Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Symptoms on maize plant Caption MCDV-infected maize plant showing only upper interlopes reduced in length and leaves proportionately reduced in size. The upper leaves are yellow. Copyright American Phytopathological Society (1977)	Symptoms on maize plant	MCDV-infected maize plant showing only upper interlopes reduced in length and leaves proportionately reduced in size. The upper leaves are yellow.	American Phytopathological Society (1977)
Title Symptoms on maize plant Caption MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and yellow discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are not proportionately reduced in size. Copyright American Phytopathological Society (1977)	Symptoms on maize plant	MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and yellow discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are not proportionately reduced in size.	American Phytopathological Society (1977)
Title Symptoms on maize plant Caption MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and red discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are proportionately reduced in size. Copyright American Phytopathological Society (1977)	Symptoms on maize plant	MCDV-infected maize plant showing stunting due to telescoped upper interlopes and red discoloration of upper leaves. Leaves are proportionately reduced in size.	American Phytopathological Society (1977)
Title Symptoms on maize plant Caption Maize plant in the foreground is infected with MCDV and shows the miniature plant syndrome of stunted plant and proportionately reduced leaf size. The infected plant shows red discoloration of the leaves. The plant in the background is healthy and normal in appearance. Copyright D.T. Gordon	Symptoms on maize plant	Maize plant in the foreground is infected with MCDV and shows the miniature plant syndrome of stunted plant and proportionately reduced leaf size. The infected plant shows red discoloration of the leaves. The plant in the background is healthy and normal in appearance.	D.T. Gordon
Title Symptoms on maize leaf Caption Left: Portion of maize leaf from healthy plant showing normal leaf appearance. Right: Portion of maize leaf from a MCDV-infected maize plant showing diagnostic chlorotic vein clearing or banding symptoms. Copyright American Phytopathological Society (1977)	Symptoms on maize leaf	Left: Portion of maize leaf from healthy plant showing normal leaf appearance. Right: Portion of maize leaf from a MCDV-infected maize plant showing diagnostic chlorotic vein clearing or banding symptoms.	American Phytopathological Society (1977)
Title MCDV particles Caption Reproduced with permission from IACR Rothamsted: http://www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/cdm/plantpath/ Copyright IACR-Rothamsted	MCDV particles	Reproduced with permission from IACR Rothamsted: http://www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/cdm/plantpath/	IACR-Rothamsted
Title TEM of MCDV particles Caption Electron microscope photograph of purified isometric particles of MCDV. Particles measure ca 30nm in diameter. Copyright Electron Microscope Laboratory, Ohio Agricultural Research Centre, Ohio State University	TEM of MCDV particles	Electron microscope photograph of purified isometric particles of MCDV. Particles measure ca 30nm in diameter.	Electron Microscope Laboratory, Ohio Agricultural Research Centre, Ohio State University

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

Other Scientific Names

• maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus
• maize chlorotic dwarf MCDV group
• maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus
• maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus
• Ohio corn stunt agent

English acronym

• MCDV

EPPO code

• MCDV00 (Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Virus
•     Group: "Positive sense ssRNA viruses"
•         Group: "RNA viruses"
•             Family: Sequiviridae
•                 Genus: Waikavirus
•                     Species: Maize chlorotic dwarf virus

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms/Signs

Vectors and Intermediate Hosts

References

All JN, 1983. Integrating techniques of vector and weed-host suppression into control programs for maize virus diseases. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR, Ritter RM, eds. Proceedings of the International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium and Workshop, August 2-6, 1982. Wooster, Ohio, USA: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 243-247.

All JN; Kuhn CW; Gallaher RN; Jellum MD; Hussey RS, 1977. Influence of no-tillage-cropping, carbofuran, and hybrid resistance on dynamics of maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic diseases of corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 70(2):221-225

All JN; Kuhn CW; Jellum MD, 1981. Control strategies for vectors of virus and viruslike pathogens of maize and sorghum. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:121-131.

Alverson DR; All JN; Kuhn CW, 1980. Simulated intrafield dispersal of maize chlorotic dwarf virus by Graminella nigrifrons with a rubidium marker. Phytopathology, 70(8):734-737

Ammar ED; Gingery RE; Nault LR, 1993. Cytopathology and ultrastructure of mild and severe strains of maize chlorotic dwarf virus in maize and johnsongrass. Canadian Journal of Botany, 71(5):718-724

Ammar ED; Nault LR, 1991. Maize chlorotic dwarf viruslike particles associated with the foregut in vector and nonvector leafhopper species. Phytopathology, 81(4):444-448

Anon., 1973. Corn and grain sorghum performance tests. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, 149.

Anon., 1974. Performance tests: corn and grain sorghum. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, 179.

Anon., 1975. Corn and grain sorghum performance tests in 1974. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, 199.

Anon., 1977. Corn and grain sorghum performance tests in 1976. Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station Research Report, 238.

Ayers JE; Boyle JS; Gordon DT, 1978. The occurrence of maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic viruses in Pennsylvania in 1977. Plant Disease Reporter, 62(9):820-821

Bhirud KM; Pitre HN, 1972. Comparative susceptibility of three Cicadellid vectors of the corn stunt disease agent to carbofuran and disulfoton in greenhouse tests. Journal of Economic Entomology, 65(5):1236-1238

Boyd FJ; Pitre HN, 1968. Studies on the field biology of Graminella nigrifrons, a vector of corn stunt virus in Mississippi. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61:1423-1427.

Boyd FJ; Pitre HN, 1969. Greenhouse studies of host plant suitability to Graminella nigrifrons, a vector of corn stunt virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 62:126-130.

Bradfute OE; Gingery RE; Gordon DT; Nault LR, 1972. Tissue ultrastructure, sedimentation and leafhopper transmission of a virus associated with a maize dwarfing disease. Journal of Cellular Biology, 55:25a.

Bradfute OE; Louie R; Knoke JK, 1972. Isometric virus-like particles in maize with stunt symptoms. Phytopathology, 62:748.

Bradfute OE; Robertson DC, 1974. Identification of the Mississippi corn stunt agent by electron microscopy. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society, 1:35-36.

Bradfute OE; Robertson DC, 1981. Electron microscopy of viruses and virus-infected cells of maize. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:25-32.

Calvert OH; Fairchild ML; Keaster AJ, 1965. Symptoms and distribution of corn stunt disease in Missouri in 1964. Plant Disease Reporter, 49:213-214.

Childress SA; Harris KF, 1989. Localization of virus-like particles in the foreguts of viruliferous Graminella nigrifrons leafhoppers carrying the semi-persistent maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Journal of General Virology, 70(1):247-251

Choudhury MM; Rosenkrantz E, 1983. Vector relationship of Graminella nigrifrons to maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Phytopathology, 73(5):685-690

Choudhury MM; Rosenkranz E, 1974. Correlation of symptoms with histological changes in corn plants infected with Ohio corn stunt agent. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society, 1:36.

Collins HL; Pitre HN, 1969. Corn stunt vector leafhopper attractancy to and oviposition preference for hybrid dent corn. II. Graminella nigrifrons. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 62:773-775.

Creamer R; Nault LR; Gingery RE, 1993. Biological factors affecting leafhopper transmission of purified maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 67(1):65-71; 17 ref.

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Dale JL; York JO, 1979. Virus disease ratings of corn Inbreds tested in Arkansas in 1978. Mimeograph Series. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas, No. 265.

Damsteegt VD, 1977. Survey for corn viruses in Maryland, 1975. Plant Disease Reporter, 61(3):179-182

Derrick KS; Brlansky RH, 1976. Assay for viruses and mycoplasmas using serologically specific electron microscopy. Phytopathology, 66(6):815-820

Dollinger EJ; Findley WR; Williams LE, 1970. Inheritance of resistance to maize dwarf mosaic virus in maize (Zea mays L.). Crop Science, 10:412-415.

Douglas WA; Whitcomb WH; Hepner LW; Kirk VM; Davis R, 1966. Some Cicadellidae (Homoptera) collected from corn in the southeastern United States. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 59:393-396.

Durant JA, 1968. Leafhopper populations on ten corn inbred lines at Florence, South Carolina. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 61:1433-1436.

Durant JA, 1973. Notes on factors influencing observed leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) population densities on corn. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 8(1):1-5

Durant JA; Hepner LW, 1968. Occurrence of leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on corn in South Carolina. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society, 3:77-82.

Eberhart SA, 1983. Developing virus resistant commercial maize hybrids. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR, Ritter RM, eds. Proceedings International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium Workshop. 2-6 August, 1982. Wooster, USA: The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 258-261.

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Findley WR; Dollinger EJ; Knoke JK; Louie R; Ryder GJ; Baxter AJ, 1975. Performance of corn hybrids exposed to corn viruses in Ohio in 1974. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Agronomy Department Series, 213.

Findley WR; Dollinger EJ; Knoke JK; Ryder GJ; Baxter AJ, 1974. Performance of corn hybrids exposed to maize dwarf mosaic in Ohio in 1973. Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Agronomy Department Series, 213.

Findley WR; Dollinger EJ; Louie R; Knoke JK, 1973. Locating genes for maize dwarf mosaic resistance by means of chromosomal translocations in corn (Zea mays L.). Crop Science, 13(6):608-611

Findley WR; Josephson LM; Dollinger EJ, 1981. Breeding for disease resistance in corn. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:137-140.

Findley WR; Knoke JK; Dollinger EJ, 1978. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Ohio in 1977. In: 1977 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture Science Education Administration, 13:6-13.

Findley WR; Knoke JK; Dollinger EJ, 1979. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Ohio in 1978. l978 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, AIR-NC-2:6-12.

Findley WR; Knoke JK; Louie R, 1983. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Ohio in 1982. In: 1982 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, AIR-NC-11:5-19.

Findley WR; Louie R; Knoke JK, 1985. Breeding corn for resistance to corn viruses in Ohio. Proceedings Annual Corn Sorghum Research Conference, 39:52-67.

Findley WR; Louie R; Knoke JK; Dollinger EJ, 1977. Breeding corn for resistance to virus in Ohio. In: Williams LE, Gordon DT, Nault LR, ed. International maize virus disease colloquium and workshop proceedings. Wooster, Ohio, USA: Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 123-128

Findley WR; Louie R; Knoke JK; Dollinger EJ, 1977. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Ohio. In: 1976 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, NC-53: 9-20.

Findley WR; Louie R; Knoke JK; Dollinger EJ, 1980. Virus tolerance ratings of corn strains grown in Ohio in 1979. In: 1979 Virus Tolerance Ratings for Corn Strains Grown in the Lower Corn Belt. US Department of Agriculture, AIR-NC-5:7-12.

Findley WR; Nault LR; Styer WE; Gordon DT, 1982. Inheritance of maize chlorotic dwarf virus resistance in maize X Zea diploperennis backcrosses. In: Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 56:165-166.

Fleming AA, 1974. Registration of maize inbred GA 209 germplasm. (Reg. No. GP 50). Crop Science, 14:911-912.

Fleming AA, 1983. Registration of GA 203 parental line of maize (Reg. No. PL63). Crop Science, 23:405.

Freytag PH, 1975. The insect parasitoids of Graminella nigrifrons in Kentucky. (Abstr.) Proceedings North Central Branch Entomological Society America, 30:85.

Ge X, 1990. Characterization of the genome of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and an associated satellite RNA. PhD. Thesis. Columbus, USA: Ohio State University.

Genter CF; Brown LW, Camper HM Jr. , Carter MT, Jones GD, Harrison RL, Link LA, Roane CW, Tolin SA, Wilmouth RR, 1973. Virginia corn performance trials of dent, high-lysine, waxy and popcorn hybrids in 1973. Virginia Polytechnical Institute State University Research Division Report, 154.

Genter CF; Brown LW, Camper HM Jr. , Jones GD, Link LA, Roane CW, Wilmouth RR, 1974. Virginia corn performance trials in 1974. Virginia Polytechnical Institute State University Research Division Report, 162.

Genter CF; Bryant J, Camper HM Jr. , Carter MT, Jones GD, Link LA, Roane CW, Wilkinson WB, Wilmouth RR, 1976. Virginia corn performance trials in 1976. Virginia Polytechnical Institute State University Research Division Report, 171.

Gingery RE, 1976. Properties of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and its ribonucleic acid. Virology, 73(2):311-318

Gingery RE, 1978. An immunofluorescence test for maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Phytopathology, 68(10):1526-1529

Gingery RE, 1988. Maize chlorotic dwarf and related viruses. In: Koenig R, ed. The Plant Viruses, Polyhedral Virions with Monopartite RNA Genomes, 3:259-272. New York, USA: Plenum Press.

Gingery RE; Bradfute OE; Gordon DT; Nault LR, 1978. Maize chlorotic dwarf virus. In: Descriptions of Plant Viruses. Wellesbourne, UK: Association Applied Biologists, No. 194, 4 pp.

Gingery RE; Gordon DT, 1981. Assays for viruses and mycoplasmas infecting maize. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:19-24.

Gingery RE; Nault LR, 1990. Severe maize chlorotic dwarf disease caused by double infection with mild virus strains. Phytopathology, 80(8):687-691

Gong HaiYan; Zhang YongJiang; Zhang ZhiYu; Chen HongJun; Gao BiDa; Zhu ShuiFang, 2010. Detection and identification of Maize chlorotic mottle virus from imported maize seeds. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 40(4):426-429. http://zwblxb.periodicals.net.cn/default.html

Gordon DT; Bradfute OE; Gingery RE; Knoke JK; Louie R; Nault LR; Scott GE, 1981. Introduction: History, geographical distribution, pathogen characteristics, and economic importance. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Disease of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:1-12.

Gordon DT; Findley WR; Knoke JK; Louie R; Nault LR; Bradfute OE; Dollinger EJ; Gingery RE, 1974. Maize dwarf mosaic and maize chlorotic dwarf diseases in the United States. In: Proceedings Corn Disease Conference 11-12 February, 1974. Lafayette, Indiana, USA: Purdue University, 52-86.

Gordon DT; Nault LR, 1977. Involvement of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and other agents in stunting diseases of Zea mays in the United States. Phytopathology, 67(1):27-36

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Gudauskas RT; Estes PM, Karr GW Jr. , Stevens C, 1976. Incidence of viral diseases in corn treated with carbofuran. Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society, 3:337.

Harris KF; Childress SA, 1983. Cytology of maize chlorotic dwarf virus infection in corn. International Journal of Tropical Plant Diseases, 1(2):135-140

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Hunt RE; Nault LR; Gingery RE, 1988. Evidence for infectivity of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and for a helper component in its leafhopper transmission. Phytopathology, 78(4):499-504

Johnson GR, 1971. Analysis of genetic resistance to maize dwarf mosaic disease. Crop Science, 11:23-24.

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Josephson LM; Graves CR; Kincer HC, 1978. Performance of corn hybrids grown under virus disease conditions. Tennessee Farm and Home Science, 105, 4-6.

Josephson LM; Hilty JW, 1970. Response of corn hybrids to maize dwarf mosaic virus. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 469.

Josephson LM; Hilty JW; Arnold JM; Kincer HC; Overton JR, 1969. Grain yield of corn reduced by maize dwarf mosaic virus infection. Plant Disease Reporter, 53:61-63.

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Josephson LM; Naidu B, 1971. Reaction in diallel crosses of corn inbreds (Zea mays L.) to maize dwarf mosaic virus. Crop Science, 11(5):664-667

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McMullen MD; Roth BA; Townsend R, 1996. Maize chlorotic dwarf virus and resistance thereto. International Patent Publication, Number 5569828.

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Nault LR; Styer WE; Knoke JK; Pitre HN, 1973. Semipersistent transmission of leafhopper-borne maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66(6):1271-1273

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Rodriguez CM; Madden LV; Nault LR; Louie R, 1993. Spread of maize chlorotic dwarf virus from infected corn and Johnsongrass by Graminella nigrifrons. Plant Disease, 77(1):55-60

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Russell WA; Hallauer AR, 1974. Registration of B76 and B77 parental lines of maize. Crop Science, 14:778.

Scott GE, 1983. Breeding for and genetics of virus resistance in field corn. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Nault LR , Ritter RM, eds. Proceedings International Maize Virus Disease Colloquium Workshop. 2-6 August, 1982. Wooster, USA: Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 248-254.

Scott GE; Davis FM, 1981. Registration of Mp496 inbred of maize (Reg. No. PL 56). Crop Science, 21:353.

Scott GE; Findley WR; Dollinger EJ, 1981. Genetics of resistance in corn. In: Gordon DT, Knoke JK, Scott GE, eds. Virus and Viruslike Diseases of Maize in the United States. Southern Cooperative Series Bulletin, 247:141-144.

Scott GE; Rosenkranz E, 1981. Effectiveness of resistance to maize dwarf mosaic and maize chlorotic dwarf viruses in maize. Phytopathology, 71(9):937-941

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Sedlacek JD; Freytag PH, 1986. Aspects of the field biology of the blackfaced leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in corn and pastures in Kentucky. Journal of Economic Entomology, 79(3):605-613

Stoner WN, 1964. Corn stunt disease in the United States through 1963. Plant Disease Reporter, 48:640-644.

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Distribution References

Ayers J E, Boyle J S, Gordon D T, 1978. The occurrence of maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic viruses in Pennsylvania in 1977. Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (9), 820-821.

Bradfute OE, Gingery RE, Gordon DT, Nault LR, 1972. Tissue ultrastructure, sedimentation and leafhopper transmission of a virus associated with a maize dwarfing disease. In: Journal of Cellular Biology, 55 25a.

Bradfute OE, Robertson DC, 1974. Identification of the Mississippi corn stunt agent by electron microscopy. [Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society], 1 35-36.

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Damsteegt V D, 1977. Survey for corn viruses in Maryland, 1975. Plant Disease Reporter. 61 (3), 179-182.

Gordon D T, Nault L R, 1977. Involvement of maize chlorotic dwarf virus and other agents in stunting diseases of Zea mays in the United States. Phytopathology. 67 (1), 27-36. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-67-27

Kuhn C W, Jellum M D, All J N, 1975. Effect of carbofuran treatment on corn yield, maize chlorotic dwarf and maize dwarf mosaic virus diseases, and leafhopper populations. Phytopathology. 65 (9), 1017-1020. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-65-1017

Louie R, Knoke J K, Gordon D T, 1974. Epiphytotics of maize dwarf mosaic and maize chlorotic dwarf diseases in Ohio. Phytopathology. 64 (11), 1455-1459. DOI:10.1094/Phyto-64-1455

Milbrath GM, Tosic M, 1974. Occurrence of maize chlorotic dwarf in Illinois. In: Plant Disease Reporter, 58 420.

Pirone T P, Bradfute O E, Freytag P H, Lung M C Y, Poneleit C G, 1972. Virus-like particles associated with a leafhopper-transmitted disease of corn in Kentucky. Plant Disease Reporter. 56 (8), 652-656.

Reddick B B, Habera L F, Law M D, 1997. Nucleotide sequence and taxonomy of maize chlorotic dwarf virus within the family Sesquiviridae. Journal of General Virology. 78 (5), 1165-1174.

Reeves J T, Jackson A O, Paschke J D, Lister R M, 1978. Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serodiagnosis of two maize viruses. Plant Disease Reporter. 62 (8), 667-671.

ROSENKRANZ E, 1969. A new leafhopper-transmissible corn stunt disease agent in Ohio. Phytopathology. 59 (9), 1344-1346 pp.

Rosenkranz EE, 1972. Present status of MDM, corn stunt, and other virus and viruslike diseases of corn and sorghum. [27th Annual Corn and Sorghum Research Conference Proceedings], Washington, DC, 65-79.

Distribution Maps