| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Juvenile | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); anterior, juvenile. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Juvenile | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); juvenile, posterior. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Perineal pattern | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); male, perineal pattern. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Perineal pattern | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); male, perineal pattern. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Perineal pattern | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); male, perineal pattern. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Perineal pattern | Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm); male, perineal pattern. (see http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/141264 for detailed descriptions) | ©Zeng Zhao/Landcare Research/via PaDIL - CC BY 3.0 AU | |
| Line art | Reproduced from Orton Williams KJ, 1972. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Set 1, No. 3. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. | ©CAB International | |
| Line art | Reproduced from Orton Williams KJ, 1972. CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Set 1, No. 3. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. | ©CAB International |
Datasheet
Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportPictures
Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949
Preferred Common Name
- sugarcane eelworm
Other Scientific Names
- Anguillula javanica (Treub 1885) Lavergne 1901
- Heterodera javanica Treub 1885
- Meloidogyne javanica bauruensis Lordello 1956
- Tylenchus (Heterodera) javanica (Treub 1885) Cobb 1890
International Common Names
- English: Javanese root knot nematode; root-knot nematode
- Spanish: nemátodo javanés de quiste; nemátodo nodulador javanés
- French: anguillule javanaise a noeud des racines; nématode à galles; nématode cécidogène; nématode galligène javanais
- Portuguese: nematóide das galhas
Local Common Names
- Germany: Aelchen, Javanisches Wurzelgallen-
- Japan: Zyawa-nekobu-sentyu
- Turkey: kok ur nematodu
EPPO code
- MELGJA (Meloidogyne javanica)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Nematoda
- Family: Meloidogynidae
- Genus: Meloidogyne
- Species: Meloidogyne javanica
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
The systematics of the genus Meloidogyne is complex: reliable specific identification can be difficult even for the expert. (See Sasser and Carter, 1985.)
Description
Top of page
Description (after Orton Williams, 1972)
Female
Endoparasitic; body nearly spherical in adult with projecting neck tapering to head; posterior end rounded, or with slightly protruding perineal region. Head with one annule behind head cap, slightly wider than first body annule. Stylet slender, dorsally curved, knobs rounded. Excretory pore located about 3 stylet lengths posterior to head. Posterior cuticular pattern (= perineal pattern) round or oval to pear-shaped, dorsal arch varying from rounded, to moderate height, sometimes flattened dorsally. Striae smooth to wavy, tail tip often marked by an irregular whorl. Typically lateral fields well defined by a double incisure bordering a definite break in the striae clearly dividing pattern into dorsal and ventral sectors. Lateral fields may be visible for some distance from tail but do not extend into the neck region, or may be poorly marked. Phasmids usually distinct.
Male
Head not offset; outline in lateral view characteristic with first annule projecting antero-laterally, well separated by constriction from a wider basal annule which may be subdivided into two annules either completely or partially (giving the appearance of one annule on one side of the body and two on the other). In dorsal or ventral view head outline rounded, amphidial apertures distinct. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Valves of oesophageal bulb large. Oesophageal gland overlaps intestine for some distance ventrally. Excretory pore distinct, duct visible for some way along body. Hemizonid 0-4 annules anterior to pore. One testis or two. Intersexes common, displaying female characters to varying degrees ranging from a slight swelling anterior to cloaca to possession of a well developed vulva. Lateral field usually with 4 incisures ending at terminus or just anterior. Bands between incisures plain or outer ones sometimes areolated to some degree. Torsion of the posterior region of the body occurs to some extent making true lateral views of the tail hard to obtain. Tail shape somewhat variable, digitate in lateral view, bluntly rounded in ventral. Terminus not clearly striated. Phasmids located in lateral field at cloacal level or slightly anterior. Spicules slightly curved, with ventral flange distally, tips pointed. Gubernaculum thin, crescentic.
Juvenile
Head not offset, in lateral view truncate cone shape with 3 annules behind head cap; more rounded in dorsal and ventral view with one annule behind head cap. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Hemizonid usually three annules long immediately anterior to excretory pore. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands not clearly cross-striated. Rectum inflated; tail tapering to sub-acute or finely rounded terminus, annules coarsening posteriorly.
Measurements (from Orton Williams, 1972)
20 females: L = 541-804 µm (657); width = 311-581 µm (431); stylet = 14-18 (15) µm width stylet base (10) = 2-5 µm (4); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice = 2-5 µm (3) behind stylet base; length median bulb (10) = 38-46 µm (42); width median bulb (10) = 31-44 µm (35); length median bulb valves (10) = 14-19 µm (16); width median bulb valves (10) = 10-13 µm (11).
25 males: L = 757-1297 µm (1131); a = 17.5-42.9 (37.5); length head (24) = 5.8-7.6 µm (6.6); stylet = 20.0-23.0 µm (21.2); width stylet base (24) = 3.6-5.4 µm (4.3); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (10) = 2.2-4.7 µm (2.9) behind stylet base; b1 = 13.0-18.4 (15.7); c (24) = 50-144 (91); length median bulb = 15.1-23.7 µm (19.7); width median bulb = 9.4-12.9 µm (10.9); spicules (length of arc) (30) = 20.9-31.7 µm (26.7); gubernaculum (14) = 7.2-9.4 µm (8.4).
25 juveniles: L = 387-459 µm (417); a = 27.1-35.9 (30.6); b (16) = 2.10-3.35 (2.42); b1 = 7.1-8.0 (7.5); length tail = 36-56 µm (49); d = 4.5-7.0 (5.5); c = 7.3-11.1 (8.5); length body to middle of genital primordium = 217-282 µm (255); stylet (24) = 9.4-11.4 µm (10.4); length median bulb = 10.8-13.7 µm (12.1); width median bulb = 5.4-7.6 µm (6.6); length median bulb valves (24) = 3.2-5.0 µm (4.3).
Female
Endoparasitic; body nearly spherical in adult with projecting neck tapering to head; posterior end rounded, or with slightly protruding perineal region. Head with one annule behind head cap, slightly wider than first body annule. Stylet slender, dorsally curved, knobs rounded. Excretory pore located about 3 stylet lengths posterior to head. Posterior cuticular pattern (= perineal pattern) round or oval to pear-shaped, dorsal arch varying from rounded, to moderate height, sometimes flattened dorsally. Striae smooth to wavy, tail tip often marked by an irregular whorl. Typically lateral fields well defined by a double incisure bordering a definite break in the striae clearly dividing pattern into dorsal and ventral sectors. Lateral fields may be visible for some distance from tail but do not extend into the neck region, or may be poorly marked. Phasmids usually distinct.
Male
Head not offset; outline in lateral view characteristic with first annule projecting antero-laterally, well separated by constriction from a wider basal annule which may be subdivided into two annules either completely or partially (giving the appearance of one annule on one side of the body and two on the other). In dorsal or ventral view head outline rounded, amphidial apertures distinct. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Valves of oesophageal bulb large. Oesophageal gland overlaps intestine for some distance ventrally. Excretory pore distinct, duct visible for some way along body. Hemizonid 0-4 annules anterior to pore. One testis or two. Intersexes common, displaying female characters to varying degrees ranging from a slight swelling anterior to cloaca to possession of a well developed vulva. Lateral field usually with 4 incisures ending at terminus or just anterior. Bands between incisures plain or outer ones sometimes areolated to some degree. Torsion of the posterior region of the body occurs to some extent making true lateral views of the tail hard to obtain. Tail shape somewhat variable, digitate in lateral view, bluntly rounded in ventral. Terminus not clearly striated. Phasmids located in lateral field at cloacal level or slightly anterior. Spicules slightly curved, with ventral flange distally, tips pointed. Gubernaculum thin, crescentic.
Juvenile
Head not offset, in lateral view truncate cone shape with 3 annules behind head cap; more rounded in dorsal and ventral view with one annule behind head cap. Stylet knobs rounded, not prominent. Hemizonid usually three annules long immediately anterior to excretory pore. Lateral field with four incisures, outer bands not clearly cross-striated. Rectum inflated; tail tapering to sub-acute or finely rounded terminus, annules coarsening posteriorly.
Measurements (from Orton Williams, 1972)
20 females: L = 541-804 µm (657); width = 311-581 µm (431); stylet = 14-18 (15) µm width stylet base (10) = 2-5 µm (4); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice = 2-5 µm (3) behind stylet base; length median bulb (10) = 38-46 µm (42); width median bulb (10) = 31-44 µm (35); length median bulb valves (10) = 14-19 µm (16); width median bulb valves (10) = 10-13 µm (11).
25 males: L = 757-1297 µm (1131); a = 17.5-42.9 (37.5); length head (24) = 5.8-7.6 µm (6.6); stylet = 20.0-23.0 µm (21.2); width stylet base (24) = 3.6-5.4 µm (4.3); dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (10) = 2.2-4.7 µm (2.9) behind stylet base; b1 = 13.0-18.4 (15.7); c (24) = 50-144 (91); length median bulb = 15.1-23.7 µm (19.7); width median bulb = 9.4-12.9 µm (10.9); spicules (length of arc) (30) = 20.9-31.7 µm (26.7); gubernaculum (14) = 7.2-9.4 µm (8.4).
25 juveniles: L = 387-459 µm (417); a = 27.1-35.9 (30.6); b (16) = 2.10-3.35 (2.42); b1 = 7.1-8.0 (7.5); length tail = 36-56 µm (49); d = 4.5-7.0 (5.5); c = 7.3-11.1 (8.5); length body to middle of genital primordium = 217-282 µm (255); stylet (24) = 9.4-11.4 µm (10.4); length median bulb = 10.8-13.7 µm (12.1); width median bulb = 5.4-7.6 µm (6.6); length median bulb valves (24) = 3.2-5.0 µm (4.3).
Distribution
Top of page
M. javanica is widely distributed in warm and tropical climates where it is often the dominant root-knot species. The geographic range includes Africa, Australia, South America, Asia, the USA and greenhouses in Europe. M. javanica is considered particularly common in Central Africa and the savannah regions of West Africa (Egunjobi, 1985; Saka, 1985) and it is considered to predominate in drier areas (less than 500 mm per year rainfall) (Sasser and Carter, 1985).
M. javanica has also been recorded from the following areas of protected agriculture; for example, in soils in and around many temperate research stations and other areas of intensive horticulture. In some cases the nematodes have been able to overwinter because of mild winters and could be expanding their geographic range:
Heilongjiang and Ningxia in China (Yang et al., 1991), Moldavia (Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985), Poland (Brzeski et al., 1978), European part of Russia (Gushchin and Efremenko, 1975; Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985; Mar'enko, 1989), Russian Far East (Kondratenko, 1985; Kondratenko and Metlitskii, 1989) and United Kingdom (IIP, 1992).
M. javanica has also been recorded from the following areas of protected agriculture; for example, in soils in and around many temperate research stations and other areas of intensive horticulture. In some cases the nematodes have been able to overwinter because of mild winters and could be expanding their geographic range:
Heilongjiang and Ningxia in China (Yang et al., 1991), Moldavia (Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985), Poland (Brzeski et al., 1978), European part of Russia (Gushchin and Efremenko, 1975; Batyr and Kozhokaru, 1985; Mar'enko, 1989), Russian Far East (Kondratenko, 1985; Kondratenko and Metlitskii, 1989) and United Kingdom (IIP, 1992).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 29 Apr 2022| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Algeria | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Angola | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Botswana | Present | ||||||
| Burundi | Present | ||||||
| Comoros | Present | ||||||
| Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | ||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Egypt | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Eritrea | Present | ||||||
| Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
| Gabon | Present | ||||||
| Gambia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Ghana | Present | ||||||
| Kenya | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Liberia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Libya | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Madagascar | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Malawi | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Mauritania | Present | ||||||
| Mauritius | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Morocco | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Mozambique | Present | ||||||
| Nigeria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Réunion | Present | ||||||
| Rwanda | Present | ||||||
| Senegal | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| South Africa | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Sudan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Tanzania | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Tunisia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Uganda | Present | ||||||
| Zambia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Zimbabwe | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Armenia | Present | ||||||
| Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
| Brunei | Present | ||||||
| China | Present | ||||||
| -Fujian | Present | ||||||
| -Guangdong | Present | ||||||
| -Guangxi | Present | ||||||
| -Hainan | Present | ||||||
| -Hebei | Present | ||||||
| -Henan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Inner Mongolia | Present | ||||||
| -Jiangsu | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Jiangxi | Present | ||||||
| -Shaanxi | Present | ||||||
| -Sichuan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Yunnan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Zhejiang | Present | ||||||
| India | Present | ||||||
| -Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Andhra Pradesh | Present | ||||||
| -Arunachal Pradesh | Present | ||||||
| -Assam | Present | ||||||
| -Bihar | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Chhattisgarh | Present | ||||||
| -Delhi | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Gujarat | Present | ||||||
| -Haryana | Present | ||||||
| -Himachal Pradesh | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Jammu and Kashmir | Present | ||||||
| -Karnataka | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Kerala | Present | ||||||
| -Madhya Pradesh | Present | ||||||
| -Maharashtra | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Odisha | Present | ||||||
| -Punjab | Present | ||||||
| -Rajasthan | Present | ||||||
| -Tamil Nadu | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Tripura | Present | ||||||
| -Uttar Pradesh | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Uttarakhand | Present | ||||||
| -West Bengal | Present | ||||||
| Indonesia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Java | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Sulawesi | Present | ||||||
| Iran | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Iraq | Present | ||||||
| Israel | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Japan | Present | ||||||
| -Hokkaido | Present | ||||||
| -Honshu | Present | ||||||
| -Kyushu | Present | ||||||
| -Ryukyu Islands | Present | ||||||
| Jordan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Kazakhstan | Present | ||||||
| Lebanon | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Malaysia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Peninsular Malaysia | Present | ||||||
| -Sabah | Present | ||||||
| -Sarawak | Present | ||||||
| Myanmar | Present | ||||||
| Nepal | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Oman | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Pakistan | Present, Widespread |
| |||||
| Philippines | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Saudi Arabia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Singapore | Present | ||||||
| South Korea | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Syria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Taiwan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Tajikistan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Thailand | Present | ||||||
| Turkey | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Turkmenistan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Uzbekistan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Vietnam | Present | ||||||
| Yemen | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | ||||||
| Bulgaria | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Cyprus | Present | ||||||
| Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| France | Present | ||||||
| Germany | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Greece | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Crete | Present | ||||||
| Hungary | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Iceland | Present | ||||||
| Italy | Present | ||||||
| -Sicily | Present | ||||||
| Malta | Present | ||||||
| Moldova | Present | ||||||
| Montenegro | Present | ||||||
| North Macedonia | Present | ||||||
| Poland | Present | ||||||
| Portugal | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Central Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Russian Far East | Present | ||||||
| -Southern Russia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
| Spain | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Canary Islands | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Ukraine | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
| Costa Rica | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Cuba | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| El Salvador | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Guadeloupe | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Guatemala | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Honduras | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Jamaica | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Martinique | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Mexico | Present | ||||||
| Nicaragua | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Panama | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Puerto Rico | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| United States | Present | ||||||
| -Alabama | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Arizona | Present | ||||||
| -California | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Florida | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Georgia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Hawaii | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Louisiana | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Mississippi | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -New Mexico | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -North Carolina | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -South Carolina | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Tennessee | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Texas | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Virginia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -New South Wales | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Northern Territory | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Queensland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -South Australia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Victoria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Western Australia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Cook Islands | Present | ||||||
| Fiji | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Kiribati | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Niue | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Papua New Guinea | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Samoa | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Solomon Islands | Present | ||||||
| Tonga | Present, Widespread | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
| Argentina | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Bolivia | Present | ||||||
| Brazil | Present | ||||||
| -Acre | Present | ||||||
| -Alagoas | Present | ||||||
| -Bahia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Ceara | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Goias | Present | ||||||
| -Maranhao | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Mato Grosso | Present | ||||||
| -Mato Grosso do Sul | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Minas Gerais | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Para | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Paraiba | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Parana | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Pernambuco | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Rio de Janeiro | Present | ||||||
| -Rio Grande do Norte | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Rio Grande do Sul | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
| -Sao Paulo | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| -Sergipe | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Chile | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Colombia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Ecuador | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Paraguay | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Peru | Present | ||||||
| Suriname | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Uruguay | Present | ||||||
| Venezuela | Present | ||||||
Risk of Introduction
Top of page
M. javanica is found worldwide and no specific quarantine measures against it are known to be in force.
Habitat
Top of page
Meloidogyne is one of the most widely distributed and economically important genera of plant-parasitic nematodes. M. javanica is considered second only to M. incognita in importance, being found widely in sub-tropical and tropical regions (see Sasser and Carter, 1985). Damage and yield losses caused are generally more severe on coarse-textured sandy soils (Van Gundy, 1985). Meloidogyne species are generally intolerant of flooded soil conditions. They are considered more prevalant on upland rice (Plowright and Hunt, 1994) and are not usually a problem on paddy rice (Fortuner and Merny, 1979).
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of page
Goodey et al. (1965) list a total of 770 host species or varieties, including many weeds as well as crop plants. In addition to those crops in the list of hosts, there are many others of economic importance, including tea, grapevine, many vegetables, fruit trees, cereals and ornamentals.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of page
Symptoms of damage by M. javanica are similar to those caused by other Meloidogyne species and include poor growth with stunting and chlorosis of the aerial parts and a reduced and galled root system (see Dropkin, 1989).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
| Leaves / abnormal forms | ||
| Leaves / wilting | ||
| Roots / galls along length | ||
| Roots / reduced root system | ||
| Roots / swollen roots | ||
| Whole plant / dwarfing | ||
| Whole plant / early senescence |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageIn most essentials the life cycle of M. javanica is very similar to those of other species of Meloidogyne. Mature females in roots produce eggs into a gelatinous egg sac, which may or may not protrude from the root and which completely envelops the eggs and acts as a barrier to water loss. Reproduction is probably always parthenogenetic. Under stress conditions such as overcrowding, food shortage, high temperature, or unsuitable host plant, a high percentage of males and intersexes is produced (Triantaphyllou, 1973). On hatching, infective second-stage juveniles move towards roots and accumulate at root tips, minor wounds or regions of previous penetration. Within a day of penetration of the host there is a rapid loss of mobility and infectivity.
Growth of M. javanica larvae in tomatoes (Bird, 1959) was slow at first, but after about 14 days (the time of the second moult), juveniles had thickened and possessed the spiked tail characteristic of Meloidogyne. The third and fourth moults followed rapidly within the moulted cuticle of the second-stage juvenile. Under Bird's optimum conditions, by the 19th day all specimens were in the final moult or were adults. Egg sac formation began between the 20th and 27th days, followed 2 days later by egg laying. Egg sac growth and rate of egg laying increased rapidly from the 30th to 40th day: the egg sac usually became bigger than the female which produced it. (See also Bird, 1971.)
M. javanica and one or even two other Meloidogyne spp. may sometimes be found in the same host. In mixed inoculations of M. javanica and M. hapla on tomatoes, Kinloch and Allen (1971) found that M. javanica predominated. M. javanica has been shown to interact with other pathogens, causing a disease complex where symptoms are worse than those produced by either pathogen alone. It interacts with the wilt-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum and its various forms on: cowpeas (Thomason et al., 1959), tobacco (Porter and Powell, 1967) and tomatoes (Oteifa and Ragab, 1958). It also interacts with Thanatephorus cucumeris on soyabeans (Taylor and Wyllie, 1959).
See Bird (1971) for a review of work with special reference to M. javanica. See Taylor (1979) for work on interactions between Meloidogyne and diseases.
Natural enemies
Top of page| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus subtilis | Pathogen | |||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki | Pathogen | |||||
| Catenaria anguillulae | Pathogen | |||||
| Hirsutella rhossiliensis | Pathogen | |||||
| Iotonchus monhystera | Parasite | |||||
| Monacrosporium cionopagum | Predator | |||||
| Monacrosporium ellipsosporum | Predator | |||||
| Myrothecium verrucaria | Pathogen | |||||
| Paecilomyces lilacinus | Parasite | Pakistan | ||||
| Pasteuria penetrans | Pathogen | Pakistan | ||||
| Pseudomonas chitinolytica | Pathogen | |||||
| Steinernema glaseri | Parasite | |||||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Antagonist | |||||
| Verticillium chlamydosporium | Parasite | Eggs |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of page
A considerable amount of work has been devoted to biological control of root-knot nematodes in general (see Kerry, 1987). This includes much work on the use of natural enemies in the biological control of M. javanica.
Use of the microorganism Pasteuria penetrans against M. javanica has been investigated on several crops, including pigeonpeas (Sharma and Sharma, 1989), mung beans (Shazad et al., 1990), aubergines (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990), tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988; Daudi and Gowen, 1992) and tobacco (Chen et al., 1994).
The nematode-pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus has also been assessed for the control of M. javanica on aubergines and mung beans (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990) and tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988).
Use of the microorganism Pasteuria penetrans against M. javanica has been investigated on several crops, including pigeonpeas (Sharma and Sharma, 1989), mung beans (Shazad et al., 1990), aubergines (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990), tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988; Daudi and Gowen, 1992) and tobacco (Chen et al., 1994).
The nematode-pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus has also been assessed for the control of M. javanica on aubergines and mung beans (Zaki and Maqbool, 1990) and tomatoes (Maheswari and Mani, 1988).
Pathway Vectors
Top of page| Vector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clothing, footwear and possessions | Eggs and galls in soil. | Yes | ||
| Containers and packaging - wood | Eggs and galls in soil. | Yes | ||
| Land vehicles | Eggs and galls in soil. | Yes | ||
| Eggs and galls in soil. | Yes | |||
| Soil, sand and gravel | Eggs and galls in soil. | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes | nematodes/adults; nematodes/eggs; nematodes/juveniles | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Growing medium accompanying plants | nematodes/adults; nematodes/eggs; nematodes/juveniles | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope | |
| Roots | nematodes/adults; nematodes/eggs; nematodes/juveniles | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | nematodes/adults; nematodes/eggs; nematodes/juveniles | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
|---|
| Bark |
| Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
| Fruits (inc. pods) |
| Leaves |
| Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
| Wood |
Impact
Top of page
Difficulties of identification within the genus Meloidogyne (see Hartman and Sasser, 1985) and the frequent occurrence of mixed species populations require that, scientifically, reports of the distribution, biology and pest impact of Meloidogyne at the species level often need to be treated with caution. However, as most crops susceptible to one Meloidogyne species will probably be suceptible to others (eg. to both M. incognita and M. javanica), these difficulties may not be important at the practical level (Netscher and Sikora, 1990).
Meloidogyne spp. can cause yield losses of over 30% in various vegetable crops (Netscher and Sikora, 1990). M. javanica is common on cowpeas in California and Australia, pigeonpeas in Puerto Rico and Brazil (Sikora and Greco, 1990) and is a serious problem on tobacco in South Africa and Zimbabwe (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). M. javanica is a major pest of pineapples in many parts of the world (Caswell, et al., 1990)
Meloidogyne spp. can cause yield losses of over 30% in various vegetable crops (Netscher and Sikora, 1990). M. javanica is common on cowpeas in California and Australia, pigeonpeas in Puerto Rico and Brazil (Sikora and Greco, 1990) and is a serious problem on tobacco in South Africa and Zimbabwe (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). M. javanica is a major pest of pineapples in many parts of the world (Caswell, et al., 1990)
Detection and Inspection
Top of page
Above-ground symptoms are non-specific: examination of roots can reveal the presence of swollen roots and galls typical of root-knot nematodes in general (see Dropkin, 1989).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of page
Similarities to other Meloidogyne species may lead to difficulties in identification. For authoritative species-level identifications, consult a specialist taxonomist.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
IntroductionMethods for the control of Meloidogyne spp. depend largely on crop plant, climate and economic considerations.
Cultural Methods
Fallows have been evaluated (Martin, 1967). Hot-water treatment of potatoes has been used (Martin, 1972).
Crop rotations with various non-host grasses are used to control M. javanica in tobacco (Shepherd and Barker, 1990). Various potential rotation crops, including Tagetes spp., guinea grass and maize have been assessed for the control of M. javanica on mung beans (Vigna radiata) (Toida, et al., 1991). In pot tests, Crotolaria ochroleuca, C. juncea (legumes) Tagetes erecta (African marigold), sesame and groundnuts were identifed as poor hosts for M. javanica (Madulu et al., 1994).
Organic amendments have been assessed to control M. javanica on tomatoes and okra in India (Singh and Sitaramaiah, 1966; 1967) and tested against M. javanica on mung beans (Toida et al., 1994).
Host-Plant Resistance
Root-knot resistance in tomatoes was evaluated against M. javanica in India (Sikora et al., 1973). Various vegetable varieties with resistance to M. javanica, including cowpeas, sweet peppers and tomatoes, have been developed in the USA (Lehman and Cochran, 1991).
Chemical Control
Where cost justifies their use, nematicides can be applied. Nematicides have been used to control M. javanica in tobacco and pineapple (Shepherd and Barker, 1990; Caswell et al., 1990).
References
Top of pageArtyunov AV, 1985. Allium pskemense - a new plant host of Meloidogyne. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Biologicheskie Nauk, No.7, 64-65
Babatola JD, 1984. Rice Nematode Problems in Nigeria: their Occurrence, Distribution and Pathogenesis. Tropical Pest Management, 30:256-265
Baeza Aragon CA, Benavides-Gomez M, Leguizamon-Caicedo JE, Aragon CAB, Gomez MB, Caicedo JEL, 1978. Host plants of Meloidogyne spp. in the coffee growing area of Colombia. Cenicafe, 29(2):35-45
Batyr AK, Kozhokaru GI, 1985. Distribution and species composition of gall nematodes in commercially grown flowers in Moldavia. Ekologiya i prakticheskoe znachenie zoo- i fitoparaziticheskikh organizmov. Kishinev, USSR, Shtiintsa., 3-10
Bergeson GB, Van Gundy SD, Thomason IJ, 1970. Effect of Meloidogyne javanica on rhizosphere microflora and Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytopathology, 60:1245-1249
Bird AD, 1971. Specialised Adaptations of Nematodes to Parasitism. In: Zuckerman BM, Mai WF, Rhode RA, eds. Plant Parasitic Nematodes Vol 2. New York, USA: Academic Press, 35-39
Bird AF, 1959. Development of the Root-knot Nematodes Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) and Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood in the Tomato. Nematologica, 4:32-42
Bridge J, 1988. Plant-parasitic nematode problems in the Pacific Islands. Journal of Nematology, 20(2):173-183
Campos VP, 1987. Characterization of M. incognita races and studies on inoculum levels of M. javanica and M. incognita in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Nematologia Brasileira, 11:249-259
Chen CM, Chen P, Yao G, 1991. Study on root-knot nematodes on tobacco and their control. Sichuan Plant Protection, No. 1/2, 75-78
Ferraz LC, 1993. Reacoes de variedades de arroz a trez especies de Meloidogyne. Nematologia Brasileira, 17:76-84
Fortuner R, Merny G, 1979. Root-parasitic nematodes of rice. Revue de Nematologie., 2(1):79-102
Grujicic G, 1974. Studies on plant parasitic nematodes of maize plants. Biljna Zastita, 5:193
Gul A, Saeed M, 1987. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 4(3):34-38
Jimenez R M, 1979. Records of root-knot nematodes in Region I, Chile. Idesia, Chile, No.5:41-47
Kanjanasoon P, 1964. Rice root-knot nematodes and their host plants. Paper presented at the 10th FAO-IRC Working Party on Rice Production and Protection Meeting, Manila, Phillipines
Keetch DP, Buckley NH, 1984. Check list of Plant parasitic nematodes of southern Africa. Technical Communication No 195, Dept of Agriculture, South Africa
Kermarrec A, Scotto la Massese C, 1972. New data on the composition and dynamics of the nematode fauna in soils of the French Antilles. Annales de Zoologie Ecologie Animale, 4(4):513-527
Khair GT, 1986. List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia. 3rd Edition. Plant Health & Quarantine, Dept of Primary Industry, Australia
Khurramov Sh.-Kh., 1990. The use of solarization in control of gall-forming nematodes. Zashchita Rastenii Moskva., No. 4, 12-13.
Kinloch RA, Allen MW, 1971. Interaction of Meloidogyne hapla and M. javanica Infecting Tomato. Journal of Nematology, 4:7-16
Kondratenko VV, 1985. Meloidogyne javanica in vegetable greenhouses in the Amur region. Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Instituta Gel'mintologii im. K.I. Skryabina, No.41, 24-26
Kyrou NC, 1976. New records of nematodes in Greece. Plant Disease Reporter, 60(7):630
Lamberti F, Boiboi JB, Ciancio A, 1988. Losses due to Meloidogyne incognita in okra in Liberia. Nematologia Mediterranea, 16(1):5-6
Lamberti F, Di-Vito NM, Scrano L, Chinapen M, Bucha J, 1987. Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne species, in Mauritius and Rodrigues. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 35:43-50
Lehman PS, Cochran CR, 1991. How to use vegetable cultivars to control root-knot nematodes in home gardens. Nematology Circular no. 189. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Li SJ, Yu Z, 1991. Investigation on plant root-knot nematodes and pathogen identification of Henan. Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Henanensis, 25(2):169-174
Loubser JT, 1988. Occurrence and pathogenicity of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) in south African vineyards. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 92:21-27
Maqbool MA, 1986. Classification and Distribution of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Pakistan. National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi
Martin GC, 1967. Longevity of Meloidogyne javanica under conditions of bare fallow in Rhodesia. Rhodesian Agricultural Journal, 64:112-114
Martin GC, 1972. Potatoes and Plant Parasitic Nematodes. Stocks and Crops, 3(7):27, 29, 31 and 3(8):38, 39
Oever HAM van den, Mangane SE, 1992. Survey of nematodes on various crops in Mozambique. Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2(1-2):74-79
Oteifa BA, Ragab MA, 1958. Magazine of the Egyptian Society of Horticulture 132:49
Pan CS, 1984. Studies on plant-parasitic nematodes on economically important crops in Fujian. I. Species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) and their host-plants. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 30(2):159-166
Porter DM, Powell NT, 1967. Influence of Certain Meldoigyne Species on Fusarium Wilt Development in Flue-Cured Tobacco. Phytopathology, 57:282-285
Saad AT, Tanveer M, 1972. Prevalence and host range of Meloidogyne species in Lebanon. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin, 20(2):31-35
Santos BB-dos, Silva LAT-da, 1984. Occurrence of Meloidogyne in some cultivated plants of Parana, Brazil. Revista de Agricultura, 59(1):21-26
Sasser JN, Carter CC, 1985. An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne. Vol.I. Biology and Control. Raleigh, North Carolina State Graphics
Schmutterer H, 1969. Pests of Crops in North-East and Central Africa. Stuttgart-Portland, USA: Gustav-Fischer Verlag, 11-12
Schotman CYL, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. RLAC-PROVEG, No. 21:80 pp
Scotto La Massese C, 1961. Overview of problems posed by phytoparasitic nematodes in Algeria. In: The Nematodes. Paris, France: ACTA, 1-27
Shagalina LM, 1971. Distribution of root-knot nematodes in the Murgab oasis and Fusarium wilt of cotton. In: Becker ZE, Paletskaya LN, eds. Ekologo-fiziologicheskie metody v bor'be s fuzarioznym viltom khlopchatnika. Sbornik 1, 205-213
Sharma RD, 1980. Pathogenicidade de um Nematóide, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, ao arroz (Oryza sativa L.). Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5:91-98
Sharma RD, 1982. Reatoes de alguns cultivares de arroz de sequeiro o nematóide das galhas, Meloidogyne javanica. Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5:171-182
Shen BK, Sun SY, Dai YS, 1990. Studies on root-knot nematodes of trees, ornamental plants, and forest weeds. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University, 14(3):37-42
Sikora RA, Sitramaiah K, Singh RS, 1973. Reaction of root-knot nematode-resistant tomato cultivars to Meloidogyne javanica in India. Plant Disease Reporter, 57:141-143
Silva GS-da, Da-Silva GS, 1991. Identification of Meloidogyne species and races associated with vegetables in the Maranhao State, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, 15(1):51-58
Singh RS, Sitramaiah K, 1966. Incidence of root-knot of okra and tomatoes in oil-cake amended soil. Plant Disease Reporter, 50:668-672
Singh RS, Sitramaiah K, 1967. Effect of decomposing green leaves, sawdust and urea on the incidence of root-knot to okra and tomato. Indian Phytopathology, 20:349-355
Sosa Moss C, 1985. Report on the status of Meloidogyne research in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean countries In: Sasser JN, Carter CC, eds. An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne. Volume 1: Biology and control., Raleigh, NC , Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 353-360
Tarjan AC, 1953. Geographic distribution of some Meloidogyne species in Israel. Plant Disease Reporter, 37:315-316
Taylor DP, Wyllie TD, 1959. Interrelationship of root-knot nematodes and Rhizoctonia solani on soybean emergence. Phytopathology, 49:552
Thomason IJ, Erwin DC, Garder MJ, 1959. The relationship of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, to Fusarium Wilt of Cowpea. Phytopathology, 49:602-606
Tihohod D, Ferraz S, 1986. Variability of 3 Meloidogyne javanica populations in soyabean plants. Nematologia Brasileira, 10:163-171
Timm RW, 1965. SEATO. Publication 71
Toida Y, Keereewan S, Puttirut N, 1991. Assessment and prevention of mungbean damage caused by the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica in Thailand. Japanese Journal of Nematoloy, 21:6-10
Toida Y, Keereewan S, Puttirut N, 1992. Cultural Control of the Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne javanica, attacking mungbean in Thailand. Research Highlights. Thailand: Tropical Agriculture Research Centre, 16-19
Triantaphyllou AC, 1973. Environmental sex differentiation of nematodes in relation to pest management. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 11:441-462
Van der Linde WJ, 1956. The Meloidogyne problem in South Africa. Nematologica, 1:177-183
Van Gundy SD, 1985. Ecology of Meloidogyne spp.-emphasis on environmental factors affecting survival and pathogenicity. In: Sasser JN, Carter CC, eds. An Advanced Treatise of Meloidogyne. Vol.I. Biology and Control. Raleigh, North Carolina State Graphics, 177-182
Wajid-Khan M, Khan MR, Khan AA, 1984. Identity of root-knot nematodes on certain vegetables of Aligarh District in northern India. International Nematology Network Newsletter, 1:6-7
Yang B, Wang Q, Hu K, Yu S, Yin Y, Feng R, Wu Q, 1991. A survey of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in China. Afro Asian Journal of Nematology, 1(1):91-93
Distribution References
Artyunov AV, 1985. Allium pskemense - a new plant host of Meloidogyne. In: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenskoi SSR Biologicheskie Nauk, 64-65.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Campos VP, 1987. Characterization of M. incognita races and studies on inoculum levels of M. javanica and M. incognita in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). In: Nematologia Brasileira, 11 249-259.
Kanjanasoon P, 1964. Rice root-knot nematodes and their host plants. [Paper presented at the 10th FAO-IRC Working Party on Rice Production and Protection Meeting, Manila, Philippines],
Keetch DP, Buckley NH, 1984. Check list of Plant parasitic nematodes of southern Africa. In: Technical Communication No 195, South Africa: Dept of Agriculture.
Khair GT, 1986. List of plant parasitic nematodes of Australia., Australia: Plant Health & Quarantine, Dept of Primary Industry.
Oever HAM van den, Mangane SE, 1992. Survey of nematodes on various crops in Mozambique. In: Afro-Asian Journal of Nematology, 2 (1-2) 74-79.
Sharma RD, 1980. (Pathogenicidade de um Nematóide, Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949, ao arroz (Oryza sativa L.)). In: Sociedade Brasiliera de Nematologia, 5 91-98.
Sosa Moss C, 1985. Report on the status of Meloidogyne research in Mexico, Central America and Caribbean countries. In: An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne: Biology and control, 1 [ed. by Sasser JN, Carter CC]. Raleigh, NC, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University. 353-360.
Timm RW, 1965. SEATO. In: Publication 71,
Distribution Maps
Top of page
You can pan and zoom the map
Save map
Select a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Extent
Invasive
Origin
Third party data sources:
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT