Leptosphaeria maculans
(stem canker)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Symptoms on rape leaf Caption Leaf lesions on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Capitol) caused by L. maculans, showing typical pale lesions with associated pycnidia (a) and dark lesion type (b) both with leaf chlorosis. Copyright Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West	Symptoms on rape leaf	Leaf lesions on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Capitol) caused by L. maculans, showing typical pale lesions with associated pycnidia (a) and dark lesion type (b) both with leaf chlorosis.	Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West
Title Symptoms on rape stem Caption Infected stem of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Envol) showing stem lesions. Copyright Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West	Symptoms on rape stem	Infected stem of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Envol) showing stem lesions.	Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West
Title Symptoms on rape stem Caption Stem lesion caused by L. maculans on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Envol) showing an infected petiole still attached to the stem. Copyright Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West	Symptoms on rape stem	Stem lesion caused by L. maculans on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus cv. Envol) showing an infected petiole still attached to the stem.	Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West
Title Pycnidia on rape seed Caption Pycnidia on rape seed in blotter test. Copyright ISU	Pycnidia on rape seed	Pycnidia on rape seed in blotter test.	ISU
Title Symptoms on Brassica Caption Stem canker on Brassica vegetable plant. Copyright ISU	Symptoms on Brassica	Stem canker on Brassica vegetable plant.	ISU
Title Symptoms on B. napus stems Caption Early symptoms of stem canker (second stem from bottom) and stem lesions (other stems) on B. napus caused by UK field isolates of L. maculans. Copyright Bruce Fitt/British Society for Plant Pathology	Symptoms on B. napus stems	Early symptoms of stem canker (second stem from bottom) and stem lesions (other stems) on B. napus caused by UK field isolates of L. maculans.	Bruce Fitt/British Society for Plant Pathology
Title Pseudothecia Caption Squashed pseudothecia of L. maculans showing a) ascospores, b) bitunicate ascus containing 8 ascospores, c) immature ascus. Scale bar = 20µm. Copyright Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West	Pseudothecia	Squashed pseudothecia of L. maculans showing a) ascospores, b) bitunicate ascus containing 8 ascospores, c) immature ascus. Scale bar = 20µm.	Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West
Title Pseudothecia Caption Ascospores released from squashed pseudothecia of L. maculans. Scale bar = 20µm. Copyright Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West	Pseudothecia	Ascospores released from squashed pseudothecia of L. maculans. Scale bar = 20µm.	Jonathan Biddulph & Jonathan West

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not.

Preferred Common Name

• stem canker

Other Scientific Names

• Phoma brassicae Thüm.
• Phoma lingam (Tode) Desm.
• Phoma oleracea Sacc.
• Phome napobrassicae Rostr.
• Phyllosticta brassicae (Curr.) Westend.
• Phyllosticta napi Sacc.
• Plenodomus lingam (Tode) Höhn.
• Pleospora maculans (Desm.) Tul.
• Sphaeria lingam Tode
• Sphaeria maculans Desm.

International Common Names

• English: black leg of cabbage; blackleg of cabbage; crucifers black leg; crucifers canker; crucifers dry rot; Phoma leaf spot
• Spanish: pie negro de las cruciferas; podredumbre seca de las cruciferas
• French: chancre des cruciferes; chancre du chou; chancre du colza; jambe noire des cruciferes; jambe noire du chou; necrose du collet des cruciferes; phoma des cruciferes; pied noir du chou

Local Common Names

• Germany: Fussfaeule: Kohl; Halsnekrose: Raps; Stengelfaeule: Raps; Trockenfaeule: Kohl; Umfallkrankheit: Kohl; Wurzelhalsfaeule: Raps

EPPO code

• LEPTMA (Leptosphaeria maculans)

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Fungi
•         Phylum: Ascomycota
•             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
•                 Class: Dothideomycetes
•                     Subclass: Pleosporomycetidae
•                         Order: Pleosporales
•                             Family: Leptosphaeriaceae
•                                 Genus: Leptosphaeria
•                                     Species: Leptosphaeria maculans

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Growth Stages

List of Symptoms/Signs

Natural enemies

Plant Trade

References

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Agostini A; Johnson DA; Hulbert S; Demoz B; Fernando WGD; Paulitz T, 2013. First report of blackleg caused by Leptosphaeria maculans on canola in Idaho. Plant Disease, 97(6):842. http://apsjournals.apsnet.org/loi/pdis

Andreoli C; Maguire JD, 1995. Preliminary investigations on viability of the use of abscisic acid (ABA) in crucifer seed health test for detecting Phoma lingam. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 30(2):291-294

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Ansan-Melayah D; Rouxel T; Bertrandy J; Letarnec B; Mendes-Pereira E; Balesdent MH, 1997. Field efficiency of Brassica napus specific resistance correlates with Leptosphaeria maculans population structure. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 103(9):835-841; 28 ref.

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Balesdent MH; Gall C; Robin P; Rouxel T, 1992. Intraspecific variation in soluble mycelial protein and esterase patterns of Leptosphaeria maculans French isolates. Mycological Research, 96(8):677-684

Ballinger DJ; Salisbury PA, 1996. Seedling and adult plant evaluation of race variability in Leptosphaeria maculans on Brassica species in Australia. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 36(4):485-488; 21 ref.

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Fitt BDL; Hu BC; Li ZQ; Liu SY; Lange RM; Kharbanda PD; Butterworth MH; White RP, 2008. Strategies to prevent spread of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) onto oilseed rape crops in China; costs and benefits. Plant Pathology, 57(4):652-664. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa

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Humpherson-Jones FM, 1986. The occurrence of virulent pathotypes of Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica seed crops in England. Plant Pathology, 35(2):224-231

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Sosnowski M; Ramsey M; Murray G; Scott E; Wilmshurst C, 2001. Symptoms of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) on the roots of canola in Australia. Plant Pathology, 50(6):808; 3 ref.

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Distribution References

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Distribution Maps