Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin)

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Lupinus angustifolius L.

Preferred Common Name

narrow-leaf lupin

Other Scientific Names

Lupinus canaliculatus Sweet

International Common Names

English: blue lupine; European blue lupine; narrow-leaved lupine
Spanish: altramuz azul; altramuz de hoja estrecha; haba loca; lupino azul
French: lupin à feuilles étroites; lupin bleu
Chinese: xia ye yu shan dou
Portuguese: tremoçeiro-azul; tremoço-bravo; tremoço-de-folhas-estreitas

Local Common Names

Czech Republic: lupina úzkolistá
Dominican Republic: yuca
France: lupin petit bleu
Germany: blaue lupine; blau-lupine; schmalblättrige lupine
Hungary: keskenylevelű csillagfürt
Italy: lupino azzurro
Jamaica: lupin
Netherlands: blauwe lupine
Sweden: blålupin

EPPO code

LUPAN (Lupinus angustifolius)

Summary of Invasiveness

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Lupinus angustifolius is a fast growing annual herb native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. It has been widely introduced in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for use as green manure, forage and as a grain legume and soil improver. In many places it is an agricultural and environmental weed. It is naturalized primarily along roadsides, in disturbed areas, secondary forests and in ruderal areas near cultivation. L. angustifolius is able to suppress native plant species by altering soil characteristics through its nitrogen fixing activity, allowing the spread of other non-native species. It is listed as invasive in Australia.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Faboideae
Genus: Lupinus
Species: Lupinus angustifolius

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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Lupinus is a large and diverse genus comprising about 200-500 species of annual and perennial herbs, shrubs and small trees. Lupinus species are distributed worldwide, but there is greater diversity in the New World, with over 90% of species in the genus occurring in the temperate and subtropical zones of North and South America, from Washington State, in the USA, to southern Argentina and Chile. Only 12-13 species are considered native to the Mediterranean and Africa, with some populations extending to the highlands of East African tropical areas (Ainouche and Bayer, 1999; Stevens, 2012; Australian Government, 2013). Several Lupinus species have a long history of use both as ornamental plants in gardens and as agricultural crops. L. angustifolius, L. albus, L. luteus and L. mutabilis have gained agricultural importance and are cultivated worldwide (Australian Government, 2013).

Description

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The following description is from Standley and Steyermark (1946):

L. angustifolius is an annual plant, erect, branched, slender, mostly 50 cm high or less, the stems pilose with short, mostly appressed, sometimes spreading hairs, densely leafy; leaves long-petiolate, the leaflets 5-9, linear, 2-4 cm long, 2-5 mm wide, very obtuse or rounded at the apex, glabrous above, sericeous beneath; stipules 7 mm long, linear; racemes short or elongate, few-many-flowered, short-pedunculate, the bracts small, caducous; calyx lips long and narrow, pilose; corolla bright blue, the standard 12 mm long; legume 5-7 cm long, 10-12 mm wide, hirsute, 5-6-seeded; seeds gray and brown, 7-8 mm long.

Plant Type

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Annual
Broadleaved
Herbaceous
Seed propagated

Distribution

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L. angustifolius is native to the Mediterranean, occurring in southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia (Rhodes and Maxted, 2016; DAISIE, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017). It has been introduced in tropical and subtropical areas across the Americas, Australia and Europe (FAO, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017; Weeds of Australia, 2017). It is widely cultivated in Australia, where it is also listed as invasive (Weeds of Australia, 2017). It is listed as ‘possibly invasive’ in the Dominican Republic (Mir, 2012).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Feb 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Egypt	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Morocco	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Asia
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1980		Seebens et al. (2017)
China	Present	Introduced			Flora of China Editorial Committee (2010)	Cultivated
India	Present	Introduced			India Biodiversity Portal (2017)	Cultivated
-Tamil Nadu	Present	Introduced			India Biodiversity Portal (2017)	Cultivated
Israel	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Lebanon	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Palestine	Present	Native			Rhodes and Maxted (2016)
South Korea	Present	Introduced	1995		Seebens et al. (2017)
Syria	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Turkey	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Europe
Albania	Present	Native			Rhodes and Maxted (2016)
Austria	Present	Introduced	1989		Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2017)
Belgium	Present	Introduced	1861		Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2017)
Bulgaria	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Cyprus	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Czechia	Present	Introduced	1900		Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2017)
Denmark	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2017)	Established
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	USDA-ARS (2017)	Naturalized
France	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
-Corsica	Present	Native			Rhodes and Maxted (2016)
Germany	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2017)
Greece	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
Hungary	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2017)
Ireland	Present	Introduced	1995		Seebens et al. (2017)
Italy	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)	Including Sardinia and Sicily
Latvia	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2017)
Malta	Present	Native			Rhodes and Maxted (2016)
Norway	Present	Introduced	1895		Seebens et al. (2017)
Portugal	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017)
-Madeira	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	DAISIE (2017)	Naturalized
Russia	Present	Introduced	1992		Seebens et al. (2017)
Spain	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2017) Trapero-Casas et al. (2000)
-Balearic Islands	Present	Native			Rhodes and Maxted (2016)
Sweden	Present	Introduced	1902		Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2017)
United Kingdom	Present	Introduced	1890		Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2017)
North America
Canada	Present	Introduced			CABI (Undated) Chang et al. (2005)	Present based on regional records
-Alberta	Present				Chang et al. (2005)
-British Columbia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2017)
Dominican Republic	Present	Introduced			Mir (2012)	Possibly invasive
Guatemala	Present	Introduced			Missouri Botanical Garden (2017)
Jamaica	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
United States	Present	Introduced			CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional records
-Florida	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2017)
-Georgia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2017)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2017)
-Maine	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2017)
Oceania
Australia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015) Seebens et al. (2017)
-New South Wales	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Queensland	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Tasmania	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Victoria	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Western Australia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced			Zuloaga et al. (2008)
Bolivia	Present	Introduced			Bolivia Catalogue (2017)
Chile	Present	Introduced	1950		Seebens et al. (2017) Zuloaga et al. (2008)
Uruguay	Present	Introduced			Zuloaga et al. (2008)

History of Introduction and Spread

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Lupinus species have an ancient history in agriculture that can be traced back more than 4000 years (Kurlovich, 2002). Domestication first occurred in the Mediterranean region and the American continent, but the breakthrough that established Lupinus species as modern agricultural crops occurred in Europe and Australia. From the 1930s to 1970s, several varieties were developed and cultivated in Australia and Germany (Australian Government, 2013).

Risk of Introduction

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The risk of new introductions of L. angustifolius is very high. Many varieties of this species are widely cultivated across tropical and subtropical regions of the world (Weeds of Australia, 2017).

Habitat

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L. angustifolius grows as an environmental and agricultural weed. It has become naturalized in disturbed sites, wastelands, roadsides, sandy coastal habitats, open woodlands, degraded shrublands, abandoned fields, shrub steppes, parks and gardens (Rhodes and Maxted, 2016; Weeds of Australia, 2017).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Scrub / shrublands	Present, no further details	Natural
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Natural

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

The chromosome number reported for L. angustifolius varies, and has been recorded as 2n = 38, 2n = 42 and 2n = 44 (Ghrabi Gammar et al., 1997).

Reproductive Biology

The flowers of L. angustifolius are hermaphrodite and pollinated by bees (PFAF, 2017). However, the species is self-compatible and mainly reproduces by self-pollination (Australian Government, 2013).

Physiology and Phenology

L. angustifolius reaches maturity in 105-150 days and produces flowers after 80-120 days. In the USA, it flowers between April and June (FAO, 2017). In Australia, cultivated L. angustifolius begins flowering from late July to early September and plants are harvested in October or November (Australian Government, 2013). Germination and emergence is reduced when soil temperature is higher than 20°C, with almost no germination and emergence at 30°C (Australian Government, 2013).

Associations

Symbiosis occurs between L. angustifolius and nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria such as Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium (FAO, 2017).

Environmental Requirements

In temperate regions, L. angustifolius grows at elevations between sea level and 545 m, whereas in the tropics it grows between 1500 and 2500 m above sea level (FAO, 2017). In Australia it thrives in areas receiving less than 500 mm annual rainfall (Australian Government, 2013), though it can tolerate an average annual rainfall of 840 mm (Duke, 1981). It usually occurs on non-calcareous soils with an average pH between 4.9 and 8.2 (Duke, 1981; Clements et al., 2005).

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
Am - Tropical monsoon climate	Tolerated	Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer	Tolerated	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Tolerated	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
BW - Desert climate	Tolerated	< 430mm annual precipitation
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter	Preferred	Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
50	20	0	2500

Air Temperature

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC)	-6
Mean annual temperature (ºC)	4	26

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Mean annual rainfall	400	840	mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Uniform

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free

Soil reaction

acid
alkaline
neutral

Soil texture

light
medium

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity
Colletotrichum lupini	Pathogen	Other\|All Stages	not specific
Pleiochaeta setosa	Pathogen	Other\|All Stages	not specific
Thanatephorus cucumeris	Pathogen	Other\|All Stages	not specific

Notes on Natural Enemies

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In Australia, anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lupini), brown leaf spot and root rot (caused by Pleiochaeta setosa) and phomopsis (caused by Diaporthe toxica) are the diseases that have the greatest impact on Lupinus species (Australian Government, 2013).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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L. angustifolius spreads via seed that is dispersed by waterways, animals and by human activities (Australian Government, 2013).

Intentional Introduction

L. angustifolius has been widely introduced by humans outside its native distribution range, primarily for use as a forage/fodder crop (FAO, 2017).

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Crop production	Cultivated as a legume pulse	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2017)
Disturbance	Weed in disturbed sites	Yes	Yes	Weeds of Australia (2017)
Escape from confinement or garden escape		Yes	Yes	Weeds of Australia (2017)
Forage		Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2017)
Habitat restoration and improvement	Soil improver	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2017)
People foraging	Human food (pulse)	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2017)

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Debris and waste associated with human activities	Fruits/seeds escaped from cultivation	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2017)
Soil, sand and gravel	Seeds	Yes	Yes	USDA-NRCS (2017)
Land vehicles	Seeds	Yes	Yes	USDA-NRCS (2017)
Water	Seeds	Yes	Yes	USDA-NRCS (2017)

Impact

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The seeds of L. angustifolius contain alkaloids that are toxic for human and animal consumption (Australian Government, 2013; PFAF, 2017).

Economic Impact

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L. angustifolius is listed as an agricultural weed, particularly in Australia (Australian Government, 2013).

Environmental Impact

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L. angustifolius is regarded as an environmental weed. It often grows as a weed of road verges, disturbed sites and secondary forests (Weeds of Australia, 2017). It is able to suppress the growth of native plant species by altering soil characteristics through its nitrogen fixing activity and allowing the spread of other non-native species (Weeds of Australia, 2017).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Fast growing
Gregarious

Impact outcomes

Altered trophic level
Increases vulnerability to invasions
Modification of nutrient regime
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources
Interaction with other invasive species
Poisoning
Rapid growth

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

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L. angustifolius is grown for use as human food (a pulse), animal fodder and forage, for green manure and as a soil improver and stabilizer. It is also planted as honey flora and seeds are used as a protein additive in animal feed (FAO, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017).

Uses List

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Animal feed, fodder, forage

Fodder/animal feed
Forage

Environmental

Soil improvement

Human food and beverage

Honey/honey flora
Pulse

Materials

Green manure
Poisonous to mammals

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Control

Physical/Mechanical Control

Small infestations of L. angustifolius can be controlled through prevention of seed set for 3-4 years by mowing, grazing or hand pulling before flowering (Australian Government, 2013).

References

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Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution.1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Ainouche AK, Bayer RJ, 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in Lupinus (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) based on internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. American Journal of Botany, 86(4), 590-607.

Australian Government, 2013. The Biology of Lupinus L. (lupin or lupine). Australia: Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Gene Technology Regulator.http://www.ogtr.gov.au/internet/ogtr/publishing.nsf/Content/biologylupin2013-toc/$FILE/biologylupin2013-2.pdf

Bolivia Catalogue, 2017. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.http://www.tropicos.org/Project/BC

Clements JC, Buirchel BJ, Yang H, Smith PMC, Sweetingham MW, Smith CG, 2005. Lupin. In: Genetic Resources, Chromosome Engineering, and Crop Improvements Volume 1, Grain Legumes, Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis Group. 231-323.

DAISIE, 2017. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do

Duke JA, 1981. New York, USA: Plenum Press.

FAO, 2017. http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropSearchForm

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2010. Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Flora of China. 10. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.1-577. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume10/FOC_10_Fabaceae_all.pdf

Ghrabi Gammar de Z, Puech S, Zouaghi M, Nabli M, 1997. Rapports (827-830). In: Mediterranean chromosome number reports 7. Flora Mediterranea , 7. 221-225.

India Biodiversity Portal, 2017. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list

Kurlovich BS, 2002. The history of lupin domestication. In: Lupins: Geography, classification, genetic resources and breeding, St. Petersburg and Pellosniemi, Russia and Finland: OY International North Express. 241-268.

Mir C, 2012. Dominican Republic: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Santo Domingo.

Missouri Botanical Garden, 2017. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.http://www.tropicos.org/

PFAF, 2017. http://www.pfaf.org/USER/Default.aspx

Rhodes L, Maxted N, 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e.T174707A19404942. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T174707A19404942.en

Standley, P. C., Steyermark, J. A., 1946. Flora of Guatemala. V. Fieldiana: Botany, 24(5), v + 502 pp.

Stevens PF, 2012. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

USDA-ARS, 2017. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory.http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

USDA-NRCS, 2017. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center.http://plants.usda.gov/

Weeds of Australia, 2017. http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/index.htm

Zuloaga FO, Morrone O, Belgrano MJ, 2008. Catalogue of the vascular plants of the southern cone (Argentina, southern Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay). (Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur: (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay)). USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press.3348 pp.

Distribution References

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong M T, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. 1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Bolivia Catalogue, 2017. (Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia)., St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/BC

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Chang K F, Hwang S F, Gossen B D, Howard R J, Lopetinsky K, Olson M, 2005. First report Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 and AG-2-2 on Lupinus angustifolius in Canada. Plant Disease. 89 (6), 685. DOI:10.1094/PD-89-0685C

DAISIE, 2017. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. In: Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2010. Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Flora of China., 10 St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. 1-577. http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume10/FOC_10_Fabaceae_all.pdf

India Biodiversity Portal, 2017. Online Portal of India Biodiversity. In: Online Portal of India Biodiversity. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list

Mir C, 2012. [English title not available]. (Estrategia Nacional de especies exóticas invasoras realizado en el marco del Proyecto “Mitigando las amenazas de las especies exóticas invasoras en el Caribe Insular”)., Dominican Republic: Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales Santo Domingo.

Missouri Botanical Garden, 2017. Tropicos database. In: Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/

Rhodes L, Maxted N, 2016. Lupinus angustifolius. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, e.T174707A19404942. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T174707A19404942.en

Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435

Trapero-Casas A, Rodríguez-Tello A, Kaiser W J, 2000. Lupins, a new host of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Plant Disease. 84 (4), 488. DOI:10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.4.488B

USDA-ARS, 2017. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx

USDA-NRCS, 2017. The PLANTS Database. In: The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

Weeds of Australia, 2015. Weeds of Australia, Biosecurity Queensland Edition., http://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/03030800-0b07-490a-8d04-0605030c0f01/media/Html/search.html?zoom_query=

Zuloaga F O, Morrone O, Belgrano M J, 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares del Cono Sur: (Argentina, Sur de Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. 3348 pp.

Contributors

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11/03/17 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

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Lupinus angustifolius (narrow-leaf lupin)

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