Meloidogyne javanica
(sugarcane eelworm)

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

• Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949

Preferred Common Name

• sugarcane eelworm

Other Scientific Names

• Anguillula javanica (Treub 1885) Lavergne 1901
• Heterodera javanica Treub 1885
• Meloidogyne javanica bauruensis Lordello 1956
• Tylenchus (Heterodera) javanica (Treub 1885) Cobb 1890

International Common Names

• English: Javanese root knot nematode; root-knot nematode
• Spanish: nemátodo javanés de quiste; nemátodo nodulador javanés
• French: anguillule javanaise a noeud des racines; nématode à galles; nématode cécidogène; nématode galligène javanais
• Portuguese: nematóide das galhas

Local Common Names

• Germany: Aelchen, Javanisches Wurzelgallen-
• Japan: Zyawa-nekobu-sentyu
• Turkey: kok ur nematodu

EPPO code

• MELGJA (Meloidogyne javanica)

Taxonomic Tree

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• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Nematoda
•             Family: Meloidogynidae
•                 Genus: Meloidogyne
•                     Species: Meloidogyne javanica

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page The systematics of the genus Meloidogyne is complex: reliable specific identification can be difficult even for the expert. (See Sasser and Carter, 1985.)

Description

Top of page Description (after Orton Williams, 1972)

Female
Endoparasitic; body nearly spherical in adult with projecting neck tapering to head; posterior end rounded, or with slightly protruding perineal region. Head with one annule behind head cap, slightly wider than first body annule. Stylet slender, dorsally curved, knobs rounded. Excretory pore located about 3 stylet lengths posterior to head. Posterior cuticular pattern (= perineal pattern) round or oval to pear-shaped, dorsal arch varying from rounded, to moderate height, sometimes flattened dorsally. Striae smooth to wavy, tail tip often marked by an irregular whorl. Typically lateral fields well defined by a double incisure bordering a definite break in the striae clearly dividing pattern into dorsal and ventral sectors. Lateral fields may be visible for some distance from tail but do not extend into the neck region, or may be poorly marked. Phasmids usually distinct.

Male
Head not offset; outline in lateral view characteristic with first annule projecting antero-laterally, well separated by constriction from a wider basal annule which may be subdivided into two annules either completely or partially (giving the appearance of one annule on one side of the body and two on the other). In dorsal or ventral view head outline rounded, amphidial apertures distinct. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Valves of oesophageal bulb large. Oesophageal gland overlaps intestine for some distance ventrally. Excretory pore distinct, duct visible for some way along body. Hemizonid 0-4 annules anterior to pore. One testis or two. Intersexes common, displaying female characters to varying degrees ranging from a slight swelling anterior to cloaca to possession of a well developed vulva. Lateral field usually with 4 incisures ending at terminus or just anterior. Bands between incisures plain or outer ones sometimes areolated to some degree. Torsion of the posterior region of the body occurs to some extent making true lateral views of the tail hard to obtain. Tail shape somewhat variable, digitate in lateral view, bluntly rounded in ventral. Terminus not clearly striated. Phasmids located in lateral field at cloacal level or slightly anterior. Spicules slightly curved, with ventral flange distally, tips pointed. Gubernaculum thin, crescentic.

Juvenile
Head not offset, in lateral view truncate cone shape with 3 annules behind head cap; more rounded in dorsal and ventral view with one annule behind head cap. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Hemizonid usually three annules long immediately anterior to excretory pore. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands not clearly cross-striated. Rectum inflated; tail tapering to sub-acute or finely rounded terminus, annules coarsening posteriorly.

Measurements (from Orton Williams, 1972)

20 females: L = 541-804 µm (657); width = 311-581 µm (431); stylet = 14-18 (15) µm width stylet base (10) = 2-5 µm (4); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice = 2-5 µm (3) behind stylet base; length median bulb (10) = 38-46 µm (42); width median bulb (10) = 31-44 µm (35); length median bulb valves (10) = 14-19 µm (16); width median bulb valves (10) = 10-13 µm (11).

25 males: L = 757-1297 µm (1131); a = 17.5-42.9 (37.5); length head (24) = 5.8-7.6 µm (6.6); stylet = 20.0-23.0 µm (21.2); width stylet base (24) = 3.6-5.4 µm (4.3); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (10) = 2.2-4.7 µm (2.9) behind stylet base; b1 = 13.0-18.4 (15.7); c (24) = 50-144 (91); length median bulb = 15.1-23.7 µm (19.7); width median bulb = 9.4-12.9 µm (10.9); spicules (length of arc) (30) = 20.9-31.7 µm (26.7); gubernaculum (14) = 7.2-9.4 µm (8.4).

25 juveniles: L = 387-459 µm (417); a = 27.1-35.9 (30.6); b (16) = 2.10-3.35 (2.42); b1 = 7.1-8.0 (7.5); length tail = 36-56 µm (49); d = 4.5-7.0 (5.5); c = 7.3-11.1 (8.5); length body to middle of genital primordium = 217-282 µm (255); stylet (24) = 9.4-11.4 µm (10.4); length median bulb = 10.8-13.7 µm (12.1); width median bulb = 5.4-7.6 µm (6.6); length median bulb valves (24) = 3.2-5.0 µm (4.3).

Distribution

Top of page M. javanica is widely distributed in warm and tropical climates where it is often the dominant root-knot species. The geographic range includes Africa, Australia, South America, Asia, the USA and greenhouses in Europe. M. javanica is considered particularly common in Central Africa and the savannah regions of West Africa (Egunjobi, 1985; Saka, 1985) and it is considered to predominate in drier areas (less than 500 mm per year rainfall) (Sasser and Carter, 1985).

M. javanica has also been recorded from the following areas of protected agriculture; for example, in soils in and around many temperate research stations and other areas of intensive horticulture. In some cases the nematodes have been able to overwinter because of mild winters and could be expanding their geographic range:

Heilongjiang and Ningxia in China (Yang et al., 1991), Moldavia (Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985), Poland (Brzeski et al., 1978), European part of Russia (Gushchin and Efremenko, 1975; Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985; Mar'enko, 1989), Russian Far East (Kondratenko, 1985; Kondratenko and Metlitskii, 1989) and United Kingdom (IIP, 1992).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Risk of Introduction

Top of page M. javanica is found worldwide and no specific quarantine measures against it are known to be in force.

Habitat

Top of page Meloidogyne is one of the most widely distributed and economically important genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. M. javanica is considered second only to M. incognita in importance, being found widely in sub-tropical and tropical regions (see Sasser and Carter, 1985). Damage and yield losses caused are generally more severe on coarse-textured sandy soils (Van Gundy, 1985). Meloidogyne species are generally intolerant of flooded soil conditions. They are considered more prevalant on upland rice (Plowright and Hunt, 1994) and are not usually a problem on paddy rice (Fortuner and Merny, 1979).

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page Goodey et al. (1965) list a total of 770 host species or varieties, including many weeds as well as crop plants. In addition to those crops in the list of hosts, there are many others of economic importance, including tea, grapevine, many vegetables, fruit trees, cereals and ornamentals.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Growth Stages

Top of page Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Top of page Symptoms of damage by M. javanica are similar to those caused by other Meloidogyne species and include poor growth with stunting and chlorosis of the aerial parts and a reduced and galled root system (see Dropkin, 1989).

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Biology and Ecology

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In most essentials the life cycle of M. javanica is very similar to those of other species of Meloidogyne. Mature females in roots produce eggs into a gelatinous egg sac, which may or may not protrude from the root and which completely envelops the eggs and acts as a barrier to water loss. Reproduction is probably always parthenogenetic. Under stress conditions such as overcrowding, food shortage, high temperature, or unsuitable host plant, a high percentage of males and intersexes is produced (Triantaphyllou, 1973). On hatching, infective second-stage juveniles move towards roots and accumulate at root tips, minor wounds or regions of previous penetration. Within a day of penetration of the host there is a rapid loss of mobility and infectivity.

Growth of M. javanica larvae in tomatoes (Bird, 1959) was slow at first, but after about 14 days (the time of the second moult), juveniles had thickened and possessed the spiked tail characteristic of Meloidogyne. The third and fourth moults followed rapidly within the moulted cuticle of the second-stage juvenile. Under Bird's optimum conditions, by the 19th day all specimens were in the final moult or were adults. Egg sac formation began between the 20th and 27th days, followed 2 days later by egg laying. Egg sac growth and rate of egg laying increased rapidly from the 30th to 40th day: the egg sac usually became bigger than the female which produced it. (See also Bird, 1971.)

M. javanica and one or even two other Meloidogyne spp. may sometimes be found in the same host. In mixed inoculations of M. javanica and M. hapla on tomatoes, Kinloch and Allen (1971) found that M. javanica predominated. M. javanica has been shown to interact with other pathogens, causing a disease complex where symptoms are worse than those produced by either pathogen alone. It interacts with the wilt-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum and its various forms on: cowpeas (Thomason et al., 1959), tobacco (Porter and Powell, 1967) and tomatoes (Oteifa and Ragab, 1958). It also interacts with Thanatephorus cucumeris on soyabeans (Taylor and Wyllie, 1959).

See Bird (1971) for a review of work with special reference to M. javanica. See Taylor (1979) for work on interactions between Meloidogyne and diseases.

 

Natural enemies

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Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page A considerable amount of work has been devoted to biological control of root-knot nematodes in general (see Kerry, 1987). This includes much work on the use of natural enemies in the biological control of M. javanica.

Use of the microorganism Pasteuria penetrans against M. javanica has been investigated on several crops, including pigeonpeas (Sharma and Sharma, 1989), mung beans (Shazad et al., 1990), aubergines (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990), tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988; Daudi and Gowen, 1992) and tobacco (Chen et al., 1994).

The nematode-pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus has also been assessed for the control of M. javanica on aubergines and mung beans (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990) and tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988).

Pathway Vectors

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Plant Trade

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Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Leaves
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Impact

Top of page Difficulties of identification within the genus Meloidogyne (see Hartman and Sasser, 1985) and the frequent occurrence of mixed species populations require that, scientifically, reports of the distribution, biology and pest impact of Meloidogyne at the species level often need to be treated with caution. However, as most crops susceptible to one Meloidogyne species will probably be suceptible to others (eg. to both M. incognita and M. javanica), these difficulties may not be important at the practical level (Netscher and Sikora, 1990).

Meloidogyne spp. can cause yield losses of over 30% in various vegetable crops (Netscher and Sikora, 1990). M. javanica is common on cowpeas in California and Australia, pigeonpeas in Puerto Rico and Brazil (Sikora and Greco, 1990) and is a serious problem on tobacco in South Africa and Zimbabwe (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). M. javanica is a major pest of pineapples in many parts of the world (Caswell, et al., 1990)

Detection and Inspection

Top of page Above-ground symptoms are non-specific: examination of roots can reveal the presence of swollen roots and galls typical of root-knot nematodes in general (see Dropkin, 1989).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page Similarities to other Meloidogyne species may lead to difficulties in identification. For authoritative species-level identifications, consult a specialist taxonomist.

Prevention and Control

Top of page Introduction

Methods for the control of Meloidogyne spp. depend largely on crop plant, climate and economic considerations.

Cultural Methods

Fallows have been evaluated (Martin, 1967). Hot-water treatment of potatoes has been used (Martin, 1972).

Crop rotations with various non-host grasses are used to control M. javanica in tobacco (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). Various potential rotation crops, including Tagetes spp., guinea grass and maize have been assessed for the control of M. javanica on mung beans (Vigna radiata) (Toida, et al., 1991). In pot tests, Crotolaria ochroleuca, C. juncea (legumes) Tagetes erecta (African marigold), sesame and groundnuts were identifed as poor hosts for M. javanica (Madulu et al., 1994).

Organic amendments have been assessed to control M. javanica on tomatoes and okra in India (Singh and Sitaramaiah, 1966; 1967) and tested against M. javanica on mung beans (Toida et al., 1994).

Host-Plant Resistance

Root-knot resistance in tomatoes was evaluated against M. javanica in India (Sikora et al., 1973). Various vegetable varieties with resistance to M. javanica, including cowpeas, sweet peppers and tomatoes, have been developed in the USA (Lehman and Cochran, 1991).

Chemical Control

Where cost justifies their use, nematicides can be applied. Nematicides have been used to control M. javanica in tobacco and pineapple (Shepherd and Barker, 1990; Caswell et al., 1990).

References

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