reported: 1940's | ||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | Introduced | 1855 | ||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | 1860 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Belize | Present | ||||||
Canada | Present | Introduced | 1821 | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | 1850 | ||||
-Ohio | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1890 | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
-Queensland | Present | ||||||
-South Australia | Present | ||||||
-Tasmania | Present | ||||||
-Victoria | Present | ||||||
-Western Australia | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Bolivia | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Bahia | Present | ||||||
-Distrito Federal | Present | ||||||
-Goias | Present | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Peru | Present |
Habitat
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | Other | |
Ananas comosus (pineapple) | Bromeliaceae | Other | |
Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Beta vulgaris (beetroot) | Chenopodiaceae | Other | |
Carica papaya (pawpaw) | Caricaceae | Other | |
Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) | Asteraceae | Other | |
Chrysanthemum (daisy) | Asteraceae | Unknown | |
Coffea (coffee) | Rubiaceae | Main | |
Glycine max (soyabean) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Gossypium (cotton) | Malvaceae | Main | |
Hordeum vulgare (barley) | Poaceae | Main | |
Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) | Convolvulaceae | Other | |
Lactuca sativa (lettuce) | Asteraceae | Other | |
Linum usitatissimum (flax) | Other | ||
Medicago sativa (lucerne) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) | Solanaceae | Other | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Other | |
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean) | Fabaceae | Main | |
Pisum sativum (pea) | Fabaceae | Other | |
Saccharum | Poaceae | Other | |
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Solanaceae | Other | |
Solanum tuberosum (potato) | Solanaceae | Other | |
Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) | Poaceae | Main | |
Triticum aestivum (wheat) | Poaceae | Main | |
Vitis vinifera (grapevine) | Vitaceae | Other | |
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageThe time from germination to flowering ranges from 43 to 54 days and to seed ripening, 53 to 64 days (Holm et al., 1997). A single plant of N. physalodes can produce 44,000 seeds and a pure stand of the weed can produce 22 billion seed/ha weighing about 4.4 t (Schwerzel 1967, 1970; Thomas and Schwerzel, 1982). Some seed lots are reported to be 90% viable (Holm et al., 1997). Dispersal is likely to occur through soil and water movement but Ridley (1930) suggested that ants are also responsible in East Africa. Contamination of seed crops is also thought to aid the spread of this weed.
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageImpact
Top of pageN. physalodes is an alternative host of several pests of crops, including alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (Gallo and Ciampor, 1977), Cassava African mosaic bigeminivirus in India (Mathew and Muniyappa, 1993), Meloidogyne javanica in Zimbabwe (Ivens 1989) and Malawi (Hillocks et al., 1995), Meloidogyne arenaria in Java (Everaarts, 1981), Tomato Peru potyvirus (Fribourg, 1979), potato blight [Alternaria solani] in India (Singh and Nagaich, 1977), Potato leafroll luteovirus in Australia (Thomas, 1993), potato leafroll luteovirus (Everaarts, 1981), potato tuber moth [Phthorimaea operculella] (Broodryk, 1977), Potato Y potyvirus in India (Suteri et al., 1979), tobacco viruses in Zimbabwe (Shaw, 1979) and tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus in Tanzania (Nono et al., 1996).
Uses
Top of pageUses List
Top of pageGeneral
- Ornamental
Materials
- Pesticide
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
N. physalodes is readily controlled as a seedling or small plant by light tillage, hoeing or cutting. Deep cultivations can increase the longevity of N. physalodes seeds in the soil (Schwerzel et al., 1982) and frequent cultivations help to reduce the weed seed bank. Herbicides reported to control N. physalodes include: 2,4-D in pastures (Parsons, 1992); bentazon in maize (Saigusa et al., 1993) and soybeans (Parsons, 1992); bromofenoxim and bromoxynil in oats, barley and wheat (Richards et al., 1978); chlorthal dimethyl in onions (Richards, 1979) and vegetables (Parsons, 1992); dicamba in cereals (Parsons, 1992); fluometuron in cotton (Anon., 1980); fluorodifen in beans (de Groot, 1980); glufosinate-ammonium in stone fruit orchards, vineyards and bananas (Parsons, 1992); glyphosate for land preparation (Parsons, 1992); linuron in beans (de Groot, 1980), potatoes and soyabean (Parsons, 1992); metobromuron and DNBP in beans (Carmona and Jeffery, 1972); metolachlor in brassica crops (Parsons, 1992); metribuzin in soyabeans (Anon., 1978; Parsons, 1992) and tomatoes (Ward, 1973; Parsons, 1992); and prometryne in cotton (Anon., 1980).References
Top of pageAuld BA, Medd RW, 1992. Weeds: An Illustrated Botanical Guide to the Weeds of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press.
Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi. Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.
Begley M, Crombie L, Ham P, Whiting D, 1972. Terpenoid constituents of the insect repellant plant Nicandra physalodes: X-ray structure of methyl steroid (Nic-3) acetate. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemistry Communications (London), 19:1108.
Bolnick D, 1995. A Guide to the Common Wild flowers of Zambia and Neighbouring Regions. London, UK: Macmillan.
Britskii YaV, 1982. Antifeedants against the Colorado beetle. Zashchita Rastenii, No. 2:38-39
Broodryk SW, 1977. Phthorimaea operclella (Zell.). In: Kranz J, Schmutterer H, Koch W, eds. Diseases, Pests and Weeds of Tropical Crops. Berlin and Hamburg, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey, 429-431.
Czekalski M, 1981. Nicandra physalodes, a new fodder plant. Kosmos, Seria Biologica, Warsaw, 30:427-428.
Darlington C, Janaki-Ammal E, 1945. Adaptive iso-chromosomes in Nicandra. Annals of Botany, 9:267-281.
Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.
Grabandt K, 1985. Weeds of Crops and Gardens in Southern Africa. Johannesburg, South Africa: Seal Publishing.
Groot W de, 1980. Review of results of weed control experiments in dry beans in Kenya. Proceedings of the Seventh East African Weed Science Conference, 55-62.
Henderson M, Anderson JG, 1966. Common Weeds in South Africa. South Africa: Department of Agricultural and Technical Services.
Hocombe S, 1961. Simple experiments on the greenhouse germination of some East African weed species. Miscellaneous Report No. 285. Arusha, Tanzania: Colonial Pesticides Research Institute.
Holm LG, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Ivens GW, 1989. East African Weeds and their Control, 2nd edition. Nairobi, Kenya: Oxford University Press.
Marzocca A, 1979. Manual de Malezas. 3rd edition. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Hemisferio Sur.
Moore DM, 1972. 1. Nicandra. In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA, eds. Flora Europaea, Volume 3. Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 193.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Weeds of Bhutan., vi + 236 pp.
Parsons JM(Editor), 1992. Australian weed control handbook. Melbourne, Australia; Inkata Press.
Richards PVM, 1979. Chemical weed control in onions. Hortus, 26:56-58.
Ridley H, 1930. The Dispersal of Plants throughout the World. Kent, UK: Reeve and Ashford.
Runnels HA, Schaffner JH, 1931. Manual of Ohio Weeds. Ohio, USA: Ohio Agricultural Experimental Station, Bulletin No. 475.
Saigusa M, Shibuya K, Abe T, 1993. Ecological study and control of Nicandra physalodes (L.) Pers. on dent corn field. Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 39:71-76.
Schwerzel P, 1967. Seed production of some common Rhodesian weeds. PANS, 13:215-217.
Schwerzel P, 1970. Weed seed production study. PANS, 16:357.
Schwerzel P, Thomas P, Oosterman H, 1982. Weed biology. Annual Report of the Weed Research Team, 1979-80. Zimbabwe: Department of Research and Specialist Services, Henderson Research Station.
Shaw M, 1979. Control recommendations. Rhodesian Tobacco Today, 2(8):13-17
Singh DS, Nagaich BB, 1977. Nicandra physaloides Gprtn. - an additional host of Alternaria solani (Ellis & Mart.) Jones and Grout. causing early blight of potato. Science and Culture, 43(10):453-454
Subramainan S, Sethi P, Adam G, 1973. Structure of nicandrenone from Nicandra physalodes. Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 35:123-124.
Thomas P, Schwerzel P, 1968. A cotton weed competition experiment. Proceedings of the 9th British Weed Control Conference, Brighton, UK. Farnham, UK: British Crop Protection Council, 737-743.
Thomas P, Schwerzel P, 1982. The facts about weeds and their effects on crops. In: Ventner HA van de, Mason M, eds. Proceedings of the 4th National Weed Conference, South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: A A Balkema, 55-59.
Wang ZR, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.
Wells MJ, Balsinhas AA, Joffe H, Engelbrecht VM, Harding G, Stirton CH, 1986. A catalogue of problem plants in South Africa. Memoirs of the botanical survey of South Africa No 53. Pretoria, South Africa: Botanical Research Institute.
Distribution References
Auld BA, Medd RW, 1992. Weeds: An Illustrated Botanical Guide to the Weeds of Australia., Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press.
Banda EA, Morris B, 1986. Common Weeds of Malawi., Lilongwe, Malawi: The University of Malawi.
Bolnick D, 1995. A Guide to the Common Wild flowers of Zambia and Neighbouring Regions., London, UK: Macmillan.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Drummond RB, 1984. Arable Weeds of Zimbabwe., Harare, Zimbabwe: Agricultural Research Trust of Zimbabwe.
Grabandt K, 1985. Weeds of Crops and Gardens in Southern Africa., Johannesburg, South Africa: Seal Publishing.
Henderson M, Anderson JG, 1966. Common Weeds in South Africa., South Africa: Department of Agricultural and Technical Services.
Marzocca A, 1979. (Manual de Malezas)., Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Hemisferio Sur.
Moore DM, 1972. 1. Nicandra. In: Flora Europaea, Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae, 3 [ed. by Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA]. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 193.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Plant Protection Centre. vi + 236 pp.
Wang Z R, 1990. Farmland Weeds in China. Beijing, China: Agricultural Publishing House.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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