Meligethes aeneus (rape beetle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Meligethes aeneus Fabricius, 1775
Preferred Common Name
- rape beetle
Other Scientific Names
- Dermestes psyllius Herbst, 1784
- Meligethes aeneus var. californicus Reitter, 1871
- Meligethes aeneus var. coeruleus Reitter, 1871
- Meligethes aeneus var. rotundangulus Ganglbauer, 1899
- Meligethes aeneus var. rubripennis Reitter, 1871
- Meligethes aeneus var. semiaeneus Ganglbauer, 1899
- Meligethes asperrimus Guillebeau, 1897
- Meligethes australis Küster, 1848
- Meligethes bonvouloiri C. Brisout de Barneville, 1872
- Meligethes boops Easton, 1957
- Meligethes brassicae Reitter, 1875
- Meligethes cleominis Easton, 1959
- Meligethes dauricus Motschulsky, 1849
- Meligethes minor Rey, 1889
- Meligethes moerens LeConte, 1857
- Meligethes mutatus Harold, 1868
- Meligethes nigricornis Stephens, 1830
- Meligethes peristericus Roubal, 1943
- Meligethes pubens Rey, 1889
- Meligethes ruficornis LeConte, 1859
- Meligethes rufimanus LeConte, 1857
- Meligethes urticae Stephens, 1830
- Meligethes viridipennis Motschulsky, 1860
- Nitidula aenea Fabricius, 1775
- Nitidula aeneus Fabricius
- Nitidula alpestris Heer, 1841
- Nitidula coerulea Marsham, 1802
- Nitidula latipes Marsham, 1802
- Nitidula nigrina Marsham, 1802
- Nitidula pedicularia var. B Paykull, 1798
- Nitidula subtilis Waltl, 1838
- Scarabaeus florilegulus Fourcroy, 1785
International Common Names
- English: beetle, rape; blossom beetle; pollen beetle; rape blossom beetle
- Spanish: escarabajo o meliguete de la colza; escarabajuelo de los nabos
- French: méligèthes des crucifères; méligèthes du colza
Local Common Names
- Denmark: glimmerboesse; Glimmerbøsse
- Estonia: naeri-hiilamardikas
- Finland: rapsikuoriainen; rapsikuoriainen
- Germany: Glanzkaefer, Raps-; Glimmerbossen; Rapsglanzkäfer
- Italy: meligete della colza
- Netherlands: Koolzaadglanskever
- Norway: rapsglansbille
- Sweden: rapsbaggar; rapsbagge
EPPO code
- MELIAE (Meligethes aeneus)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Nitidulidae
- Genus: Meligethes
- Species: Meligethes aeneus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageEggs
Length 0.81 mm, breadth 0.29 mm. Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, greyish-white but becoming milky as development occurs. Chorion smooth and shiny.
Larvae
The final instar larva is elongate, up to 4.4 mm long, somewhat depressed and with the body milky white, the head black and prognathous (pointing forwards). The pronotal shield is dark brown to black and irregularly sclerotized. The other segments have a pair of small, rounded, brownish-black dorsolateral plates and a pair of smaller dorsomedian plates, the latter being fused together and increasing in size from abdominal segment IV. Ninth abdominal segment with weak, broadly rounded urogomphi.
Pupae
Average length 2.35 mm. Creamy-white, oval in outline, depressed in abdominal region. Head strongly deflexed ventrally, concealed from above by pronotum, setae around margins of pronotum and abdomen.
Adults
Length 1.9-2.7 mm, oval in shape, broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, with head relatively broad. Head and body black with distinct metallic greenish, bluish or purplish sheen, legs slightly paler, especially anterior tibiae pitchy to dark yellowish. Antennae about as long as head width, with the apical three segments forming a distinct, oval, compact club. Anterior tibiae with outer edge finely toothed. Middle femora simple, without tooth on lower edge at apical third.
For critical identification of Meligethes species, it is necessary to examine the male genitalia and the female ovipositor. Recent key works (Audisio, 1993; Kirk-Spriggs, 1996) figure both male and female genitalia, while Spornraft (1967) figured the male genitalia.
Distribution
Top of pageCountries indicated within the range of M. aeneus by Audisio (1993) but for which published records have not been located so far include several of the Caucasus and Central Asian countries (former states of the Soviet Union), some Middle Eastern countries, parts of North Africa (Egypt, Libya), and some of the smaller European and Mediterranean countries.
The distribution map includes records based on specimens of M. aeneus from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK): dates of collection are noted in the list of countries (NHM, various dates).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | ||||||
Morocco | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Tunisia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present, Localized | ||||||
China | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Gansu | Present | ||||||
Jordan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Kazakhstan | Present | ||||||
Mongolia | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | ||||||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Belarus | Present | ||||||
Belgium | Present | ||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
Cyprus | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
Denmark | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Estonia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Finland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
France | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Corsica | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Gibraltar | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present | ||||||
Hungary | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Ireland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Italy | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Latvia | Present | ||||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Moldova | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
North Macedonia | Present | ||||||
Norway | Present | ||||||
Poland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
-Azores | Present, Localized | ||||||
Romania | Present | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
-Central Russia | Present | ||||||
-Russian Far East | Present | ||||||
-Siberia | Present | ||||||
-Western Siberia | Present | ||||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
Slovakia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Spain | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Balearic Islands | Present | ||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | ||||||
Sweden | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Channel Islands | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
-Alberta | Present | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | ||||||
-Manitoba | Present | ||||||
-Saskatchewan | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present, Localized | ||||||
United States | Present | ||||||
-Arizona | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-California | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Colorado | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Idaho | Present | ||||||
-Kansas | Present | ||||||
-Montana | Present | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present | ||||||
-Nevada | Present | ||||||
-New Mexico | Present | ||||||
-Oregon | Present | ||||||
-Utah | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Washington | Present | ||||||
-Wyoming | Present |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageIn North America, wild hosts include Cleome and Isomeris species.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Achillea millefolium (yarrow) | Asteraceae | Other | |
Barbarea vulgaris (common wintercress (UK)) | Other | ||
Brassica | Brassicaceae | Wild host | |
Brassica juncea var. juncea (Indian mustard) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Brassica napus var. napobrassica (swede) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Brassica napus var. napus (rape) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Brassica nigra (black mustard) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (cauliflower) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (turnip rape) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Brassica rapa subsp. rapa (turnip) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Crambe abyssinica | Brassicaceae | Wild host | |
Eruca vesicaria (purple-vein rocket) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Secale cereale (rye) | Poaceae | Other | |
Sinapis alba (white mustard) | Brassicaceae | Other | |
Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard) | Brassicaceae | Main | |
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) | Solanaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageBiology and Ecology
Top of pageNatural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aneuclis incidens | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Anncaliia meligethii | Pathogen | Adults | ||||
Beauveria bassiana | Pathogen | |||||
Brachyserphus parvulus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Cerchysiella planiscutellum | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Diospilus capito | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Diospilus oleraceus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Eubazus sigalphoides | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Haplosporidium meligethi | Pathogen | Adults | ||||
Leiophron laeviventris | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Metarhizium anisopliae | Pathogen | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Nosema meligethi | Pathogen | Adults | ||||
Paecilomyces fumosoroseus | Pathogen | |||||
Phradis interstitialis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Phradis morionellus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Steinernema feltiae | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Tersilochus | Parasite | Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Tersilochus heterocerus | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThe Hymenopteran endoparasitoids attacking M. aeneus belong to the families Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Proctotrupidae and Encyrtidae; a key to those associated with oilseed rape pests including M. aeneus has been published by Vidal (2003). Parasitism rates are generally less than 30%. Parasitism rates and non-cropped area have been found to be positively correlated in different agricultural landscapes (Thies et al., 2003).
Osborne (1960) described the eggs, larvae and biology of some parasitoids found in the UK. He also noted unidentified Protozoa and Nematoda inside the body of adult M. aeneus, and Acari attached externally.
Predation of adult and pupal M. aeneus in Europe by ground beetles (Carabidae, Pterostichini), staphylinid beetles and spiders (Aranei) can be a significant mortality factor (Basedow, 1973; Büchs and Alford, 2003).
Protozoan parasites/pathogens in adult M. aeneus have been described by Lipa and Hokkanen (1991) and Issi et al. (1993).
All the natural enemies listed are indigenous and there do not appear to be any examples of exotic species being deliberately introduced for biological control. However, there is considerable current interest in conservation biological control by integrating naturally-occurring key natural enemies of M. aeneus into integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape. The natural incidence of pathogens in rape fields is usually low; augmentation of pathogens, particularly of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae is being investigated (Williams, 2004) and the former has been successfully disseminated by the honey bee to the flowering canopy of oilseed rape to infect adult M. aeneus (Butt et al., 1998).
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageAdult feeding damage to buds can cause them to abort, thus reducing yields of seeds (Williams and Free, 1978; Nilsson, 1987, 1988). However, because of plant compensation, yields are affected only above 60% pod loss (Williams and Free, 1979). Larvae also feed on pollen (Cook et al., 2004) and nectar. Winter rape is affected less than spring rape because it usually starts to flower before the beetles are active, but the latter is much more heavily attacked. In Denmark, Hansen (2004) has reported that 80% yield reduction can occur. He has calculated that the economic damage threshold of 5% of yield can be exceeded by 0.1-3 M. aeneus per plant, depending on rainfall.
Flower visiting insects, including M. aeneus, are probably important pollinating agents (Williams, 1985).
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural ControlHokkanen et al. (1986) described the use of trap crops to help protect cauliflowers and spring rape in southern Finland. Some trials showed that almost complete protection was possible, but this depended on being able to produce a trap crop in flower before the main crop, which could be difficult to time accurately. For cauliflower protection, the most attractive trap crops were Chinese cabbage, broccoli and rape. The trap crops were sprayed with insecticide, usually deltamethrin, when the pollen beetle numbers reached such a level that emigration onto the main crop was likely. During peak activity, spraying about twice a week was necessary. Crop losses were reduced from the 20-40% observed without a trap to 3-15% with the traps. For spring sown rape, earlier flowering varieties or winter rape was used as a trap in experimental plots. If the trap flowered at the right time before the main crop, savings of 50-95% in pesticide use were possible. There is currently renewed interest in the potential for exploiting pest preferences for host plant and growth stage to develop trap crop strategies which concentrate the pest onto early flowering rape and away from the damage-susceptible growth stage of oilseed rape (e.g. Nerad and Vasak, 2000; Frearson et al., 2005; Cook et al., 2006).
Research aimed at breeding cultivars of oilseed rape resistant to M. aeneus, by investigating pest responses to the glucosinolate content of different cultivars or other host plants have so far not shown a clear relationship between pest incidence and glucosinolate profile (e.g. Milford et al., 1989; Hopkins et al., 1998).
Chemical Control
The OEPP (2005) describe the conduct of trials for the efficacy evaluation of insecticides against M. aeneus on rape. Pyrethroid insecticides have been preferred for control of M. aeneus in recent years to reduce the effect on nontarget organisms. However, the recent and widespread development of resistance to pyrethroids in M. aeneus in mainland Europe (e.g. Hansen, 2003) has made more urgent the need for control strategies that minimise insecticide use on oilseed rape and optimise biological control (Williams, 2004; Frearson et al., 2005; Cook et al., 2006). Phenological studies show that pyrethroid applications during flowering threaten parasitoid populations that are important to biological control (Ferguson et al., 2003).
A PC-based decision support system (ProPlant) has been developed in Germany for the crop covering six pests, including M. aeneus (Johnen and Meier, 2000). It takes into account pest numbers on the crop as well as weather-based forecasts of flight conditions, egg-laying periods and larval development to determine the need and timing of insecticide applications.
Integrated Pest Management
There is considerable current interest in conservation biological control by integrating key natural enemies of M. aeneus into integrated pest management strategies for oilseed rape (Williams, 2004). Ploughing is known to kill overwintering parasitoids of M. aeneus (Nilsson, 1985); minimal tillage techniques that improve their survival are being reinvestigated (Wahmhoff et al., 1999; Williams, 2004). Phenological models for parasitoids are being developed for integration into the PC-based decision support system (ProPlant) developed in Germany for pests of oilseed rape including M. aeneus (Johnen and Meier, 2000). The natural incidence of pathogens in rape fields is usually low; augmentation of pathogens, particularly of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae is being investigated (Williams, 2004), and the former has been successfully disseminated by the honey bee to the flowering canopy of oilseed rape to infect adult M. aeneus (Butt et al., 1998). There are also reports that the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis has been used with some success against M. aeneus (Prishchepa and Mikulskaya, 1998; Hokkanen et al., 2003).
References
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Alford DV, 2003. Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Alford DV; Nilsson C; Ulber B, 2003. Insect pests of oilseed rape crops. In: Alford DV, ed. Biocontrol of oilseed rape pests. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 355 pp.
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Vidal S, 2003. Identification of Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with oilseed rape pests. Chapter 11 In: Alford DV, ed. Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 161-179.
Williams IH, 2004. Advances in Insect Pest Management of Oilseed Rape in Europe. In: Horowitz AR, Ishaaya I, eds. Insect Pest Management - Field and Protected Crops. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 181-208.
Williams IH, 2004. The pollination of swede rape (Brassica napus L.). Bee World, 66(1): 16-22.
Williams IH; Buechi R; Ulber B, 2003. Sampling, trapping and rearing oilseed rape pests and their parasitoids. Chapter 10. In: Alford DV, ed. Biocontrol of Oilseed Rape Pests. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing, 145-160.
Williams IH; Free JB, 1978. The feeding and mating behaviour of pollen beetles (Meligethes aeneus Fab.) and seed weevils (Ceuthorhynchus assimilis Payk.) on oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.). Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 91:453-459.
Williams IH; Free JB, 1979. Compensation of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.) plants after damage to their buds and pods. Journal of Agricultural Science, 92:53-59.
Distribution References
Audisio P, 1980. (Fénybogarak - Nitidulidae. Fauna Hungariae 140, VIII Kötet, Coleoptera III)., Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiado.
Audisio P, 1993. Coleoptera Nitidulidae-Kateretidae Fauna d'Italia., XXXII Bologna, Italy: Edizioni Calderini.
Berger H K, 1991. Oilseed rape in Austria - pest problems. In: Bulletin SROP, 14 (6) 14-20.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Connell WA, 1970. Comments about Easton's revision of the Nearctic Meligethes (Nitidulidae). In: Coleopterists' Bulletin, 24 33-34.
Easton AM, 1956. The Meligethes of North Africa (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae). In: Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, Nouvelle série, Zoologie, 2 1-71.
Easton AM, 1957. The Meligethes (Col., Nitidulidae) of Afghanistan. In: Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 92 385-401.
Fowler W W, 1889. The Coleoptera of the British Isles. Vol. III. London, UK: L. Reeve and Co.
Israelson G, Machado A, Oromi P, Palm T, 1982. (Novedades para la fauna coleopterologica de Las Islas Canarias). In: Vieraea, 11 109-134.
Kapustyan V, Moiseenko A, 1974. Rape and turnip rape need protection. Zemledelie. 47-48.
Kirejtshuk AG, 1992. Nitidulidae. In: Keys to the Identification of Insects of the Soviet Far East Vol. 3 Coleoptera or beetles Part 2, [ed. by Ler PA]. Peterburgskoe Otdelenie, Russia: Sankt-Peterburg Nauka. 114-209.
Lucht WH, 1987. The Middle European Beetles. In: Katalog, Krefeld, Germany: Goecke and Evers.
Nilsson C, 1987. Yield losses in summer rape caused by pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.). In: Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 17 105-111.
Perju T, Moldovan I, Teodor L, Oltean I, Bodis I, 1995. (Specii de insecte care se dezvolta pe linarita (Linaria vulgaris Mill.), agenti potentiali de combatere pe cale biologica a acesteia). In: Buletinul Universitatii de Stiinte Cluj Napoca. Seria Agricultura si Horticultura, 48 115-121.
Silfverberg H, 1992. (Enumeratio Coleopterorum Fennoscandiae, Daniae et Baltiae)., Helsinki, Finland: Helsingin Hyönteisvaihtoyhdistys.
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