Ligustrum obtusifolium
(border privet)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Flowers and foliage Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); flowers and foliage. USA. June, 2004. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Flowers and foliage	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); flowers and foliage. USA. June, 2004.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Flowering habit Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); flowers and foliage. USA. June, 2004. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Flowering habit	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); flowers and foliage. USA. June, 2004.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Flowers Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); close-up of flowers. USA. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Flowers	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); close-up of flowers. USA.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Fruits and foliage Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); ripening fruits and foliage. USA. September, 2001. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Fruits and foliage	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); ripening fruits and foliage. USA. September, 2001.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Fruits Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); ripe fruits. USA. October, 2001. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Fruits	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); ripe fruits. USA. October, 2001.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Fruits Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); close-up of ripe fruits. USA. March, 2006. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Fruits	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); close-up of ripe fruits. USA. March, 2006.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Habit Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); inasive habit. USA. June, 2005. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Habit	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); inasive habit. USA. June, 2005.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Trunk and bark Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); trunk and bark. Note hand-saw for scale. USA. March, 2006. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Trunk and bark	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); trunk and bark. Note hand-saw for scale. USA. March, 2006.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Title Cut stump Caption Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); cut stump, reveals growth rings of ca.10-11 yrs. USA. March, 2006. Copyright ©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US	Cut stump	Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet); cut stump, reveals growth rings of ca.10-11 yrs. USA. March, 2006.	©Leslie J. Mehrhoff/University of Connecticut/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc.

Preferred Common Name

• border privet

Other Scientific Names

• Ligustrum amurense Carrière
• Ligustrum ciliatum var. spathulatum Blume
• Ligustrum ibota f. angustifolium (Blume) Nakai
• Ligustrum ibota f. obtusifolium (Siebold & Zucc.) Koidz.
• Ligustrum ibota f. tschonoskii (Nakai) Nakai
• Ligustrum ibota var. amurense (Carrière) Mansf.
• Ligustrum ibota var. angustifolium Blume
• Ligustrum ibota var. diabolicum Koidz.
• Ligustrum ibota var. obovatum Blume
• Ligustrum ibota var. obtusifolium (Siebold & Zucc.) Koidz.
• Ligustrum ibota var. regelianum (Koehne) Siebold ex Beissn., Schelle & Zabel
• Ligustrum ibota var. suave Kitag.
• Ligustrum ibota var. tschonoskii Nakai
• Ligustrum ibota var. velutinum Blume
• Ligustrum obtusifolium f. leiocalyx (Nakai) Murata
• Ligustrum obtusifolium f. velutinum (Blume) Murata
• Ligustrum obtusifolium subsp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag.
• Ligustrum obtusifolium var. amurense (Carrière) Mansf.
• Ligustrum obtusifolium var. leiocalyx (Nakai) H.Hara
• Ligustrum obtusifolium var. regelianum (Koehne) Rehder
• Ligustrum obtusifolium var. rubescens Nakai
• Ligustrum obtusifolium var. velutinum (Blume) H.Hara
• Ligustrum regelianum Koehne
• Ligustrum suave (Kitag.) Kitag.
• Ligustrum tschonoskii var. leiocalyx Nakai

International Common Names

• English: amur privet; blunt-leaved privet; japanese deciduous privet; obtuse-leaved privet; regal privet
• French: troène à feuilles obtuses; troène obtusifolium

Local Common Names

• China: dong ya nu zhen; liao dong shui la shu
• Germany: liguster; stumpfblättriger
• Japan: ibota-no-ki

EPPO code

• LIGOB (Ligustrum obtusifolium)

Summary of Invasiveness

L. obtusifolium is a deciduous shrub native to Japan, China and Korea. It has been introduced widely into the USA where it has established in stream valleys, old fields, forest gaps and disturbed urban and suburban forest remnants. It is listed as invasive in several states in the USA including Indiana, Connecticut, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. L. obtusifolium forms dense thickets which can be difficult to control and may alter habitats and outcompete native plant species. A number of Ligustrum species, such as L. vulgare and L. sinense, are also known to be invasive.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Oleales
•                         Family: Oleaceae
•                             Genus: Ligustrum
•                                 Species: Ligustrum obtusifolium

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

L. obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. (1846) is the accepted name for the species. L. obtusifolium is one of 45 species in the genus LigustrumL. (1753) (Flora of China Editorial Comittee, 2014). It is a member of the family Oleaceae which includes 787 species of woody plants.

The variability of the pubescence (pubescent to glabrous) of the branchlets has, in part, led to 30 different synonyms (Nesom, 2009; The Plant List, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2014) and taxonomic conflation and naming confusion with L. ibota. The genus Ligustrum has been the subject of repeated reviews in the past (Green, 1990; Green, 1995) and the current opinion is that the distinctions between species in Ligustrum are small.

L. obtusifolium has one accepted form, L. obtusifolium subsp. microphyllum (Nakai) P.S.Green.

In many case the name L. obtusifolium subsp. obtusifolium refers to the indigenous species found in Japan. L. obtusifolium subsp. suave is often used to refer to L. obtusifoium found in China, Korea and the Amur region of Russia (Nesom, 2009).

Ligustrum, from the latin word ligo, means to bind and its slender and flexible twigs having been used as bands or bindings. Ligustrum is also the classical Latin name for Privets. Obtusifolium is derived from the Latin obtusus meaning ‘blunt’ and folium meaning ‘leaf’. 

Description

Deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub that grows from 8-20 ft. tall. Leaves: opposite, simple, entire, short-stalked, ranging in length from 2.54-7.6 cm and varying in shape from oval, elliptic to oblong. Shrubs 0.5-3 m, deciduous and many branched. Branchlets minutely pilose to pubescent or puberulent. Petiole 1-2 mm, glabrous or pubescent; leaf blade oblong, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate to long obovate-elliptic, or oblanceolate, 0.8-6 × 0.4-2.5 cm, papery, scattered pilose to glabrous or sparsely pubescent, base cuneate or broadly so, apex acute or obtuse, mucronulate, sometimes slightly retuse; primary veins 3-5(-7) on each side of midrib, often obscure or abaxially slightly raised. Panicles terminal, 1.5-4 × 1.5-3 cm, densely flowered. Pedicel 0-2 mm, puberulent, pubescent or glabrous. Calyx 1-2 mm, puberulent, pubescent, or glabrous. Corolla 5-10 mm; tube 1.5-2.5 × as long as lobes. Stamens reaching about middle of corolla lobes; anthers lanceolate, 2-3 mm. Fruit purple-black, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 5-8 × 4-6 mm. Fl. May-Jun, fr. Aug-Oct (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014).

Plant Type

Distribution

L. obtusifolium is native to the mountains of Japan, China and Korea (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014; USDA-ARS, 2014). It has been introduced widely into the USA, into Colombia and Egypt and is also present in Austria and Germany where it has been reported as an ornamental in Vienna and Berlin  (Sukopp, 2006; Kelcey and Müller, 2011).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

L. obtusifolium was introduced into the USA as early as 1860 (Maddox et al., 2010) and has currently naturalized in at least 20 states (USDA-NRCS, 2014).

L. obtusifolium is reportedly found in the Amur river area of the Russian Far East and was sent to St. Petersburg, Russia and thence to Paris, France (Faxon, 1903).

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

Accidental introduction of L. obtusifolium into new areas is unlikely. However, deliberate introduction into new areas is more likely as the species is part of the ornamental plant trade and readily available for sale on the internet. Once introduced to a region, the seeds can be dispersed by birds. In temperate climates L. obtusifolium may fruit prolifically (USDA Forest Service, 2005; Gleditsch and Carlo, 2010).

Habitat

L. obtusifolium grows best in full sun to light shade. It can be found in woodland and forest edges, roadways, old fields and disturbed areas in moist to dry-mesic conditions.

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

A diploid number of 2n = 46 has been recorded for L. obtusifolium (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014).

Reproductive Biology

L. obtusifolium reproduces by seed and can also regenerate and spread from root and stump re-sproutings. A study by Gleditsch and Carlo (2010) found L. obtusifolium to have the second highest total fruit crop in central Pennsylvania after Lonicera species.

Physiology and Phenology

L. obtusifolium flowers from late spring to early summer and lasts for about one to one and a half weeks. The fruits replace the flowers and mature in late summer to early autumn.

Associations

The flowers of L. obtusifolium attract honeybees (Apis species) and other bees, the red admiral butterfly (Vanessa atalanta) and other local butterflies and moths.

Environmental Requirements

L. obtusifolium can grow in soils containing loam or clay-loam, but is highly tolerant of other soil types such as light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay). It is tolerant of a wide pH range, from acidic through neutral to alkaline soils (PFAF, 2014).

Climate

Air Temperature

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

The leaves of L. obtusifolium contain an iridoid glycoside that deters many generalist herbivores (Konno et al., 2009). However, a number of natural enemies have been recorded. These include the moths Ceratomia undulosa, Sphinx chersis and S. kalmiae which are known to feed on the leaves (Hilty, 2014). The caterpillars of Podosesia syringae and the larvae of the beetle Tylonotus bimaculatus which feed on the woody stems have also been recorded (Hilty, 2014).

A number of other insects feeding on L. obtusifolium have been recorded and include Agrotis ipsilon, Asphondylia sphaera, Dolbina tancrei,Lepidosaphes kuwacola, Oceanaspidiotus spinosus,Macrosiphum gei, Macrophya punctumalbum, Philtraea elegantaria and Trichaltica scabricula (Wynne et al., 1991; Uechi and Yukawa, 2006; Konno et al., 2009, Swearingen et al., 2010; Ben-Dov et al., 2013, Hilty, 2014). The pathogens Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Rhizobium radiobacter] and Pseudocercospora ligustri have also been reported (Swearingen et al., 2010).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Vector Transmission

The fruits of L. obtusifolium are dispersed by birds (Serviss, 2014). Swearingen et al. (2010) reports that birds and other animals can excrete the seeds undamaged where they can germinate to produce new plants. It has been suggested that the berries the berries are eaten to a limited extent by the eastern bluebird (Sialia sialis), the American tree sparrow (Spizella arborea) and the cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) (Martin et al., 1951; Hilty, 2014).

Intentional Introduction

L. obtusifolium has been intentionally introduced to a number of countries around the word as an ornamental plant (Maddox et al., 2010).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

L. obtusifolium can form dense thickets which can alter habitats and enable establishment of new stands (Swearingen et al., 2010). These thickets can outcompete and inhibit indigenous species in North America decreasing biodiversity (Swearingen et al., 2010).

Social Impact

All parts of L. obtusifolium are toxic to humans causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain (Wagstaff, 2008). It is also toxic towards a number of mammalian herbivores including horses.

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually

• Altered trophic level
• Damaged ecosystem services
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of natural benthic communities
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced amenity values
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - shading
• Hybridization
• Interaction with other invasive species
• Rapid growth

• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Economic Value

L. obtusifolium is widely sold in the landscape industry as an inexpensive, cold-hardy hedge species that withstands heavy trimming and shaping. For example, L. obtusifolium was suggested for highway landscape plantings in New York State (Francis, 1919).

Uses List

Environmental

• Amenity
• Boundary, barrier or support

Ornamental

• Christmas tree
• Cut flower
• garden plant
• Potted plant
• Propagation material
• Seed trade

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

L. obtusifolium is often mistaken for a number of species within the genus Ligustrum, including L. vulgare and L. sinense. A key and morphological descriptions to distinguish between these species and other Ligustrum species naturalized in North America can be found in Nesom (2009).

It has been reported that it is very difficult to distinguish between L. vulgare and L. obtusifolium (Hilty, 2014). It has been suggested that the young twigs of L. obtusifolium are more hairy than L. vulgare (Hassler, 2015).

L. sinense has petioles that are 2-8 mm long and corollas where the tube is shorter than the lobes (in some instances, the tube may equal in length to the lobes, but not longer). The corolla of L. sinense is 3.5-5.5 mm long (Nesom, 2009).

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Control

Physical/Mechanical Control

L. obtusifolium can be controlled by mowing, cutting, removing seedlings and by burning. Stems should be cut at least once per growing season as close to ground level as possible.

Chemical Control

Herbicide applications by foliar spraying in late autumn or early spring with glyphosate, triclopyr, or metsulfuron can be used to treat L. obtusifolium. In addition to this cut stump applications using glyphosate or triclopyr and basal bark applications of triclopyr are also recommended (Douce et al., 2005). Treatment of the basal 12–15 inches of woody stem with triclopyr in oil is another alternative (Rhoads and Block, 2011).

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

More research is required to determine the effects of L. obtusifolium on the environment. Phylogenetic research is also needed to establish species and subordinate taxa ranks.

References

Ben-Dov Y, Miller DR, Gibson GAP, 2013. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm

Brand (Ed) M, 2001. Ligustrum obtusifolium. UConn Plant Database. Connecticut, USA: University of Connecticut. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/detail.php?pid=254

Douce GK, Moorhead DJ, Bargeron CT, Reardon RC, 2005. Invasive.org: a Web-based Image Archive and Database System Focused on North American Exotic and Invasive Species. In: Proceedings, XV USDA interagency research forum on gypsy moth and other invasive species 2004, XV [ed. by Gottschalk, K. W.]. Pennsylvania, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, 25 pp

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Francis HR, 1919. Trees in roadside treatment. New York, USA: New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, 102 pp

GBIF, 2014. GBIF data portal. Copenhagen, Denmark: Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). http://data.gbif.org

Gleditsch JM, Carlo TA, 2010. Fruit quantity of invasive shrubs predicts the abundance of common native avian frugivores in central Pennsylvania. Diversity and Distributions:1-10

Green PS, 1990. Ligustrum (Oleaceae) in Southern India. Kew Bulletin, 45:693-696

Green PS, 1995. Taxonomic notes relating to Ligustrum (Oleaceae). Kew Bulletin, 50:379-386

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Kelcey JG, Müller N, 2011. Plants and habitats of European cities. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag, 685 pp

Konno K, Hirayama C, Shinbo H, Nakamura M, 2009. Glycine addition improves feeding performance of non-specialist herbivores on the privet, Ligustrum obtusifolium: in vivo evidence for the physiological impacts of anti-nutritive plant defense with iridoid and insect adaptation with glycine. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 44(4):595-601. http://odokon.ac.affrc.go.jp/

Maddox V, Byrd J Jr, Serviss B, 2010. Identification and control of invasive privets (Ligustrum spp.) in the middle southern United States. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 3(4):482-488. http://www.wssa.net

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Nesom GL, 2009. Taxonomic overview of Ligustrum (Oleaceae) naturalizaed in North America north of Mexico. Phytologia, 91:467-482

PFAF, 2014. Plants for a future. http://www.pfaf.org

Sargent CS, 1903. Trees and shrubs: illustrations of new or little known ligneous plants. New York, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company

Saunders W, 1904. Bulletin / Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada) ; no. 47. Ottowa, Canada: Department of Agriculture, 66 pp

Saunders W, Macoun WT, 1899. Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic garden at the central experimental farm, Ottawa. Ottawa, Canada: Government Print Bureau, 60 pp

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Uechi N, Yukawa J, 2006. Host range and life history of Asphondylia sphaera (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): use of short-term alternate hosts. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99(6):1165-1171. http://docserver.ingentaconnect.com/deliver/connect/esa/00138746/v99n6/s19.pdf?expires=1245913331&id=0000&titleid=10263&checksum=5B7FC6F9C11B9BA5D0B754CE3598E844

USDA Forest Service, 2005. Weed of the week - border privet. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/invasive_plants/weeds/border_privet.pdf

USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx

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Wallander E, Albert VA, 2000. Phylogeny and Classification of Oleaceae Based on RPS16 and TRNL-F sequence data. American Journal of Botany, 87(12):1827-1841

Weldy T, Werier D, Nelson A, 2014. New York flora atlas. New York, USA: USF Water Institute. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association. http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/

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Wynne JW, Keaster AJ, Gerhardt KO, Krause GF, 1991. Plant species identified as food sources for adult black cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in northwestern Missouri. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 64(4):381-387

Distribution References

Anon, 2014. Maryland biodiversity project (MBP)., [ed. by Hubick B, Brighton J]. Maryland, USA: http://www.marylandbiodiversity.com/

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014. Flora of China., St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

GBIF, 2014. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. http://www.gbif.org/species

Kelcey JG, Müller N, 2011. Plants and habitats of European cities., New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. 685 pp.

Sukopp H, 2006. Botanic gardens and the flora of Berlin. (Botanische Gärten und die Berliner Flora.). Willdenowia. 36 (1), 115-125. http://www.bgbm.org/willdenowia DOI:10.3372/wi.36.36108

USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx

USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

USGS, 2014. Biodiversity information serving our nation (BISON)., USA: http://bison.usgs.ornl.gov/#home

Virginia Native Plant Society, 2014. Alien invasive landscape plants., Virginia, USA: http://vnps.org/conservation/invasives/alien-invasive-landscape-plants/

Weldy T, Werier D, Nelson A, 2014. New York flora atlas., New York, USA: USF Water Institute University of South Florida. New York Flora Association. http://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/

Contributors

22/06/2014 Original text by:

John Peter Thompson, Consultant, Maryland, USA

Distribution Maps