Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

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Symptoms on maize plant

MCDV-infected maize plant showing only upper interlopes reduced in length and leaves proportionately reduced in size. The upper leaves are yellow.

American Phytopathological Society (1977)

Symptoms on maize plant

MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and yellow discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are not proportionately reduced in size.

American Phytopathological Society (1977)

Symptoms on maize plant

MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and red discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are proportionately reduced in size.

American Phytopathological Society (1977)

Symptoms on maize plant

Maize plant in the foreground is infected with MCDV and shows the miniature plant syndrome of stunted plant and proportionately reduced leaf size. The infected plant shows red discoloration of the leaves. The plant in the background is healthy and normal in appearance.

D.T. Gordon

Symptoms on maize leaf

Left: Portion of maize leaf from healthy plant showing normal leaf appearance. Right: Portion of maize leaf from a MCDV-infected maize plant showing diagnostic chlorotic vein clearing or banding symptoms.

American Phytopathological Society (1977)

MCDV particles

Reproduced with permission from IACR Rothamsted: http://www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/cdm/plantpath/

IACR-Rothamsted

TEM of MCDV particles

Electron microscope photograph of purified isometric particles of MCDV. Particles measure ca 30nm in diameter.

Electron Microscope Laboratory, Ohio Agricultural Research Centre, Ohio State University

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

Other Scientific Names

maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus
maize chlorotic dwarf MCDV group
maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus
maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus
Ohio corn stunt agent

English acronym

MCDV

EPPO code

MCDV00 (Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus)

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Virus
Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
Group: "RNA viruses"
Family: Sequiviridae
Genus: Waikavirus
Species: Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference	Notes
North America
United States	Present	CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Alabama	Present, Widespread	Bradfute et al. (1972) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Arkansas	Present	Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Delaware	Present	Rosenkranz (1972)
-Georgia	Present, Widespread	Kuhn et al. (1975) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Illinois	Present, Widespread	Milbrath and Tosic (1974) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Indiana	Present, Widespread	Gordon and Nault (1977) Reeves et al. (1978)
-Kentucky	Present, Widespread	Pirone et al. (1972) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Louisiana	Present, Widespread	Bradfute et al. (1972) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Maryland	Present	Damsteegt (1977) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Mississippi	Present, Widespread	Bradfute and Robertson (1974) Gordon and Nault (1977) CABI (Undated)
-Missouri	Present, Widespread	Gordon and Nault (1977)
-North Carolina	Present, Widespread	Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Ohio	Present, Widespread	ROSENKRANZ (1969) Bradfute et al. (1972) Louie et al. (1974) Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Pennsylvania	Present	Ayers et al. (1978)
-South Carolina	Present, Widespread	Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Tennessee	Present, Widespread	Bradfute et al. (1972) Gordon and Nault (1977) Reddick et al. (1997)
-Texas	Present, Widespread	Gordon and Nault (1977)
-Virginia	Present, Widespread	Bradfute and Robertson (1974) Gordon and Nault (1977)

Growth Stages

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Flowering stage, Seedling stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Sign	Life Stages	Type
Leaves / abnormal colours
Stems / stunting or rosetting
Whole plant / dwarfing

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

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Vector	Source	Reference	Group	Distribution
Graminella nigrifrons			Insect	USA

References

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All JN, 1983. Integrating techniques of vector and weed-host suppression into control programs for maize virus diseases. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR, Ritter RM, eds. Proceedings of the International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium and Workshop, August 2-6, 1982. Wooster, Ohio, USA: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 243-247.

All JN; Kuhn CW; Gallaher RN; Jellum MD; Hussey RS, 1977. Influence of no-tillage-cropping, carbofuran, and hybrid resistance on dynamics of maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic diseases of corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70(2):221-225

All JN; Kuhn CW; Jellum MD, 1981. Control strategies for vectors of virus and viruslike pathogens of maize and sorghum. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:121-131.

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Scott GE, 1983. Breeding for and genetics of virus resistance in field corn. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR , Ritter RM, eds. Proceedings International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium Workshop. 2-6 August, 1982. Wooster, USA: Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 248-254.

Scott GE; Davis FM, 1981. Registration of Mp496 inbred of maize (Reg. No. PL 56). Crop Science, 21:353.

Scott GE; Findley WR; Dollinger EJ, 1981. Genetics of resistance in corn. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:141-144.

Scott GE; Rosenkranz E, 1981. Effectiveness of resistance to maize dwarf mosaic and maize chlorotic dwarf viruses in maize. Phytopathology, 71(9):937-941

Scott GE; Rosenkranz EE, 1977. Location of genes conditioning resistance to the corn stunting disease complex in maize. Crop Science, 17(6):923-925

Scott GE; Rosenkranz EE; Nelson LR, 1977. Yield loss of corn due to corn stunt disease complex. Agronomy Journal, 69(1):92-94

Sedlacek JD; Freytag PH, 1986. Aspects of the field biology of the blackfaced leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in corn and pastures in Kentucky. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(3):605-613

Stoner WN, 1964. Corn stunt disease in the United States through 1963. Plant Disease Reporter, 48:640-644.

Stoner WN; Gustin RD, 1967. Biology of Graminella nigrifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), a vector of corn (maize) stunt virus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60:496-505.

Teraguchi SE, 1986. Migration patterns of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in an Ohio old field. Environmental Entomology, 15(6):1199-1211

Wallin JR; Zuber MS; Darrah LL; Loonan DV, 1980. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Missouri. In: 1979 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, ARR-NC-5.

Wallin JR; Zuber MS; Keaster AJ; Sheeley RD; Loonan DV, 1978. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Missouri. In: 1977 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture Science Education Administration.

Wallin JR; Zuber MS; Loonan DV, 1979. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Missouri. In: 1978 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, ARR-NC-2.

Warren HL, 1982. Registration of H110 and H111 maize germplasm (Reg. Nos. GP 121 and GP 122). Crop Science, 22(6):1270-1271.

Wayadande AC; Nault LR, 1993. Leafhopper probing behavior associated with maize chlorotic dwarf virus transmission to maize. Phytopathology, 83(5):522-526

Wayadande AC; Nault LR, 1996. Leafhoppers on leaves: an analysis of feeding behavior using conditional probabilities. Journal of Insect Behavior, 9(1):3-22; 44 ref.

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West DR; Kincer DR; Kincer HC; Josephson LM, 1987. Registration of T62S and T64S germplasm lines of maize. Crop Science, 27(6):1317-1318

West DR; Kincer; DR; Kincer; HC; Josephson; LM, 1986. Registration of T163 germplasm line of maize. Crop Science, 26:208.

Whitcomb RF; Kramer J; Coan ME; Hicks AL, 1987. Ecology and evolution of leafhopper-grass host relationships in North American grasslands. In: Harris KF, ed. Current Topics in Vector Research. Vol. 4. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 121-178

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Zuber MS, 1967. Date of planting studies with corn in the Missouri delta area. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, B862.

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Distribution References

Ayers J E, Boyle J S, Gordon D T, 1978. The occurrence of maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic viruses in Pennsylvania in 1977. Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (9), 820-821.

Bradfute OE, Gingery RE, Gordon DT, Nault LR, 1972. Tissue ultrastructure, sedimentation and leafhopper transmission of a virus associated with a maize dwarfing disease. In: Journal of Cellular Biology, 55 25a.

Bradfute OE, Robertson DC, 1974. Identification of the Mississippi corn stunt agent by electron microscopy. [Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society], 1 35-36.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Damsteegt V D, 1977. Survey for corn viruses in Maryland, 1975. Plant Disease Reporter. 61 (3), 179-182.

Gordon D T, Nault L R, 1977. Involvement of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and other agents in stunting diseases of Zea mays in the United States. Phytopathology. 67 (1), 27-36. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-67-27

Kuhn C W, Jellum M D, All J N, 1975. Effect of carbofuran treatment on corn yield, maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic virus diseases, and leafhopper populations. Phytopathology. 65 (9), 1017-1020. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-65-1017

Louie R, Knoke J K, Gordon D T, 1974. Epiphytotics of maize dwarf mosaic and maize chlorotic dwarf diseases in Ohio. Phytopathology. 64 (11), 1455-1459. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-64-1455

Milbrath GM, Tosic M, 1974. Occurrence of maize chlorotic dwarf in Illinois. In: Plant Disease Reporter, 58 420.

Pirone T P, Bradfute O E, Freytag P H, Lung M C Y, Poneleit C G, 1972. Virus-like particles associated with a leafhopper-transmitted disease of corn in Kentucky. Plant Disease Reporter. 56 (8), 652-656.

Reddick B B, Habera L F, Law M D, 1997. Nucleotide sequence and taxonomy of maize chlorotic dwarf virus within the family Sesquiviridae. Journal of General Virology. 78 (5), 1165-1174.

Reeves J T, Jackson A O, Paschke J D, Lister R M, 1978. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of two maize viruses. Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (8), 667-671.

ROSENKRANZ E, 1969. A new leafhopper-transmissible corn stunt disease agent in Ohio. Phytopathology. 59 (9), 1344-1346 pp.

Rosenkranz EE, 1972. Present status of MDM, corn stunt, and other virus and viruslike diseases of corn and sorghum. [27th Annual Corn and Sorghum Research Conference Proceedings], Washington, DC, 65-79.

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