Meloidogyne hapla
(root knot nematode)

Pictures

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Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

• Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949

Preferred Common Name

• root knot nematode

International Common Names

• English: Northern root knot nematode
• Spanish: nematodo norteno de quiste (Mexico)
• French: nodosité des racines

Local Common Names

• Germany: Älchen, Nördliches Wurzelgallen-
• Japan: kita-nekobu-sentyubyo
• Netherlands: wortelknobbelaaltje
• Turkey: kok ur nematodu

EPPO code

• MELGHA (Meloidogyne hapla)

Taxonomic Tree

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• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Nematoda
•             Family: Meloidogynidae
•                 Genus: Meloidogyne
•                     Species: Meloidogyne hapla

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of page Meloidogyne hapla was first described from the USA by Chitwood (1949). The type host was Solanum tuberosum and the type locality was Long Island, New York, USA. No synonyms are known, although some of the records attributed to this species refer to other species such as Meloidogyne chitwoodi.

Description

Top of page Measurements (after Whitehead, 1968).

Females (n=20): L = 419-845 (612) µm; width = 311-561 (430) µm; spear (9) = 10-13 (11) µm; width spear base (9) = 2-3 (2) µm; dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (8) = 4-6 (5) µm behind spear base; length median bulb (5) = 31-43 (36) µm; width median bulb (6) = 26-37 (31) µm; length median bulb valves (6) = 10-13 (12) µm; width median bulb valves (6) = 9-11 (10) µm.

Males (n=25): L = 791-1432 (1139) µm; a = 33.3-47.0 (41.7); length head (21) = 4.3-7.9 (5.6) µm; spear = 17.3-22.7 (20.0) µm; width spear base = 2.5-5.0 (3.5) µm; dorsal oesophageal gland orifice (8) = 2.5-3.2 (2.9) µm behind spear base; b' (total length divided by distance from anterior end to middle of median bulb) = 12.8-19.2 (15.5); c (24) = 73-283 (118); length median bulb (24) = 15.1-25.9 (19.2) µm; width median bulb (24) = 7.2-12.9 (9.3) µm; length median bulb valves (23) = 3.6-7.2 (5.9) µm; spicules (length of arc) (8) = 21.6-28.1 (25.7) µm; gubernaculum (5) = 7.2-9.4 (8.2) µm.

Infective juveniles (n=20) (J2): L = 312-355 (337) µm; a (18) = 20.1-26.6 (23.9); length tail (15) = 33-48 (43) µm; c (15) = 7.3-10.2 (7.9); c' (15) = 3.7-4.7 (4.4); length body to middle of genital primordium (13) = 177-214 (200) µm; spear (9) = 7.9-10.9 (9.7) µm.

Eggs (unembryonated) (n=20): 71-91 (78) µm 26-40 (31) µm.

Description (after Orton Williams, 1974)

Female: Body pyroid with short neck. Cuticle becoming thicker in posterior half of body, sometimes considerably. Head with two annules behind head-cap. Spear knobs rounded, inconspicuous. Excretory pore 14-20 annules behind head, hemizonid just posterior to pore. Posterior cuticular pattern roughly circular, composed of closely spaced smooth or slightly wavy striae. Dorsal arch low. Lateral fields may be unmarked, may be marked only by slight irregularities in the striae, or dorsal and ventral striae may meet at a slight angle along the fields. Some forking of striae at lateral fields may also occur. In some cases ventral striae may extend laterally on one or both sides to form 'wings' which the dorsal striae meet almost at right angles. Tail with few striae but distinct punctuations forming a stippled area between the anus and tail terminus. Sometimes the stippling may be more diffuse over the inner part of the pattern. Phasmids fairly widely spaced.

Male: Numerous in some populations, absent in others. Head not offset, a truncate cone to hemispherical in outline. Usually only one annule behind head-cap. Spear slender, spear knobs rounded and not offset. Anterior cephalid on second body annule, posterior cephalid just anterior to level of relaxed spear. Hemizonid 45-58 annules behind head, 0-4 annules anterior to excretory pore. Lateral field with four incisures. Tail terminus bluntly rounded; phasmids at about cloacal level. One or two testes. Spicules slightly curved, with small sharp processes projecting from the spicule wall at the junction of head and shaft into the spicule head. Gubernaculum crescentic, proximal end thicker than distal end.

Distribution

Top of page M. hapla is extremely widely distributed, particularly in temperate regions and the cooler, higher altitude areas of the tropics. According to Whitehead (1969), M. hapla only flourishes at high altitudes above 6000 feet in East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), despite the abundance of host plants at lower altitudes. In Queensland, Australia, M. hapla was not found as far north as M. javanica (Colbran, 1958). Taylor and Buhrer (1958) reported that in the USA, M. hapla was the commonest root-knot nematode north of 39°N.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Risk of Introduction

Top of page M. hapla represents a severe risk to agricultural areas where it is not currently found, but as the species is virtually cosmopolitan the actual phytosanitary risk is probably low.

Habitat

Top of page The infective second stage juveniles are found in the soil where they hatch from the eggs. The second stage penetrates a suitable root and all subsequent stages are located within the root tissue of the host where they remain as sedentary endoparasites with the exception of the adult vermiform male which may escape from the root into the soil.

Hosts/Species Affected

Top of page M. hapla is extremely polyphagous, attacking a wide variety of crops and weeds. Goodey et al. (1965) listed over 550 hosts and many more have been added since then. The species has recorded hosts in most of the higher plant families and attacks both herbaceous and woody plants. However, many grasses and cereals appear to be non-hosts. Carter (1985) provided a review of the recorded hosts.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Growth Stages

Top of page Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

Symptoms

Top of page Typical symptoms of attack include a galling of the root system, the galls being relatively small and subspherical, often with a marked proliferation of small roots at the site of the gall (this is in contrast to the symptoms caused by other common species of Meloidogyne). In potato tubers, brown spots appearing in the tubers after the females commence egg production may identify infection sites. Severe attack by M. hapla results in impaired root function and concomitant stunting of the above ground parts leading to a reduction in yield.

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Biology and Ecology

Top of page M. hapla is an obligate sedentary endoparasite of plant roots and tubers. The second stage infective juvenile penetrates the root and settles down within the cortex. As with all root-knot nematodes, a giant cell system of trophic cells is formed by the plant in response to secretions from the nematode. With each moult the nematode becomes more obese, although males become vermiform at the last moult and then emerge into the soil. The obese female swells enormously and produces numerous eggs (typically about 500) in a protective gelatinous matrix.

Unlike many root knot nematodes, M. hapla can withstand cold, eggs and juveniles surviving field temperatures below 0°C. However, it seems to be less tolerant of high temperatures than Meloidogyne incognita, for example. The optimum temperature for invasion and growth of M. hapla is in the range 20-25°C, a mean temperature of 27°C being inimical to development.

The nematode may be associated with other pathogens, including bacteria (such as Pseudomonas caryophylli) and fungi (such as Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Verticillium dahliae).

For further information see Orton Williams (1974).

Natural enemies

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Notes on Natural Enemies

Top of page Pasteuria penetrans is known to parasitize root knot nematodes. The soil-dwelling second stage juveniles may be infected during the soil phase (Den Belder and Jansen, 1994). Arthrobotrys is also known to entrap the juveniles (Oostendorp et al., 1990; Watson et al., 1990).

Seedborne Aspects

Top of page M. hapla is not seedborne in the usual interpretation of the term, although it may be transmitted by infected planting material such as seed potatoes.

Pathway Vectors

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Plant Trade

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Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)
Leaves
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Impact

Top of page M. hapla attacks nearly all temperate vegetables of economic importance and is well known as being capable of causing considerable reductions in yield, even to the point of total crop loss. In the field, crops including lucerne, groundnut, potato, carrot, sugarbeet, strawberry, pyrethrum and onion may be severely affected. For further quantitative information, see Luc et al. (1990) and Evans et al. (1993).

Detection and Inspection

Top of page M. hapla may be detected within the galled roots and tubers of the host by careful dissection and examination under the stereomicroscope. The infective juveniles may be recovered from soil using standard extraction methodologies as may the adult vermiform males when these occur.

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of page M. hapla is broadly similar to other members of the genus and normally requires the service of an experienced nematologist to identify to species level with any certainty. A suite of morphological characters, including the form of the perineal pattern of the mature female and the length and form of the second stage juvenile tail facilitate identification. Confusion with Meloidogyne chitwoodi is possible and PCR assays have been developed to assist in the rapid differentiation of the species. The galls formed by this species are usually rather atypical of root-knot nematodes in general in that they are often rather discrete and globular and arranged along the root. This symptom may be confused with galling by Nacobbus aberrans, the false root-knot nematode, and care should be taken to examine the nematodes inside the gall to confirm their identity.

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Various methods have been used to cleanse planting material, including hot water treatment (McDonald and Misari, 1976; Zunke, 1981) and a range of nematicidal drenches. Treatment in the field also relies upon the application of nematicides although frequent rotation with cereals or other graminaceous non-host crops may also be efficacious. Glasshouse soils may be fumigated to eradicate the pest. Many crops have potential for development of resistant or tolerant varieties.

For general information on the use of nematicides see Luc et al. (1990) and Evans et al. (1993). Both granular and liquid formulations have been used to control this nematode. More recent papers on this subject include LaMondia (1994), Johnston et al. (1995, 1996), Phipps et al. (1995) and Phipps and Eisenback (1996).
 

References

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Distribution References

Ambrogioni L, 1969. Two cases of mixed infections by nematodes of the genera Heterodera and Meloidogyne. (Due casi di infestazioni miste da nematodi dei gen. Heterodera e Meloidogyne.). Redia. 159-168.

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Distribution Maps

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