Meloidogyne javanica
(sugarcane eelworm)

Pictures

Top of page

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

• Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949

Preferred Common Name

• sugarcane eelworm

Other Scientific Names

• Anguillula javanica (Treub 1885) Lavergne 1901
• Heterodera javanica Treub 1885
• Meloidogyne javanica bauruensis Lordello 1956
• Tylenchus (Heterodera) javanica (Treub 1885) Cobb 1890

International Common Names

• English: Javanese root knot nematode; root-knot nematode
• Spanish: nemátodo javanés de quiste; nemátodo nodulador javanés
• French: anguillule javanaise a noeud des racines; nématode à galles; nématode cécidogène; nématode galligène javanais
• Portuguese: nematóide das galhas

Local Common Names

• Germany: Aelchen, Javanisches Wurzelgallen-
• Japan: Zyawa-nekobu-sentyu
• Turkey: kok ur nematodu

EPPO code

• MELGJA (Meloidogyne javanica)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Nematoda
•             Family: Meloidogynidae
•                 Genus: Meloidogyne
•                     Species: Meloidogyne javanica

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page The systematics of the genus Meloidogyne is complex: reliable specific identification can be difficult even for the expert. (See Sasser and Carter, 1985.)

Description

Top of page Description (after Orton Williams, 1972)

Female
Endoparasitic; body nearly spherical in adult with projecting neck tapering to head; posterior end rounded, or with slightly protruding perineal region. Head with one annule behind head cap, slightly wider than first body annule. Stylet slender, dorsally curved, knobs rounded. Excretory pore located about 3 stylet lengths posterior to head. Posterior cuticular pattern (= perineal pattern) round or oval to pear-shaped, dorsal arch varying from rounded, to moderate height, sometimes flattened dorsally. Striae smooth to wavy, tail tip often marked by an irregular whorl. Typically lateral fields well defined by a double incisure bordering a definite break in the striae clearly dividing pattern into dorsal and ventral sectors. Lateral fields may be visible for some distance from tail but do not extend into the neck region, or may be poorly marked. Phasmids usually distinct.

Male
Head not offset; outline in lateral view characteristic with first annule projecting antero-laterally, well separated by constriction from a wider basal annule which may be subdivided into two annules either completely or partially (giving the appearance of one annule on one side of the body and two on the other). In dorsal or ventral view head outline rounded, amphidial apertures distinct. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Valves of oesophageal bulb large. Oesophageal gland overlaps intestine for some distance ventrally. Excretory pore distinct, duct visible for some way along body. Hemizonid 0-4 annules anterior to pore. One testis or two. Intersexes common, displaying female characters to varying degrees ranging from a slight swelling anterior to cloaca to possession of a well developed vulva. Lateral field usually with 4 incisures ending at terminus or just anterior. Bands between incisures plain or outer ones sometimes areolated to some degree. Torsion of the posterior region of the body occurs to some extent making true lateral views of the tail hard to obtain. Tail shape somewhat variable, digitate in lateral view, bluntly rounded in ventral. Terminus not clearly striated. Phasmids located in lateral field at cloacal level or slightly anterior. Spicules slightly curved, with ventral flange distally, tips pointed. Gubernaculum thin, crescentic.

Juvenile
Head not offset, in lateral view truncate cone shape with 3 annules behind head cap; more rounded in dorsal and ventral view with one annule behind head cap. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Hemizonid usually three annules long immediately anterior to excretory pore. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands not clearly cross-striated. Rectum inflated; tail tapering to sub-acute or finely rounded terminus, annules coarsening posteriorly.

Measurements (from Orton Williams, 1972)

20 females: L = 541-804 µm (657); width = 311-581 µm (431); stylet = 14-18 (15) µm width stylet base (10) = 2-5 µm (4); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice = 2-5 µm (3) behind stylet base; length median bulb (10) = 38-46 µm (42); width median bulb (10) = 31-44 µm (35); length median bulb valves (10) = 14-19 µm (16); width median bulb valves (10) = 10-13 µm (11).

25 males: L = 757-1297 µm (1131); a = 17.5-42.9 (37.5); length head (24) = 5.8-7.6 µm (6.6); stylet = 20.0-23.0 µm (21.2); width stylet base (24) = 3.6-5.4 µm (4.3); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (10) = 2.2-4.7 µm (2.9) behind stylet base; b1 = 13.0-18.4 (15.7); c (24) = 50-144 (91); length median bulb = 15.1-23.7 µm (19.7); width median bulb = 9.4-12.9 µm (10.9); spicules (length of arc) (30) = 20.9-31.7 µm (26.7); gubernaculum (14) = 7.2-9.4 µm (8.4).

25 juveniles: L = 387-459 µm (417); a = 27.1-35.9 (30.6); b (16) = 2.10-3.35 (2.42); b1 = 7.1-8.0 (7.5); length tail = 36-56 µm (49); d = 4.5-7.0 (5.5); c = 7.3-11.1 (8.5); length body to middle of genital primordium = 217-282 µm (255); stylet (24) = 9.4-11.4 µm (10.4); length median bulb = 10.8-13.7 µm (12.1); width median bulb = 5.4-7.6 µm (6.6); length median bulb valves (24) = 3.2-5.0 µm (4.3).

Distribution

Top of page M. javanica is widely distributed in warm and tropical climates where it is often the dominant root-knot species. The geographic range includes Africa, Australia, South America, Asia, the USA and greenhouses in Europe. M. javanica is considered particularly common in Central Africa and the savannah regions of West Africa (Egunjobi, 1985; Saka, 1985) and it is considered to predominate in drier areas (less than 500 mm per year rainfall) (Sasser and Carter, 1985).

M. javanica has also been recorded from the following areas of protected agriculture; for example, in soils in and around many temperate research stations and other areas of intensive horticulture. In some cases the nematodes have been able to overwinter because of mild winters and could be expanding their geographic range:

Heilongjiang and Ningxia in China (Yang et al., 1991), Moldavia (Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985), Poland (Brzeski et al., 1978), European part of Russia (Gushchin and Efremenko, 1975; Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985; Mar'enko, 1989), Russian Far East (Kondratenko, 1985; Kondratenko and Metlitskii, 1989) and United Kingdom (IIP, 1992).

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Risk of Introduction

Top of page M. javanica is found worldwide and no specific quarantine measures against it are known to be in force.

Habitat

Top of page Meloidogyne is one of the most widely distributed and economically important genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. M. javanica is considered second only to M. incognita in importance, being found widely in sub-tropical and tropical regions (see Sasser and Carter, 1985). Damage and yield losses caused are generally more severe on coarse-textured sandy soils (Van Gundy, 1985). Meloidogyne species are generally intolerant of flooded soil conditions. They are considered more prevalant on upland rice (Plowright and Hunt, 1994) and are not usually a problem on paddy rice (Fortuner and Merny, 1979).

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page Goodey et al. (1965) list a total of 770 host species or varieties, including many weeds as well as crop plants. In addition to those crops in the list of hosts, there are many others of economic importance, including tea, grapevine, many vegetables, fruit trees, cereals and ornamentals.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Top of page

Growth Stages

Top of page Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Top of page Symptoms of damage by M. javanica are similar to those caused by other Meloidogyne species and include poor growth with stunting and chlorosis of the aerial parts and a reduced and galled root system (see Dropkin, 1989).

List of Symptoms/Signs

Top of page

Biology and Ecology

Top of page

In most essentials the life cycle of M. javanica is very similar to those of other species of Meloidogyne. Mature females in roots produce eggs into a gelatinous egg sac, which may or may not protrude from the root and which completely envelops the eggs and acts as a barrier to water loss. Reproduction is probably always parthenogenetic. Under stress conditions such as overcrowding, food shortage, high temperature, or unsuitable host plant, a high percentage of males and intersexes is produced (Triantaphyllou, 1973). On hatching, infective second-stage juveniles move towards roots and accumulate at root tips, minor wounds or regions of previous penetration. Within a day of penetration of the host there is a rapid loss of mobility and infectivity.

Growth of M. javanica larvae in tomatoes (Bird, 1959) was slow at first, but after about 14 days (the time of the second moult), juveniles had thickened and possessed the spiked tail characteristic of Meloidogyne. The third and fourth moults followed rapidly within the moulted cuticle of the second-stage juvenile. Under Bird's optimum conditions, by the 19th day all specimens were in the final moult or were adults. Egg sac formation began between the 20th and 27th days, followed 2 days later by egg laying. Egg sac growth and rate of egg laying increased rapidly from the 30th to 40th day: the egg sac usually became bigger than the female which produced it. (See also Bird, 1971.)

M. javanica and one or even two other Meloidogyne spp. may sometimes be found in the same host. In mixed inoculations of M. javanica and M. hapla on tomatoes, Kinloch and Allen (1971) found that M. javanica predominated. M. javanica has been shown to interact with other pathogens, causing a disease complex where symptoms are worse than those produced by either pathogen alone. It interacts with the wilt-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum and its various forms on: cowpeas (Thomason et al., 1959), tobacco (Porter and Powell, 1967) and tomatoes (Oteifa and Ragab, 1958). It also interacts with Thanatephorus cucumeris on soyabeans (Taylor and Wyllie, 1959).

See Bird (1971) for a review of work with special reference to M. javanica. See Taylor (1979) for work on interactions between Meloidogyne and diseases.

 

Natural enemies

Top of page

Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page A considerable amount of work has been devoted to biological control of root-knot nematodes in general (see Kerry, 1987). This includes much work on the use of natural enemies in the biological control of M. javanica.

Use of the microorganism Pasteuria penetrans against M. javanica has been investigated on several crops, including pigeonpeas (Sharma and Sharma, 1989), mung beans (Shazad et al., 1990), aubergines (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990), tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988; Daudi and Gowen, 1992) and tobacco (Chen et al., 1994).

The nematode-pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus has also been assessed for the control of M. javanica on aubergines and mung beans (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990) and tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988).

Pathway Vectors

Top of page

Plant Trade

Top of page

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Leaves
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Impact

Top of page Difficulties of identification within the genus Meloidogyne (see Hartman and Sasser, 1985) and the frequent occurrence of mixed species populations require that, scientifically, reports of the distribution, biology and pest impact of Meloidogyne at the species level often need to be treated with caution. However, as most crops susceptible to one Meloidogyne species will probably be suceptible to others (eg. to both M. incognita and M. javanica), these difficulties may not be important at the practical level (Netscher and Sikora, 1990).

Meloidogyne spp. can cause yield losses of over 30% in various vegetable crops (Netscher and Sikora, 1990). M. javanica is common on cowpeas in California and Australia, pigeonpeas in Puerto Rico and Brazil (Sikora and Greco, 1990) and is a serious problem on tobacco in South Africa and Zimbabwe (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). M. javanica is a major pest of pineapples in many parts of the world (Caswell, et al., 1990)

Detection and Inspection

Top of page Above-ground symptoms are non-specific: examination of roots can reveal the presence of swollen roots and galls typical of root-knot nematodes in general (see Dropkin, 1989).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page Similarities to other Meloidogyne species may lead to difficulties in identification. For authoritative species-level identifications, consult a specialist taxonomist.

Prevention and Control

Top of page

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Introduction

Methods for the control of Meloidogyne spp. depend largely on crop plant, climate and economic considerations.

Cultural Methods

Fallows have been evaluated (Martin, 1967). Hot-water treatment of potatoes has been used (Martin, 1972).

Crop rotations with various non-host grasses are used to control M. javanica in tobacco (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). Various potential rotation crops, including Tagetes spp., guinea grass and maize have been assessed for the control of M. javanica on mung beans (Vigna radiata) (Toida, et al., 1991). In pot tests, Crotolaria ochroleuca, C. juncea (legumes) Tagetes erecta (African marigold), sesame and groundnuts were identifed as poor hosts for M. javanica (Madulu et al., 1994).

Organic amendments have been assessed to control M. javanica on tomatoes and okra in India (Singh and Sitaramaiah, 1966; 1967) and tested against M. javanica on mung beans (Toida et al., 1994).

Host-Plant Resistance

Root-knot resistance in tomatoes was evaluated against M. javanica in India (Sikora et al., 1973). Various vegetable varieties with resistance to M. javanica, including cowpeas, sweet peppers and tomatoes, have been developed in the USA (Lehman and Cochran, 1991).

Chemical Control

Where cost justifies their use, nematicides can be applied. Nematicides have been used to control M. javanica in tobacco and pineapple (Shepherd and Barker, 1990; Caswell et al., 1990).

References

Top of page

Abivardi C, Sharafeh M, 1973. A preliminary report on the occurrence of some unreported plant-parasitic nematodes in southern Iran. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 80(9/10):612-614

Adesiyan SO, Odihirin RA, 1978. Root knot nematodes as pests of yams (Dioscorea spp.) in southern Nigeria. Nematologica, 24(1):132-134

Ahmed NR, 1975. Outbreaks and new records. Nematodes attacking vegetable crops. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 23(6):192

Ali HH, Fatah KM, Ahmed AI, 2014. First record of nematode root knot on Zennia elegans caused by Meloidogyne javanica plant in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 32(3):276-277. http://www.asplantprotection.org/ASPP_Journal-32-3_2014.html

Araújo Filho JVde, Machado ACZ, Faria RSCAde, Camargo LEA, 2012. Root-knot disease caused by Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica in teak in São Paulo State, Brazil. Plant Disease, 96(1):151. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Artyunov AV, 1985. Allium pskemense - a new plant host of Meloidogyne. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Biologicheskie Nauk, No.7, 64-65

Awol Seid, Chemeda Fininsa, Mekete, T. M., Janssen, T., Decraemer, W., Wesemael, W. M. L., 2019. Biodiversity of Meloidogyne spp. from major tomato growing areas of Ethiopia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 154(3), 513-528. doi: 10.1007/s10658-019-01674-6

Babatola JD, 1984. Rice Nematode Problems in Nigeria: their Occurrence, Distribution and Pathogenesis. Tropical Pest Management, 30:256-265

Baeza Aragon CA, Benavides-Gomez M, Leguizamon-Caicedo JE, Aragon CAB, Gomez MB, Caicedo JEL, 1978. Host plants of Meloidogyne spp. in the coffee growing area of Colombia. Cenicafe, 29(2):35-45

Bala G, 1984. Occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with crops of agricultural importance in Trinidad. Nematropica, 14(1):37-45

Batyr AK, Kozhokaru GI, 1985. Distribution and species composition of gall nematodes in commercially grown flowers in Moldavia. Ekologiya i prakticheskoe znachenie zoo- i fitoparaziticheskikh organizmov. Kishinev, USSR, Shtiintsa., 3-10

Behdani, M., Afshar, F. J., Mirzaee, M. R., 2017. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on Berberis vulgaris in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 35(2), 155-156. doi: 10.18681/pjn.v35.i02.p155-156

Bergeson GB, Van Gundy SD, Thomason IJ, 1970. Effect of Meloidogyne javanica on rhizosphere microflora and Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytopathology, 60:1245-1249

Bhardwaj LN, Hogger CH, 1984. Root-knot nematodes of Chitwan District of Nepal. Nematologia Mediterranea, 12(1):155-158

Bird AD, 1971. Specialised Adaptations of Nematodes to Parasitism. In: Zuckerman BM, Mai WF, Rhode RA, eds. Plant Parasitic Nematodes Vol 2. New York, USA: Academic Press, 35-39

Bird AF, 1959. Development of the Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) and Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood in the Tomato. Nematologica, 4:32-42

Bridge J, 1978. Plant nematodes associated with cloves and black pepper in Sumatra and Bangka, Indonesia (ODM Technical Report). Ascot, UK: Ministry of Overseas Development Plant Nematology Laboratory, 19 pp

Bridge J, 1988. Plant-parasitic nematode problems in the Pacific Islands. Journal of Nematology, 20(2):173-183

Brzeski MW, Kotlinski S, Zepp AL, 1978. Observations on the pathogenicity of some nematodes for ornamental plants. Rocznik Nauk Rolniczych, E, 7(1):101-107

CABI/EPPO, 2002. Meloidogyne javanica. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No. 855. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

Campos VP, 1987. Characterization of M. incognita races and studies on inoculum levels of M. javanica and M. incognita in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Nematologia Brasileira, 11:249-259

Cavalcante Mde JB, Sharma RD, Cares JE, 2005. Nematodes associated with banana genotypes in Rio Branco. (Nematóides associados a genótipos de bananeira em Rio Branco.) Nematologia Brasileira, 29(1):91-94

Chen CM, Chen P, Yao G, 1991. Study on root-knot nematodes on tobacco and their control. Sichuan Plant Protection, No. 1/2, 75-78

Chen S, Dickson DW, Whitty EB, 1994. Response of Meloidogyne spp. to Pasteuria penetrans, fungi, and cultural practices in tobacco. Journal of Nematology, 26(4 Supp.):620-625

Cho HJ, Kim CH, Park JS, Jeoung MG, 1987. Distribution of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and their races in economic crops in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology, 3(3):159-163; 8 ref

Chunram C, 1972. A list of plant parasitic nematodes in Thailand. Plant Protection Service Technical Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, No. 1:44 pp

Costilla MA, Gomez TAH de, Ojeda SGde, 1976. Nematodes under sugar cane in the provinces of North-West Argentina. Revista Industrial y Agricola de Tucuman, 53(2):55-59

Curi SM, Silveira SGPda, 1978. Geographical distribution, symptoms and significance of coffee nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. exigua in the State of Sao Paulo. Biologico, 44(10):243-251

Cyprus, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1978. Annual report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1978. Annual report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1978. . Nicosia Cyprus, 138 pp

Dabaj KH, Jenser G, 1987. List of plants infected by root-knot nematodes in Libya. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 4(3):28-33

Daudi AT, Gowen SR, 1992. The potential for managing root-knot nematodes by use of Pasteuria penetrans and oxamyl. Nematologia Mediterranea, 20(2):241-244

de Souza VHM, Bonfim Junior MF, Antedomenico SR, Inomoto MM, 2015. First report of Meloidogyne javanica infesting noni (Morinda citrifolia) in Brazil. New Disease Reports, 31:12. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=031012

Diomande M, 1984. Response of upland rice cultivars to Meloidogyne species. Revue de Nematologie, 7(1):57-63

Doucet ME, Pinochet J, 1992. Occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. in Argentina. Journal of Nematology, 24(4, Supplement):765-770; 60 ref

Dropkin VH, 1980. Introduction to plant nematology. Introduction to plant nematology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York USA, xiii + 293 pp

Dzhuraeva LM, 1976. Plant-hosts and distribution of gall nematodes in Tadzhikistan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR (Ahboroti Akademijai Fanhoi RSS Tocikiston), Biologicheskie Nauki, No. 4(65):45-51

Ebbels DL, Allen DJ, 1979. A supplementary and annotated list of plant diseases, pathogens and associated fungi in Tanzania. Phytopathological Papers, No. 22:89 pp

Eissa MFM, 1982. Species and race identification of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species from four regions of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Agricultural Research Bulletin, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, No. 11:11 pp

El-Sherbiny AA, 2011. Phytoparasitic nematodes associated with ornamental shrubs, trees and palms in Saudi Arabia, including new host records. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 29(2):147-164

Esfahani MN, Ahmadi A, 2010. Field observations on the reaction of medicinal plants to root-knot nematodes in Isfahan, Iran. International Journal of Nematology, 20(1):107-112

Fam Tkhan' Bin', 1990. Gall nematodes of vegetables and potatoes in Da Lat (Tei Nguen Plateau, Vietnam) and description of Meloidogyne cynariensis, a parasite of artichokes. Zoologicheskii^breve~ Zhurnal, 69(4):128-131

Fernßndez E, Carrasco J, PTrez M, 1988. Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Cuba. First report. Revista de Proteccio^acute~n Vegetal, 3(3):261-263; 8 ref

Ferraz LC, 1993. Reacoes de variedades de arroz a trez especies de Meloidogyne. Nematologia Brasileira, 17:76-84

Food and Agriculture Organization, 1975. List of new records of plant diseases and nematodes in Brunei - 1974. Technical Document, Plant Protection Committee for the South East Asia and Pacific Region, FAO, No.99:9 pp

Fortuner R, 1981. Nematodes associated with pluvial rice in the Ivory Coast. Agronomie Tropicale, 36(1):70-77

Fortuner R, Merny G, 1979. Root-parasitic nematodes of rice. Revue de Nematologie., 2(1):79-102

Freire Fdas CO, 1976. Meloidogyne spp. associated with plants in the Amazon, I. Para State. Acta Amazonica, 6(4):405-408

Freire Fdas CO, Ferraz S, 1977. Nematodes associated with bean fields in the Mata area, Minas Gerais, and the effects of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica infection on the cultivar "Rico 23". Revista Ceres, 24(132):141-149

Freire Fdas CO, Ponte JJda, 1976. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., associated with plant parasitism in the State of Bahia (Brazil). Boletim Cearense de Agronomia, 17:47-55

Fukudome N, 1978. Plant-parasitic nematodes found in the tobacco growing areas in Okinawa (Japan). Bulletin of the Kagoshima Tobacco Experiment Station, No.21:43-62

Gharabadiyan F, Jamali S, Yazdi AA, Hadizadeh MH, Eskandari A, 2012. Weed hosts of root-knot nematodes in tomato fields. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52(2):230-234. http://versita.metapress.com/link.asp?target=contribution&id=428087616X360N23

Goodey JB, Franklin MT, Hooper DJ, 1965. T. Goodey's The Nematode Parasites of Plants Catalogued under their Hosts. 3rd. ed. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

Grujicic G, 1974. Studies on plant parasitic nematodes of maize plants. Biljna Zastita, 5:193

Gul A, Saeed M, 1987. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 4(3):34-38

Gushchin BE, Efremenko VP, 1975. Distribution and species composition of gall nematodes in the Krasnodarsk territory. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii im. K.I. Skryabina, No. 15:37-41

Haryana Agricultural University, 1980. First decade 1970-80. HAU on the march. First decade 1970-80. HAU on the march. Hissar. India, [vi] + 184 pp

Hashim Z, 1979. A preliminary report on the plant-parasitic nematodes in Jordan. Nematologia Mediterranea, 7(2):177-186

Ibrahim IKA, Handoo ZA, 2016. Occurrence of phytoparasitic nematodes on some crop plants in northern Egypt. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 34(2):163-169

Ibrahim IKA, Ibrahim IA, Rezk MA, 1972. Pathogenicity of certain parasitic nematodes on rice. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 20(1):175-181

Ibrahim IKA, Rezk MA, Khalil HAA, 1983. Resistance of some plant cultivars to root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. Nematologia Mediterranea, 11(2):189-192

Jimenez R M, 1979. Records of root-knot nematodes in Region I, Chile. Idesia, Chile, No.5:41-47

Kanjanasoon P, 1964. Rice root-knot nematodes and their host plants. Paper presented at the 10th FAO-IRC Working Party on Rice Production and Protection Meeting, Manila, Phillipines

Kanyagia ST, 1979. A survey of vegetable nematodes in Kenya. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 44(3):178-182

Kanyagia ST, 1988. Nematodes found associated with grapevines and areas of their distribution in Kenya. Acta Horticulturae, No. 218:295-298; [Proceedings of the 12th African Symposium on Horticultural Crops, Nairobi, Kenya held on 24-30 Nov. 1985]; 13 ref

Keetch DP, Buckley NH, 1984. Check list of Plant parasitic nematodes of southern Africa. Technical Communication No 195, Dept of Agriculture, South Africa

Kermarrec A, Scotto la Massese C, 1972. New data on the composition and dynamics of the nematode fauna in soils of the French Antilles. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale, 4(4):513-527

Kerry BR, 1987. Biological control. Principles and practice of nematode control in crops [edited by Brown, R.H.; Kerry, B.R.] Marrickville, NSW, Australia; Academic Press Australia, 233-263

Khair GT, 1986. List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia. 3rd Edition. Plant Health & Quarantine, Dept of Primary Industry, Australia

Khurramov Sh.-Kh., 1990. The use of solarization in control of gall-forming nematodes. Zashchita Rastenii Moskva., No. 4, 12-13.

Kinloch RA, Allen MW, 1971. Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and M. javanica Infecting Tomato. Journal of Nematology, 4:7-16

Kondratenko VV, 1985. Meloidogyne javanica in vegetable greenhouses in the Amur region. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii im. K.I. Skryabina, No.41, 24-26

Kondratenko VV, Metlitskii OZ, 1989. Resistance of tomato varieties to Meloidogyne javanica in the Priamur' area. Sibirskii^breve~ Vestnik Sel'skokhozyai^breve~stvennoi^breve~ Nauki, No. 4:36-40; 27 ref

Kyrou NC, 1976. New records of nematodes in Greece. Plant Disease Reporter, 60(7):630

Lamberti F, Boiboi JB, Ciancio A, 1988. Losses due to Meloidogyne incognita in okra in Liberia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 16(1):5-6

Lamberti F, Di-Vito NM, Scrano L, Chinapen M, Bucha J, 1987. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species, in Mauritius and Rodrigues. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 35:43-50

Lamberti F, Vovlas N, Roca F, Chinappen M, la Massese CScotto, Aubert B, Quilici S, 1986. A survey of plant parasitic nematodes from the island of Reunion, Indian Ocean. Frustula Entomologica, 9(22):165-185; 3 ref

Lehman PS, Cochran CR, 1991. How to use vegetable cultivars to control root-knot nematodes in home gardens. Nematology Circular no. 189. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

Li SJ, Yu Z, 1991. Investigation on plant root-knot nematodes and pathogen identification of Henan. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 25(2):169-174

Lima IM, Souza RM, Silva CP, Carneiro RMDG, 2005. Meloidogyne spp. from preserved areas of Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, 29(1):31-38

Liu PSWA, 1977. Supplement to a host list of plant diseases in Sabah, Malaysia. Phytopathological Papers. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, No. 21

Lopes EB, Lordello LGE, 1980. Nematodes associated with potato in Paraiba State, Brazil. In: : Lordello LGE, ed. Trabalhos apresentados a IV Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 16-20 de julho de 1979, Sao Paulo. Publicacao No. 4. Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. Piracicaba, SP Brazil, 143-157

Lordello AIL, Lordello RRA, Cia E, Fuzatto MG, 1984. A preliminary report on a survey of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne attacking cotton in the state of Sao Paulo. Nematologia Brasileira, 8:185-192

Lordello LGE, Marini PR, 1974. Some nematode parasites of plants from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Revista de Agricultura, 59(1):15-18

Loubser JT, 1988. Occurrence and pathogenicity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) in south African vineyards. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 92:21-27

Machado ACZ, Dorigo OF, Boss A, Tironi P, 2014. First report of Meloidogyne javanica parasitizing Duboisia sp. in Paraná State, Brazil. Plant Disease, 98(12):1745-1746. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Machado ACZ, Silva SA, Dorigo OF, Mattei D, 2013. Meloidogyne javanica and M. arenaria on calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Brazil. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 8(1):131-132. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-013-0114-x/fulltext.html

Madamba CP, 1981. Distribution and identification of Meloidogyne spp. in the Philippines and five other Asian countries. Philippine Agriculturist, 64(1):21-39

Madulu JD, Trudgill DL, Phillips MS, 1994. Rotational management of Meloidogyne javanica and effects on Pasteuria penetrans and tomato and tobacco yields. Nematologica, 40(3):438-455; 14 ref

Maheswari TU, Mani A, 1988. Combined efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans and Ppcilomyces lilacinus on the biocontrol of Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 5(3):10-11

Mao Qi, Zhang Rong, Zhang XiaoYan, Li GuanMian, 2007. Identification of root-knot nematodes on greenhouse's vegetable in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition, 35(8):135-138

Maqbool MA, 1986. Classification and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Pakistan. National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi

Mar'enko AY, 1989. Distribution of species and races of Meloidogyne in protected ground in the European part of the USSR. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii im. K. I. Skryabina, No. 50:28-32; 15 ref

Martin GC, 1967. Longevity of Meloidogyne javanica under conditions of bare fallow in Rhodesia. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal, 64:112-114

Martin GC, 1972. Potatoes and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Stocks and Crops, 3(7):27, 29, 31 and 3(8):38, 39

Martin GC, Armstrong AM, 1975. Potatoes in Rhodesia. Part 3. Nematode pests of potatoes. Technical Bulletin, Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, No. 11:27-31

Mathur RL, Handa DK, Mathur BN, 1970. Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood, 1949 and M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 - two new nematode pests on barley in India. Madras Agricultural Journal, 57(6):343

Moura RM de, Almeida AVde, 1982. Preliminary studies on the occurrence of phytonematodes associated with sugar-cane in areas of low productivity in Pernambuco State. Trabalhos apresentados a V Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 9-13 fevereiro de 1981, Londrina, PR, Brasil. Publicacao No.5, 1981. Piracicaba, SP: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. Brazil, 213-220

Mukhopadhyay AK, Roy K, 2006. Community analysis of major plant parasitic nematodes associated with vegetable crops in Eastern and Northeastern India. International Journal of Nematology, 16(2):194-199

Narayanaswamy BC, Setty KGH, 1979. Addition to plant parasitic nematodes of Karnataka, India. Science and Culture, 45(5):204-205

Narbpv ZN, 1973. Gall nematodes and other Heteroderidae in different regions of the Uzbekistan. Voprosy fitogel'mintologii v Uzbekistane. Book 3. Izdatel'stvo "FAN". Tashkent USSR, 215-245

Netscher C, Sikora RA, 1990. Nematode Parasites of Vegetables. In: Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J, Plant Parasitic Nematodes of Subtropical and Tropical Agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 237-284

Nirmal Singh, Gill JS, Krishnanada N, 1979. Prevalence of root-knot nematode in Nilgiri hills. Indian Phytopathology, 32(3):499-501

Oever HAM van den, Mangane SE, 1992. Survey of nematodes on various crops in Mozambique. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2(1-2):74-79

Orton-Williams KJ, 1972. Meloidogyne javanica. CIH Descriptions of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Set 1, No. 3. Wallingford, UK: CAB International

Oteifa BA, Ragab MA, 1958. Magazine of the Egyptian Society of Horticulture 132:49

Pajovic I, Sirca S, Stare BG, Urek G, 2007. The incidence of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica on vegetables and weeds in Montenegro. Plant Disease, 91(11):1514. HTTP://www.apsnet.org

Pan CS, 1984. Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on economically important crops in Fujian. I. Species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) and their host-plants. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 30(2):159-166

Philis J, 1983. Occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. and races on the island of Cyprus. Nematologia Mediterranea, 11(1):13-19

Pinochet J, 1977. Occurrence and spatial distribution of root-knot nematodes on bananas and plantains in Honduras. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(6):518-520

Plowright RA, Hunt DJ, 1994. Plant parasitic nematodes of upland, hydromorphic and inland swamp rice ecosystems in C(te d'Ivoire. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 4(1):61-67; 26 ref

Ponte JJ da, Fernandes ER, Silva AT, 1977. The plant hosts of Meloidogyne in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Trabalhos apresentados a II reuniao de nematologia, Piracicaba, Brazil, 14-16 Setembro 1976, Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia et da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luis de Queiroz" USP. Publicacao No. 2. Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. Piracicaba, Sao Paulo Brazil, 67-70

Ponte JJda, 1968. Contributions to the knowledge of the host plants and control of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in the State of Ceara. Boletim da Sociedade Cearense de Agronomia, 9:1-26

Porter DM, Powell NT, 1967. Influence of Certain Meldoigyne Species on Fusarium Wilt Development in Flue-Cured Tobacco. Phytopathology, 57:282-285

Pyrowolakis E, 1975. Studies on the distribution of the genus Meloidogyne on the island of Crete. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 82(11/12):750-755

Rathour KS, Jola Pandey, Sudershan Ganguly, 2006. Community structure of plant parasitic nematodes in Champawat District of Uttaranchal, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 36(1):89-93

Republic of Zambia, Department of Agriculture, 1973. Annual report of the research branch 1971-1972. Annual report of the research branch 1971-1972. Ministry of Rural Development. Zambia, [vi] + 287 pp

Saad AT, Tanveer M, 1972. Prevalence and host range of Meloidogyne species in Lebanon. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 20(2):31-35

Sahu R, Chandra P, Poddar AN, 2011. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes prevalent in vegetable crops in district Durg of Chhattisgarh, India. Research Journal of Parasitology, 6(2):83-89. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jp.2011.83.89&org=10

Saka VW, Siddiqi MA, 1979. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with plants in Malawi. Plant Disease Reporter, 63(11):945-948

Saka VW, Siddiqi MA, 1979. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with plants in Malawi. Plant Disease Reporter, 63(11):945-948

Salam MA, 1991. Weed hosts of root knot nematodes in Little Andaman Island. Current Nematology, 2(1):83-84

Santos BB-dos, Silva LAT-da, 1984. Occurrence of Meloidogyne in some cultivated plants of Parana, Brazil. Revista de Agricultura, 59(1):21-26

Santos MSNde A, Abrantes IMde O, Fernandes MFM, 1987. Identification of Portuguese populations of Meloidogyne spp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) by differential host plant tests-III. Ciência Biológica, Ecology and Systematics [Identificacão de populações Portuguesas de Meloidogyne spp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) pelas reacções induzidas em plantas diferenciadoras-III.], 7(1/2):37-43

Sarawak, Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, 1975. Annual report for 1974. Annual report for 1974. Ministry of Agriculture and Community Development. Borneo Sarawak, vii + 252 pp

Sarawak. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry., 1972. Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1971. Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1971., 191 pp.

Sasser JN, Carter CC, 1985. An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol.I. Biology and Control. Raleigh, North Carolina State Graphics

Schmutterer H, 1969. Pests of Crops in North-East and Central Africa. Stuttgart-Portland, USA: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 11-12

Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp

Scotto La Massese C, 1961. Overview of problems posed by phytoparasitic nematodes in Algeria. In: The Nematodes. Paris, France: ACTA, 1-27

Sen K, Das Gupta MK, 1976. Occurrence of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on some plants in Sriniketan (West Bengal). Science and Culture, 42:112-115

Shagalina LM, 1971. Distribution of root-knot nematodes in the Murgab oasis and Fusarium wilt of cotton. In: Becker ZE, Paletskaya LN, eds. Ekologo-fiziologicheskie metody v bor'be s fuzarioznym viltom khlopchatnika. Sbornik 1, 205-213

Shagalina LM, Shagalin SF, 1987. Gall nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) parasites of vegetable crops in the foothills of Kopetdag. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR, Biologicheskikh Nauk, No.2:37-43

Shahina F, Firoza K, Mehreen G, Salma J, Bhatti MI, 2012. Molecular characterization of root-knot nematodes with five new host records from Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 30(2):129-141

Shahzad S, Ehteshamul-Haque S, Ghaffar A, 1990. Efficacy of Pasteuria penetrans and Paecilomyces lilacinus in the biological control of Meloidogyne javanica on mung bean. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 7(3):34-35

Sharma R, Sharma SB, 1989. Sticky swarm disease of Heterodera cajani and Meloidogyne javanica caused by Pasteuria penetrans. International Pigeonpea Newsletter, No. 10:26-27; 3 ref

Sharma RD, 1980. Pathogenicidade de um Nematóide, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, ao arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5:91-98

Sharma RD, 1982. Reatoes de alguns cultivares de arroz de sequeiro o nematóide das galhas, Meloidogyne javanica. Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5:171-182

Sharma RD, Loof PAA, 1982. Nematodes associated with declining coconut in Sergipe, Brazil. In: : Lordello LGE, ed. Trabalhos apresentados a VI reuniao Brasileira de nematologia, 8-12 fevereiro de 1982, Fortaleza. Publicacao No.6. Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia Piracicaba, SP Brazil, 79-84

Shen BK, Sun SY, Dai YS, 1990. Studies on root-knot nematodes of trees, ornamental plants, and forest weeds. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 14(3):37-42

Shen CX, 1992. Preliminary results of the investigation of nematode diseases in Beijing gardens. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 22(3):263-264; 9 ref

Shweta Sharma, Khan TA, 2010. Occurrence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on Coleus forskohlii in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India: a new report. Current Nematology, 21(1/2):75-76

Sikora RA, Sitramaiah K, Singh RS, 1973. Reaction of root-knot nematode-resistant tomato cultivars to Meloidogyne javanica in India. Plant Disease Reporter, 57:141-143

Silva GS-da, Da-Silva GS, 1991. Identification of Meloidogyne species and races associated with vegetables in the Maranhao State, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, 15(1):51-58

Silva RA, Oliveira CMG, Inomoto MM, 2008. Fauna of plant-parasitic nematodes in natural and cultivated areas of the Amazon forest, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. (Fauna de fitonematóides em áreas preservadas e cultivadas da floresta amazônica no Estado de Mato Grosso.) Tropical Plant Pathology, 33(3):204-211. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1982-56762008000300005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt

Singh RS, Sitramaiah K, 1966. Incidence of root-knot of okra and tomatoes in oil-cake amended soil. Plant Disease Reporter, 50:668-672

Singh RS, Sitramaiah K, 1967. Effect of decomposing green leaves, sawdust and urea on the incidence of root-knot to okra and tomato. Indian Phytopathology, 20:349-355

Singh VK, 2012. Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica of strawberry - a new host record from India. Indian Phytopathology, 65(2):211. http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IPPJ

Singh VK, Gupta RK, 2011. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on ginger and Meloidogyne incognita on coriander in Jammu and Kashmir (India). Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 6(1):74-75

Sivapalan P, 1978. Investigation on root-knot nematodes in Sri Lanka under International Meloidogyne Project. Kasetsart Journal, 12(1):14-24

Sosa Moss C, 1985. Report on the status of Meloidogyne research in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean countries In: Sasser JN, Carter CC, eds. An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume 1: Biology and control., Raleigh, NC , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 353-360

Spatafora F, Sasanelli N, Vovlas N, Federico R, 2004. Concomitant infection of cauliflower in Sicily by two endoparasitic plant nematodes. (Contemporanea presenza di due specie di nematodi endoparassiti in coltivazioni deperienti di cavolfiore in Sicilia.) Giornate Fitopatologische 2004, Montesilvano (Pescara), 4-6 maggio 2004. Atti, volume primo [Giornate Fitopatologiche, Montesilvano, Italy, 4-6 May, 2004.]:231-234

Stephan ZA, 1978. Report on the status of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne sp. in Iraq. Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., 29 January to 2 February 1978, Cairo University, (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234). Nematology Research Center, Cairo University. Giza Egypt, 42-43

Stephan ZA, 1980. The survey program of the IMP Project in Iraq. Proceedings of the 2nd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Region VII, Athens, Greece, 26-30 November 1979. (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234). North Carolina State University. Raleigh, NC USA, 64-66

Tarjan AC, 1953. Geographic distribution of some Meloidogyne species in Israel. Plant Disease Reporter, 37:315-316

Taylor AL, Sasser JN, Nelson LA, 1982. Relationship of climate and soil characteristics to geographical distribution of Meloidogyne species in agricultural soils. [International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234.]. Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University & US Agency for International Development Raleigh, North Carolina USA, vi + 65 pp

Taylor DP, 1975. Observations on a resistant and a susceptible variety of tomato in a field heavily infested with Meloidogyne in Senegal. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M., Serie Biologie, nematologie., 10(3):239-245

Taylor DP, Wyllie TD, 1959. Interrelationship of root-knot nematodes and Rhizoctonia solani on soybean emergence. Phytopathology, 49:552

Thomason IJ, Erwin DC, Garder MJ, 1959. The relationship of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, to Fusarium Wilt of Cowpea. Phytopathology, 49:602-606

Tihohod D, Ferraz S, 1986. Variability of 3 Meloidogyne javanica populations in soyabean plants. Nematologia Brasileira, 10:163-171

Timm RW, 1965. SEATO. Publication 71

Toida Y, Keereewan S, Puttirut N, 1991. Assessment and prevention of mungbean damage caused by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in Thailand. Japanese Journal of Nematoloy, 21:6-10

Toida Y, Keereewan S, Puttirut N, 1992. Cultural Control of the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, attacking mungbean in Thailand. Research Highlights. Thailand: Tropical Agriculture Research Centre, 16-19

Toida Y, Keereewan S, Tangjitsomkid N, 1994. Effects of addition of organic materials on population density of Meloidogyne javanica attacking mungbean in Thailand. Japanese Journal of Nematology, 23(2):90-94; 14 ref

Triantaphyllou AC, 1973. Environmental sex differentiation of nematodes in relation to pest management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 11:441-462

Tzortzakakis EA, 2009. Variation in colonization of field soil and associated roots by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 37(2):183-189. http://www.edizioniets.com

Tzortzakakis EA, Conceição ILPMda, Santos MCVdos, Abrantes IMde O, 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 4(1):25-30. http://www.bpi.gr/files/journal/2011/january/Volume%204%20-%20Issue%201%20(January%202011).pdf

Tzortzakakis EA, Santos MCVdos, Conceicao I, 2016. An update on the occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on resistant tomato in Greece with six new records from Crete. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 9(2):60-65. http://www.bpi.gr/files/journal/2016/july/VOLUME%209%20-%20ISSUE%202%20(July%202016).pdf

Van der Linde WJ, 1956. The Meloidogyne problem in South Africa. Nematologica, 1:177-183

Van Gundy SD, 1985. Ecology of Meloidogyne spp.-emphasis on environmental factors affecting survival and pathogenicity. In: Sasser JN, Carter CC, eds. An Advanced Treatise of Meloidogyne. Vol.I. Biology and Control. Raleigh, North Carolina State Graphics, 177-182

Vuong-Huu-Hai, 1972. Injury by Meloidogyne javanica to dry-land rice in the Comoro Islands. Report of a mission (3 to 10 February, 1972). Document, Institut de Recherches Agronomiques a Madagascar, No. 341:21 pp

Wajid-Khan M, Khan MR, Khan AA, 1984. Identity of root-knot nematodes on certain vegetables of Aligarh District in northern India. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 1:6-7

Waldmann H, 1971. A new method of controlling the root knot nematode? Gesunde Pflanzen, 23(12):227-228, 230-232

Waller JM, Bridge J, 1978. Plant diseases and nematodes in the Sultanate of Oman. PANS, 24(3):313-326

Walters SA, Barker KR, 1994. Current distribution of five major Meloidogyne species in the United States. Plant Disease, 78(8):772-774; 20 ref

Wang Y, Xie Y, Cui HD, Dong Y, 2014. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in China. Plant Disease, 98(1):165. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Way JI, 1982. Meloidogyne species in Zimbabwe susceptible crops other than tobacco, taxonomy and resistant crops. Proceedings of the 3rd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Regions IV and V, 16-20 November 1981, Ibadan, Nigeria. (International Meloidogyne Project). International Institute of Tropical Agriculture Ibadania Niger, 13-20

Yang B, Wang Q, Hu K, Yu S, Yin Y, Feng R, Wu Q, 1991. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in China. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology, 1(1):91-93

Yasir, M. S., Sajid, A. K., Javed, N., Ghani, M., 2018. Incidence of root-knot nematodes on different date-palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 36(1), 27-32. doi: 10.18681/pjn.v36.i01.p27-32

Zaki MJ, Maqbool MA, 1990. Effect of Pasteuria penetrans and Paecilomyces lilacinus on the control of root-knot nematodes of brinjal and mung. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2(1-2):37-42

Zarina B, Shahina F, 2010. Ornamentals as new host of Meloidogyne spp. in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 28(2):359-360

Zhao Lei, Guo Kai, Hong WenYing, Zheng JingWu, 2010. Morphological identification of two root-knot nematode species occurring in vegetable crops of Zhejiang, China. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences), 36(6):623-629. http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr

Distribution References

Abivardi C, Sharafeh M, 1973. A preliminary report on the occurrence of some unreported plant-parasitic nematodes in southern Iran. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 80 (9/10), 612-614.

Adesiyan S O, Odihirin R A, 1978. Root knot nematodes as pests of yams (Dioscorea spp.) in southern Nigeria. Nematologica. 24 (1), 132-134.

Ahmed N R, 1975. Outbreaks and new records. Nematodes attacking vegetable crops. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 23 (6), 192.

Ali H H, Fatah K M, Ahmed A I, 2014. First record of nematode root knot on Zennia elegans caused by Meloidogyne javanica plant in Erbil Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection. 32 (3), 276-277. http://www.asplantprotection.org/ASPP_Journal-32-3_2014.html

Artyunov AV, 1985. Allium pskemense - a new plant host of Meloidogyne. In: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Biologicheskie Nauk, 64-65.

Awol Seid, Chemeda Fininsa, Mekete T M, Janssen T, Decraemer W, Wesemael W M L, 2019. Biodiversity of Meloidogyne spp. from major tomato growing areas of Ethiopia. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 154 (3), 513-528. DOI:10.1007/s10658-019-01674-6

Babatola J O, 1984. Rice nematode problems in Nigeria: their occurrence, distribution and pathogenesis. Tropical Pest Management. 30 (3), 256-265.

Bala G, 1984. Occurrence of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with crops of agricultural importance in Trinidad. Nematropica. 14 (1), 37-45.

Behdani M, Afshar F J, Mirzaee M R, 2017. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on Berberis vulgaris in Iran. Pakistan Journal of Nematology. 35 (2), 155-156. DOI:10.18681/pjn.v35.i02.p155-156

Bhardwaj L N, Högger C H, 1984. Root-knot nematodes of Chitwan District of Nepal. Nematologia Mediterranea. 12 (1), 155-158.

Bridge J, 1978. Plant nematodes associated with cloves and black pepper in Sumatra and Bangka, Indonesia. (ODM Technical Report on visit to Indonesia, 9-19 July, 1978.). In: Plant nematodes associated with cloves and black pepper in Sumatra and Bangka, Indonesia. (ODM Technical Report on visit to Indonesia, 9-19 July, 1978.). Ascot, Berks, UK: Ministry of Overseas Development. iii + 19 pp.

Bridge J, 1988. Plant-parasitic nematode problems in the Pacific Islands. In: Journal of Nematology, 20 (2) 173-183.

CABI, EPPO, 2002. Meloidogyne javanica. [Distribution map]. In: Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Map 855.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Campos VP, 1987. Characterization of M. incognita races and studies on inoculum levels of M. javanica and M. incognita in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). In: Nematologia Brasileira, 11 249-259.

Cavalcante M de J B, Sharma R D, Cares J E, 2005. Nematodes associated with banana genotypes in Rio Branco. (Nematóides associados a genótipos de bananeira em Rio Branco.). Nematologia Brasileira. 29 (1), 91-94.

Chen C M, Chen P, Yao G, 1991. Study on root-knot nematodes on tobacco and their control. Sichuan Plant Protection. 75-78.

Cho H J, Kim C H, Park J S, Jeoung M G, 1987. Distribution of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. and their races in economic crops in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Pathology. 3 (3), 159-163.

Chunram C, 1972. A list of plant parasitic nematodes in Thailand. In: Plant Protection Service Technical Bulletin, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 44 pp.

Costilla M A, Gomez T A H de, Ojeda S G de, 1976. Nematodes under sugar cane in the provinces of North-West Argentina. (Nematodes identificados en cultivos de cana de azucar en las provincias del Noroeste Argentino.). Revista Industrial y Agricola de Tucuman. 53 (2), 55-59.

Curi S M, Silveira S G P da, 1978. Geographical distribution, symptoms and significance of coffee nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. exigua in the State of Sao Paulo. (Distribuicao geografica, sintomatologia e significacao dos nematoides Meloidogyne incognita e M. exigua parasitos do cafeeiro no Estado de Sao Paulo.). Biologico. 44 (10), 243-251.

Dabaj K H, Jenser G, 1987. List of plants infected by root-knot nematodes in Libya. International Nematology Network Newsletter. 4 (3), 28-33.

Doucet M E, Pinochet J, 1992. Occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. in Argentina. Journal of Nematology. 24 (4, Supplement), 765-770.

Dzhuraeva L M, 1976. Plant-hosts and distribution of gall nematodes in Tadzhikistan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Tadzhikskoi SSR (Ahboroti Akademijai Fanhoi RSS Tocikiston), Biologicheskie Nauki. 45-51.

Ebbels D L, Allen D J, 1979. A supplementary and annotated list of plant diseases, pathogens and associated fungi in Tanzania. In: Phytopathological Papers, Kew, Surrey, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. 89 pp.

Eissa M F M, 1982. Species and race identification of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species from four regions of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In: Agricultural Research Bulletin, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11 pp.

Fortuner R, 1981. Nematodes associated with pluvial rice in the Ivory Coast. (Les nematodes associes au riz pluvial en Cote d'Ivoire.). Agronomie Tropicale. 36 (1), 70-77.

Freire F das C O, 1976. Meloidogyne spp. associated with plants in the Amazon, I. Para State. (Nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., associados ao parasitismo de plantas na regiao amazonica. I. No Estado do Para.). Acta Amazonica. 6 (4), 405-408.

Freire F das C O, Ferraz S, 1977. Nematodes associated with bean fields in the Mata area, Minas Gerais, and the effects of Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica infection on the cultivar "Rico 23". (Nematoides associados ao feijoeiro, na zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, e efeitos do parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita e M. javanica sobre o cultivar "Rico 23".). Revista Ceres. 24 (132), 141-149.

Freire F das C O, Ponte J J da, 1976. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., associated with plant parasitism in the State of Bahia (Brazil). (Nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., associados ao parasitismo de plantas no Estado da Bahia (Brasil).). Boletim Cearense de Agronomia. 47-55.

Fukudome N, 1978. Plant-parasitic nematodes found in the tobacco growing areas in Okinawa (Japan). Bulletin of the Kagoshima Tobacco Experiment Station. 43-62.

Grujicic G, 1974. Studies on plant parasitic nematodes of maize plants. (Prilog proucavanju parazitnih nematoda na kukuruzu.). Biljna Zastita. 193.

Gul A, Saeed M, 1987. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. International Nematology Network Newsletter. 4 (3), 34-38.

Hashim Z, 1979. A preliminary report on the plant-parasitic nematodes in Jordan. Nematologia Mediterranea. 7 (2), 177-186.

India, Haryana Agricultural University, 1980. First decade 1970-80. HAU on the march. In: First decade 1970-80. HAU on the march. Hissar, India: Haryana Agricultural University. [vi] + 184 pp.

Kanjanasoon P, 1964. Rice root-knot nematodes and their host plants. [Paper presented at the 10th FAO-IRC Working Party on Rice Production and Protection Meeting, Manila, Philippines],

Kanyagia S T, 1979. A survey of vegetable nematodes in Kenya. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 44 (3), 178-182.

Kanyagia S T, 1988. Nematodes found associated with grapevines and areas of their distribution in Kenya. In: Acta Horticulturae, Wageningen, Netherlands: International Society for Horticultural Science. 295-298.

Keetch DP, Buckley NH, 1984. Check list of Plant parasitic nematodes of southern Africa. In: Technical Communication No 195, South Africa: Dept of Agriculture.

Khair GT, 1986. List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia., Australia: Plant Health & Quarantine, Dept of Primary Industry.

Lamberti F, Boiboi J B, Ciancio A, 1988. Losses due to Meloidogyne incognita in okra in Liberia. Nematologia Mediterranea. 16 (1), 5-6.

Lamberti F, Di Vito N M, Scrano L, Chinappen M, Bucha J, 1987. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species, in Mauritius and Rodrigues. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 35 (2), 43-50.

Lamberti F, Vovlas N, Roca F, Chinappen M, la Massese C Scotto, Aubert B, Quilici S, 1986. A survey of plant parasitic nematodes from the island of Reunion, Indian Ocean. Frustula Entomologica. 9 (22), 165-185.

Li S J, Yu Z, 1991. Investigation on plant root-knot nematodes and pathogen identification of Henan. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis. 25 (2), 169-174.

Lima I M, Souza R M, Silva C P, Carneiro R M D G, 2005. Meloidogyne spp. from preserved areas of Atlantic Forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira. 29 (1), 31-38.

Liu P S W, 1977. A supplement to a host list of plant diseases in Sabah, Malaysia. In: Phytopathological Papers, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 50 pp.

Lopes E B, Lordello L G E, 1980. Nematodes associated with potato in Paraiba State, Brazil. (Nematoides associados a batatinha (Solanum tuberosum L.) na Paraiba.). In: Trabalhos apresentados a IV Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 16-20 de julho de 1979, Sao Paulo. Publicacao No. 4. [ed. by : Lordello L G E]. Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. 143-157.

Lordello A I L, Lordello R R A, Cia E, Fuzatto M G, 1984. A preliminary report on a survey of nematodes of the genus Meloidogyne attacking cotton in the state of Sao Paulo. (Resultados parciais do levantamento de nematóides do gênero Meloidogyne parasitos do algodoeiro em São Paulo.). In: Nematologia Brasileira, 8 185-192.

Lordello L G E, Marini P R, 1974. Some nematode parasites of plants from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. (Alguns nematoides parasitos de plantas do Rio Grande do Sul.). Revista de Agricultura. 59 (1), 15-18.

Loubser J T, 1988. Occurrence and pathogenicity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) in south African vineyards. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture. 9 (2), 21-27.

Machado A C Z, Silva S A, Dorigo O F, Mattei D, 2013. Meloidogyne javanica and M. arenaria on calla (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Brazil. Australasian Plant Disease Notes. 8 (1), 131-132. http://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13314-013-0114-x/fulltext.html DOI:10.1007/s13314-013-0114-x

Madamba C P, 1981. Distribution and identification of Meloidogyne spp. in the Philippines and five other Asian countries. Philippine Agriculturist. 64 (1), 21-39.

Mao Qi, Zhang Rong, Zhang XiaoYan, Li GuanMian, 2007. Identification of root-knot nematodes on greenhouse's vegetable in Shaanxi Province. Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition. 35 (8), 135-138.

Martin G C, Armstrong A M, 1975. Potatoes in Rhodesia. Part 3. Nematode pests of potatoes. Technical Bulletin, Rhodesia Agricultural Journal. 27-31.

Mathur R L, Handa D K, Mathur B N, 1970. Meloidogyne incognita acrita Chitwood, 1949 and M. javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949 - two new nematode pests on barley in India. Madras Agricultural Journal. 57 (6), 343.

Moura R M de, Almeida A V de, 1982. Preliminary studies on the occurrence of phytonematodes associated with sugar-cane in areas of low productivity in Pernambuco State. (Estudos preliminares sobre a ocorrencia de fitonematoides associados a cana-de acucar em areas de baixa produtividade agricola no Estado de Pernambuco.). In: Trabalhos apresentados a V Reuniao Brasileira de Nematologia, 9-13 fevereiro de 1981, Londrina, PR, Brasil. Publicacao No.5, 1981. Piracicaba, SP: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. Brazil: 213-220.

Mukhopadhyay A K, Roy K, 2006. Community analysis of major plant parasitic nematodes associated with vegetable crops in Eastern and Northeastern India. International Journal of Nematology. 16 (2), 194-199.

Narayanaswamy B C, Setty K G H, 1979. Addition to plant parasitic nematodes of Karnataka, India. Science and Culture, 45 (5), 204-205.

Oever HAM van den, Mangane SE, 1992. Survey of nematodes on various crops in Mozambique. In: Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2 (1-2) 74-79.

Pajovic I, Širca S, Stare B G, Urek G, 2007. The incidence of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, and M. javanica on vegetables and weeds in Montenegro. Plant Disease. 91 (11), 1514. HTTP://www.apsnet.org DOI:10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1514B

Pan C S, 1984. Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on economically important crops in Fujian. I. Species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) and their host-plants. Acta Zoologica Sinica. 30 (2), 159-166.

Philis J, 1983. Occurrence of Meloidogyne spp. and races on the island of Cyprus. Nematologia Mediterranea. 11 (1), 13-19.

Pinochet J, 1977. Occurrence and spatial distribution of root-knot nematodes on bananas and plantains in Honduras. Plant Disease Reporter. 61 (6), 518-520.

Ponte J J da, 1968. Contributions to the knowledge of the host plants and control of root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., in the State of Ceara. (Subsidios ao conhecimento de plantas hospedeiras e ao controle dos nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., no estado Ceara.). Boletim da Sociedade Cearense de Agronomia. 1-26.

Ponte J J da, Fernandes E R, Silva A T, 1977. The plant hosts of Meloidogyne in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. (Plantas hospedeiras de Meloidogyne no estado do Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil).). In: Trabalhos apresentados a II reuniao de nematologia, Piracicaba, Brazil, 14-16 Setembro 1976, Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia et da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luis de Queiroz" USP. Publicacao No. 2. Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. 67-70.

Pyrowolakis E, 1975. Studies on the distribution of the genus Meloidogyne on the island of Crete. (Studien uber die Verbreitung der Gattung Meloidogyne auf der Insel Kreta.). Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz. 82 (11/12), 750-755.

Rathour K S, Jola Pandey, Sudershan Ganguly, 2006. Community structure of plant parasitic nematodes in Champawat District of Uttaranchal, India. Indian Journal of Nematology. 36 (1), 89-93.

Saad A T, Tanveer M, 1972. Prevalence and host range of Meloidogyne species in Lebanon. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin. 20 (2), 31-35.

Sahu R, Chandra P, Poddar A N, 2011. Community analysis of plant parasitic nematodes prevalent in vegetable crops in district Durg of Chhattisgarh, India. Research Journal of Parasitology. 6 (2), 83-89. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jp.2011.83.89&org=10 DOI:10.3923/jp.2011.83.89

Salam M A, 1991. Weed hosts of root knot nematodes in Little Andaman Island. Current Nematology. 2 (1), 83-84.

Santos B B dos, Silva L A T da, 1984. Occurrence of Meloidogyne in some cultivated plants of Parana, Brazil. (Ocorrência de nematóides do ge˜nero Meloidogyne Goeldi, 1887 (Nematoda, Heteroderidae) em algumas plantas cultivadas do estado do Paraná, Brasil.). Revista de Agricultura. 59 (1), 21-26.

Santos M S N de A, Abrantes I M de O, Fernandes M F M, 1987. Identification of Portuguese populations of Meloidogyne spp. (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) by differential host plant tests-III. Ciência Biológica, Ecology and Systematics. 7 (1/2), 37-43.

Shagalina L M, Shagalin S F, 1987. Gall nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) parasites of vegetable crops in the foothills of Kopetdag. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoĭ SSR, Biologicheskikh Nauk. 37-43.

Sharma R D, Loof P A A, 1982. Nematodes associated with declining coconut in Sergipe, Brazil. (Nematoides associados com coqueiro em declinio no estado de Sergipe, Brasil.). In: Trabalhos apresentados a VI reuniao Brasileira de nematologia, 8-12 fevereiro de 1982, Fortaleza. Publicacao No.6. [ed. by : Lordello LGE]. Piracicaba, SP, Brazil: Sociedade Brasileira de Nematologia. 79-84.

Sharma RD, 1980. (Pathogenicidade de um Nematóide, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, ao arroz (Oryza sativa L.)). In: Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5 91-98.

Shen B K, Sun S Y, Dai Y S, 1990. Studies on root-knot nematodes of trees, ornamental plants, and forest weeds. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University. 14 (3), 37-42.

Shweta Sharma, Khan T A, 2010. Occurrence of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on Coleus forskohlii in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India: a new report. Current Nematology. 21 (1/2), 75-76.

Silva G S da, 1991. Identification of Meloidogyne species and races associated with vegetables in Maranhao, Brazil. (Identificacao de especies e racas de Meloidogyne associadas a hortalicas no estado do Maranhao.). Nematologia Brasileira. 15 (1), 51-58.

Singh V K, 2012. Root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica of strawberry - a new host record from India. Indian Phytopathology. 65 (2), 211. http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IPPJ

Singh V K, Gupta R K, 2011. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on ginger and Meloidogyne incognita on coriander in Jammu and Kashmir (India). Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 6 (1), 74-75.

Sivapalan P, 1978. Investigation on root-knot nematodes in Sri Lanka under International Meloidogyne Project. Kasetsart Journal. 12 (1), 14-24.

Sosa Moss C, 1985. Report on the status of Meloidogyne research in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean countries. In: An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne: Biology and control, 1 [ed. by Sasser JN, Carter CC]. Raleigh, NC, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University. 353-360.

Souza V H M de, Bonfim Junior M F, Antedomenico S R, Inomoto M M, 2015. First report of Meloidogyne javanica infesting noni (Morinda citrifolia) in Brazil. New Disease Reports. 12. http://www.ndrs.org.uk/article.php?id=031012 DOI:10.5197/j.2044-0588.2015.031.012

Spatafora F, Sasanelli N, Vovlas N, Federico R, 2004. Concomitant infection of cauliflower in Sicily by two endoparasitic plant nematodes. (Contemporanea presenza di due specie di nematodi endoparassiti in coltivazioni deperienti di cavolfiore in Sicilia.). Giornate Fitopatologische 2004, Montesilvano (Pescara), 4-6 maggio 2004. Atti, volume primo. 231-234.

Stephan Z A, 1978. Report on the status of root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne sp. in Iraq. In: Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., 29 January to 2 February 1978, Cairo University, (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234). [Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., 29 January to 2 February 1978, Cairo University, (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234).], Giza, Egypt: Nematology Research Center, Cairo University. 42-43.

Stephan Z A, 1980. The survey program of the IMP Project in Iraq. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Region VII, Athens, Greece, 26-30 November 1979. (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234). [Proceedings of the 2nd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Region VII, Athens, Greece, 26-30 November 1979. (International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234).], Raleigh, NC, USA: North Carolina State University. 64-66.

Tarjan A C, 1953. Geographic distribution of some Meloidogyne species in Israel. Plant Disease Reporter. 315-316.

Taylor A L, Sasser J N, Nelson L A, 1982. Relationship of climate and soil characteristics to geographical distribution of Meloidogyne species in agricultural soils. In: [International Meloidogyne Project, Contract No. AID/ta-c-1234.]. Raleigh, North Carolina, USA: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University & US Agency for International Development. vi + 65 pp.

Taylor D P, 1975. Observations on a resistant and a susceptible variety of tomato in a field heavily infested with Meloidogyne in Senegal. Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M., Serie Biologie, nematologie. 10 (3), 239-245.

Tihohod D, Ferraz S, 1986. Variability of 3 Meloidogyne javanica populations in soyabean plants. Nematologia Brasileira. 163-171.

Timm RW, 1965. SEATO. In: Publication 71,

Tzortzakakis E A, 2009. Variation in colonization of field soil and associated roots by the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia. Nematologia Mediterranea. 37 (2), 183-189. http://www.edizioniets.com

Tzortzakakis E A, Conceição I L P M da, Santos M C V dos, Abrantes I M de O, 2011. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Greece. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal. 4 (1), 25-30. http://www.bpi.gr/files/journal/2011/january/Volume%204%20-%20Issue%201%20(January%202011).pdf

Tzortzakakis E A, Santos M C V dos, Conceicao I, 2016. An update on the occurrence of resistance-breaking populations of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) on resistant tomato in Greece with six new records from Crete. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal. 9 (2), 60-65. http://www.bpi.gr/files/journal/2016/july/VOLUME%209%20-%20ISSUE%202%20(July%202016).pdf

Waldmann H, 1971. A new method of controlling the root knot nematode? (Ein neuer Weg zur Bekampfung der Wurzelgallenalchen?). Gesunde Pflanzen. 23 (12), 227-228, 230-232.

Waller J M, Bridge J, 1978. Plant diseases and nematodes in the Sultanate of Oman. PANS. 24 (3), 313-326.

Walters S A, Barker K R, 1994. Current distribution of five major Meloidogyne species in the United States. Plant Disease. 78 (8), 772-774. DOI:10.1094/PD-78-0772

Wang Y, Xie Y, Cui H D, Dong Y, 2014. First report of Meloidogyne javanica on Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) in China. Plant Disease. 98 (1), 165. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis DOI:10.1094/PDIS-03-13-0241-PDN

Way J I, 1982. Meloidogyne species in Zimbabwe susceptible crops other than tobacco, taxonomy and resistant crops. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Regions IV and V, 16-20 November 1981, Ibadan, Nigeria. (International Meloidogyne Project). [Proceedings of the 3rd Research Planning Conference on root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., Regions IV and V, 16-20 November 1981, Ibadan, Nigeria. (International Meloidogyne Project).], Ibadan, Nigeria: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 13-20.

Yang B, Wang Q, Hu K, Yu S, Yin Y, Feng R, Wu Q, 1991. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in China. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology. 1 (1), 91-93.

Zhao Lei, Guo Kai, Hong WenYing, Zheng JingWu, 2010. Morphological identification of two root-knot nematode species occurring in vegetable crops of Zhejiang, China. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agriculture and Life Sciences). 36 (6), 623-629. http://www.journals.zju.edu.cn/agr

Distribution Maps

Top of page