| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult female ovipositing | Adult female Acrolepiopsis assectella laying an egg on a leek leaf. | Eric Thibout |
Datasheet
Acrolepiopsis assectella (leek moth)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Seedborne Aspects
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller
Preferred Common Name
- leek moth
Other Scientific Names
- Acrolepia assectella Zeller
- Acrolepia betulella Herrich-Schaffer
- Acrolepia vigieliella Duponchel
- Roeslerstammia betulella Herrich-Schaffer
International Common Names
- Spanish: barrenador de la cebolla; pollilla del puerro; tiña del puerro
- French: teigne du poireau
Local Common Names
- Denmark: porremollet
- Germany: Lauchmotte; Motte, Lauch-; Motte, Zwiebel-; Zwiebelmotte
- Iran: bide tareh
- Italy: tignola della cipolla
- Netherlands: Nienmot; Poreimot
- Norway: purremollet
- Sweden: lokmallen
- Turkey: sogan yaprak guvesi
EPPO code
- ACROAS (Acrolepiopsis assectella)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageA. assectella is a moth present throughout Europe. It is also found in some Asian countries and has been introduced to parts of Canada. The larvae of A. assectella feed on cultivated Allium species, primarily leek (A. porrum) and onion (A. cepa), but also garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. fistulosum and A. schoenoprasum).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Plutellidae
- Subfamily: Plutellinae
- Genus: Acrolepiopsis
- Species: Acrolepiopsis assectella
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
A. assectella was first described by Zeller in 1839 and had many synonyms and generic combinations in the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century. The last taxonomic study was conducted by Gaedike (1970a).
Description
Top of page
Eggs
Eggs were studied by electronic microscopy (Chauvin et al., 1974). They are white, elliptical, ca 0.3 x 0.2 mm, with fine reticulate surface sculpturing. They are laid singly, primarily on the leaf surface.
Larvae
The best description of the larvae of A. assectella, including chetotaxy, is given by Frediani (1954).
First instar larvae are ca 1 mm long but mature larvae are ca 10 mm. The cephalic capsule is brown, its width, characteristic for each instar, increases after each larval moulting. The body is yellowish-white. Larval development consists of five instars. The sexes can be distinguished on the 4th and 5th instars, the orange testicles being dorsally visible.
Pupae
Tullgren (1918) and Frediani (1954) published good descriptions of the leek moth pupa. It is enclosed with the larval exuvia in a 10-mm-long, cream-coloured, silk cocoon made of characteristic meshes, open at the two extremities. The cocoon is spun by the 5th instar larva generally on the same host plant, on the surface of the leaves or on the flower-stalk, or between the floral peduncles.
The pupa is 7-8 mm long, its colour varies from weak yellow after pupal moulting to brown before adult emergence. Male and female pupae can be distinguished by the presence of a medial groove on the ventral face of the 7th and 8th abdominal segments.
Adults
Spuler (1910) published an illustration of the leek moth adult and Frediani (1954) described them precisely. Males and females 8- 9 mm long, with a wing span reaching ca 15 to 16 mm, are similar although the females are generally a little bigger. The general colour is grey-brown with a typical white triangle in the middle of the posterior edge of the fore wings. The hind wings are uniformly grey. The filiform, 6-mm-long antennae are made of 36-40 antennomers.
Male and female genitalia of A. assectella and other species of Acrolepiopsis were described by Gaedike (1970a).
Olfactory and gustatory sensillae from the antennae and ovipositor were studied using electron microscopy by Faucheux (1988a, b).
Eggs were studied by electronic microscopy (Chauvin et al., 1974). They are white, elliptical, ca 0.3 x 0.2 mm, with fine reticulate surface sculpturing. They are laid singly, primarily on the leaf surface.
Larvae
The best description of the larvae of A. assectella, including chetotaxy, is given by Frediani (1954).
First instar larvae are ca 1 mm long but mature larvae are ca 10 mm. The cephalic capsule is brown, its width, characteristic for each instar, increases after each larval moulting. The body is yellowish-white. Larval development consists of five instars. The sexes can be distinguished on the 4th and 5th instars, the orange testicles being dorsally visible.
Pupae
Tullgren (1918) and Frediani (1954) published good descriptions of the leek moth pupa. It is enclosed with the larval exuvia in a 10-mm-long, cream-coloured, silk cocoon made of characteristic meshes, open at the two extremities. The cocoon is spun by the 5th instar larva generally on the same host plant, on the surface of the leaves or on the flower-stalk, or between the floral peduncles.
The pupa is 7-8 mm long, its colour varies from weak yellow after pupal moulting to brown before adult emergence. Male and female pupae can be distinguished by the presence of a medial groove on the ventral face of the 7th and 8th abdominal segments.
Adults
Spuler (1910) published an illustration of the leek moth adult and Frediani (1954) described them precisely. Males and females 8- 9 mm long, with a wing span reaching ca 15 to 16 mm, are similar although the females are generally a little bigger. The general colour is grey-brown with a typical white triangle in the middle of the posterior edge of the fore wings. The hind wings are uniformly grey. The filiform, 6-mm-long antennae are made of 36-40 antennomers.
Male and female genitalia of A. assectella and other species of Acrolepiopsis were described by Gaedike (1970a).
Olfactory and gustatory sensillae from the antennae and ovipositor were studied using electron microscopy by Faucheux (1988a, b).
Distribution
Top of page
A. assectella seems to be present throughout Europe. It has occasionally been reported from Siberia and Japan, but these observations are generally old (Frenkel, 1931) and probably represent misidentifications of Acrolepiopsis sapporensis. The misidentification of assectella was noted by Semenov and Kuznetsov (1956) when they described the Siberian Acrolepiopsis alliella, now considered to be a synonym of A. sapporensis (Moriuti, 1972). The record of assectella from onion in Hawaii, USA (Zimmerman, 1978), is in all probability also a misidentification of A. sapporensis.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 15 Dec 2020| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Algeria | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Armenia | Present | ||||||
| Azerbaijan | Present | ||||||
| Georgia | Present | ||||||
| Japan | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | ||||||
| Kazakhstan | Present | ||||||
| Kyrgyzstan | Present | ||||||
| Mongolia | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Austria | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Belarus | Present | ||||||
| Belgium | Present | ||||||
| Czechia | Present | ||||||
| Czechoslovakia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
| Denmark | Present | ||||||
| Estonia | Present | ||||||
| Finland | Present | ||||||
| France | Present | ||||||
| -Corsica | Present | ||||||
| Germany | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Greece | Present | ||||||
| Hungary | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
| Italy | Present | ||||||
| -Sardinia | Present | ||||||
| -Sicily | Present | ||||||
| Latvia | Present | ||||||
| Lithuania | Present | Original citation: Duchovskiene (2003) | |||||
| Luxembourg | Present | ||||||
| Moldova | Present | ||||||
| Netherlands | Present | ||||||
| Norway | Present | ||||||
| Poland | Present | ||||||
| Portugal | Present | ||||||
| Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Central Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Eastern Siberia | Present | ||||||
| -Northern Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Russian Far East | Present | ||||||
| -Southern Russia | Present | ||||||
| -Western Siberia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia | Present | ||||||
| Serbia and Montenegro | Present | ||||||
| Slovakia | Present | ||||||
| Slovenia | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
| Spain | Present | ||||||
| -Balearic Islands | Present | ||||||
| Sweden | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Switzerland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
| Ukraine | Present | ||||||
| United Kingdom | Present, Few occurrences | First reported: 195* | |||||
| -England | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
| Canada | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -New Brunswick | Present | ||||||
| -Nova Scotia | Present | ||||||
| -Ontario | Present | Introduced | |||||
| -Prince Edward Island | Present | ||||||
| -Quebec | Present | Introduced | |||||
| United States | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Hawaii | Absent, Invalid presence record(s) | ||||||
| -New York | Present | ||||||
| -Vermont | Present | ||||||
Hosts/Species Affected
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A. assectella is considered a specialist phytophagous species. Its host range is restricted to plants belonging to the genus Allium. The leek moth was only observed on cultivated Allium. Leek (A. porrum) and onion (A. cepa) are the main host plants but attacks are also observed on garlic (A. sativum) and chives (A. fistulosum and A. schoenoprasum). In 1910, Picard noted possible damage on cultivated ornamental Asphodelus and Hemerocalis.
The vegetative and flowering stages are most widely affected, but the seedling stage is sometimes affected in nurseries. Stored onions and garlic are also damaged.
The vegetative and flowering stages are most widely affected, but the seedling stage is sometimes affected in nurseries. Stored onions and garlic are also damaged.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of page| Plant name | Family | Context | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allium | Liliaceae | Other | |
| Allium ampeloprasum (wild leek) | Liliaceae | Unknown |
|
| Allium cepa (onion) | Liliaceae | Main |
|
| Allium cepa var. aggregatum (shallot) | Liliaceae | Unknown | |
| Allium fistulosum (Welsh onion) | Liliaceae | Other | |
| Allium porrum (leek) | Liliaceae | Main | |
| Allium sativum (garlic) | Liliaceae | Other |
|
| Allium schoenoprasum (chives) | Liliaceae | Other |
Symptoms
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On inflorescences, damage is characterized by the fall of the flowers where moth larvae have eaten the floral peduncles.
On leeks, larvae mine the central leaves which have long, longitudinal grooves when growing.
On onion leaves the larvae feed on the parenchyma inside the hollow leaves, forming white windows closed by the epidermis. When feeding takes place at the base of the hollow flower stalk, this can be broken easily.
On leeks, larvae mine the central leaves which have long, longitudinal grooves when growing.
On onion leaves the larvae feed on the parenchyma inside the hollow leaves, forming white windows closed by the epidermis. When feeding takes place at the base of the hollow flower stalk, this can be broken easily.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Inflorescence / external feeding | ||
| Inflorescence / internal feeding | ||
| Leaves / abnormal forms | ||
| Leaves / external feeding | ||
| Leaves / frass visible | ||
| Leaves / internal feeding | ||
| Stems / external feeding | ||
| Stems / internal feeding | ||
| Stems / visible frass | ||
| Vegetative organs / internal feeding | ||
| Whole plant / external feeding | ||
| Whole plant / frass visible | ||
| Whole plant / internal feeding |
Biology and Ecology
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The biology and ecology of A. assectella were analysed in detail by Labeyrie (1966). Other important studies have been published in France (Rahn, 1966), Italy (Frediani, 1954), the Netherlands (Maan, 1945), Sweden (Tullgren, 1918) and Switzerland (Siegrist, 1945). Reproductive behaviour and physiology were studied by Thibout (1972, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1981).
Adults emerge from pupae fixed on to Allium leaves by the cocoon. They are active at night and remain still during the day. The first night after emergence the female releases a sex pheromone that attracts males. The female sex pheromone was identified as Z-11-hexadecenal (Renou et al., 1981). In response to this pheromone, the males also release a sex pheromone that stimulates female receptivity. This male pheromone is made of 8 n-alkanes from C16 to C23 (Lecomte et al., 1998). Mating takes place in the second half of the night and lasts about 1 h. Females normally mate once only but males are able to mate two or three times during their lifespan, but only once a night.
Females do not start to lay eggs before the following night and then only if they find an Allium host. Host plant searching behaviour by female leek moths was studied by Lecomte et al. (1987). Sulfur volatiles emitted by leeks, including dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and especially dipropyl thiosulfinate which are characteristic to Allium, attract the moths.
A female generally lays between 100 and 120 eggs during her 1-week life, a maximum of about 400 eggs has been observed. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves of Allium plants and, after a wandering period, first instar larvae penetrate into the green leaves where they bore galleries. Third, fourth and fifth instars bore into the central yellow leaves of the leek and produce the most severe damage.
Development time is temperature dependent. At 25°C, eggs hatch after 3-4 days. Larval development takes 2 weeks, pupal development 1 week and adults can survive 7-10 days.
Migration has not been observed in the leek moth. An adult diapause, which is initiated by low temperatures and short photoperiods during larval instars, allows the adults to overwinter and survive for 4-6 months (Abo-Ghalia and Thibout, 1982). This diapause decreases female fecundity.
According to latitude, A. assectella completes various generations a year. In northern and central Europe, only two generations were observed. In southern Europe four to five generations, and in Algeria up to eight overlapping generations, have been observed.
Adults emerge from pupae fixed on to Allium leaves by the cocoon. They are active at night and remain still during the day. The first night after emergence the female releases a sex pheromone that attracts males. The female sex pheromone was identified as Z-11-hexadecenal (Renou et al., 1981). In response to this pheromone, the males also release a sex pheromone that stimulates female receptivity. This male pheromone is made of 8 n-alkanes from C16 to C23 (Lecomte et al., 1998). Mating takes place in the second half of the night and lasts about 1 h. Females normally mate once only but males are able to mate two or three times during their lifespan, but only once a night.
Females do not start to lay eggs before the following night and then only if they find an Allium host. Host plant searching behaviour by female leek moths was studied by Lecomte et al. (1987). Sulfur volatiles emitted by leeks, including dimethyl and dipropyl disulfides and especially dipropyl thiosulfinate which are characteristic to Allium, attract the moths.
A female generally lays between 100 and 120 eggs during her 1-week life, a maximum of about 400 eggs has been observed. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves of Allium plants and, after a wandering period, first instar larvae penetrate into the green leaves where they bore galleries. Third, fourth and fifth instars bore into the central yellow leaves of the leek and produce the most severe damage.
Development time is temperature dependent. At 25°C, eggs hatch after 3-4 days. Larval development takes 2 weeks, pupal development 1 week and adults can survive 7-10 days.
Migration has not been observed in the leek moth. An adult diapause, which is initiated by low temperatures and short photoperiods during larval instars, allows the adults to overwinter and survive for 4-6 months (Abo-Ghalia and Thibout, 1982). This diapause decreases female fecundity.
According to latitude, A. assectella completes various generations a year. In northern and central Europe, only two generations were observed. In southern Europe four to five generations, and in Algeria up to eight overlapping generations, have been observed.
Natural enemies
Top of page| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ageniaspis fuscicollis | Parasite | |||||
| Aphaereta brevis | Parasite | Larvae | Poland | leeks | ||
| Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis | Pathogen | Larvae | ||||
| Diadegma fenestrale | Parasite | Larvae | Poland | leeks | ||
| Diadegma semiclausum | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Diadromus collaris | Parasite | Pupae | ||||
| Diadromus pulchellus | Parasite | Pupae | ||||
| Dolichogenidea impura | Parasite | Larvae | Poland | leeks | ||
| Endromopoda detrita | Parasite | Poland | ||||
| Formica fusca | Predator | |||||
| Formica selysi | Predator | |||||
| Itoplectis alternans | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Itoplectis europeator | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Limnerium gracile | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Microgaster globata | Parasite | Larvae | ||||
| Microgaster hospes | Parasite | Larvae | Poland | leeks | ||
| Phaeogenes impiger | Parasite | Poland | leeks |
Notes on Natural Enemies
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Ageniaspis fuscicolis was tentatively reared on the leek moth (Arambourg et al., 1971), but cannot be considered as a natural enemy.
Two hyperparasitoids were obtained from A. assectella: Eupteromalus nidulans (Chalcididae) described by Frediani (1957) in Italy; and a Gelis sp. (Ichneumonidae) found in France (E Thibout, personal comunication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France).
The following parasitoids have been observed on several occasions:
Diadegma fenestralis (Holm.) on larvae, England and Sweden (Noyes, 1974; E Thibout, personal comunication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France),
Diadegma semiclausum on larvae, France (E Thibout, personal communication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France),
Diadromus (Thyraeella) collaris on pupae, Algeria, France and Italy (Lecomte, 1977; Labeyrie, 1966; Frediani, 1957),
Diadromus pulchellus on pupae, England and France (Noyes, 1974; Labeyrie, 1960),
Itoplectis alternans on larvae, France and Italy (Labeyrie, 1966; Frediani, 1954),
Itoplectis europeator (tunetana) on larvae, France (Aubert, 1969),
Limnerium gracilis on larvae, France and Italy (Suire, 1926; Frediani, 1954),
Microgaster globata on larvae, France and Netherlands (Maan, 1945; Labeyrie and Pons, 1950).
With the exception of the last species which is in the Braconidae, the others are Ichneumonidae.
15 natural parasitoids observed on the leek moth, some of them require confirmation:
Four Ichneumonidae: in France Zaglyptus varipes (Labeyrie, 1966), Campoletis raptor, Pimpla spuria and Phaeogenes fuscicornis (E Thibout, personal communication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France);
Two Braconidae: Chelonus eleaphilus and Chelonus depressus (Labeyrie, 1966); and
One Syrphidae: Xanthandrus comtus (Labeyrie, 1966).
In Allium fields, A. assectella larvae and pupae in the cocoon are also preyed upon by various predatory insects. In Russia, Velitchkevitch (1924) indicated that Staphilinidae and Coccinellidae are predators of the leek moth. In France, Thibout (not published) observed predation by Formicidae, Arachnida, Chrysopa carnea (Chrysopidae) and Orius sp. (Nabidae). In the UK, Noyes (1974) noted that Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera), Philonthus sp. (Staphilinidae), and three Carabidae, Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes and an Amara sp. are also predators of the leek moth.
Two hyperparasitoids were obtained from A. assectella: Eupteromalus nidulans (Chalcididae) described by Frediani (1957) in Italy; and a Gelis sp. (Ichneumonidae) found in France (E Thibout, personal comunication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France).
The following parasitoids have been observed on several occasions:
Diadegma fenestralis (Holm.) on larvae, England and Sweden (Noyes, 1974; E Thibout, personal comunication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France),
Diadegma semiclausum on larvae, France (E Thibout, personal communication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France),
Diadromus (Thyraeella) collaris on pupae, Algeria, France and Italy (Lecomte, 1977; Labeyrie, 1966; Frediani, 1957),
Diadromus pulchellus on pupae, England and France (Noyes, 1974; Labeyrie, 1960),
Itoplectis alternans on larvae, France and Italy (Labeyrie, 1966; Frediani, 1954),
Itoplectis europeator (tunetana) on larvae, France (Aubert, 1969),
Limnerium gracilis on larvae, France and Italy (Suire, 1926; Frediani, 1954),
Microgaster globata on larvae, France and Netherlands (Maan, 1945; Labeyrie and Pons, 1950).
With the exception of the last species which is in the Braconidae, the others are Ichneumonidae.
15 natural parasitoids observed on the leek moth, some of them require confirmation:
Four Ichneumonidae: in France Zaglyptus varipes (Labeyrie, 1966), Campoletis raptor, Pimpla spuria and Phaeogenes fuscicornis (E Thibout, personal communication, 2000, IRBI, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France);
Two Braconidae: Chelonus eleaphilus and Chelonus depressus (Labeyrie, 1966); and
One Syrphidae: Xanthandrus comtus (Labeyrie, 1966).
In Allium fields, A. assectella larvae and pupae in the cocoon are also preyed upon by various predatory insects. In Russia, Velitchkevitch (1924) indicated that Staphilinidae and Coccinellidae are predators of the leek moth. In France, Thibout (not published) observed predation by Formicidae, Arachnida, Chrysopa carnea (Chrysopidae) and Orius sp. (Nabidae). In the UK, Noyes (1974) noted that Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera), Philonthus sp. (Staphilinidae), and three Carabidae, Pterostichus niger, Harpalus rufipes and an Amara sp. are also predators of the leek moth.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
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Natural dispersal of the leek moth is limited. The adults appear to be poor flyers.
Seedborne Aspects
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A. assectella does not cause direct damage on seeds which are chemically protected against specialist phytophagous insects (Arnault and Mauchamp, 1985). In inflorescences, the moth can cause seed loss by feeding on the floral peduncles. Attacks by the leek moth can also have positive consequences. For example, moderate defoliation in leek results in a greater level of sexual reproduction than in control plants (Boscher, 1979).
Pathway Vectors
Top of page| Vector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Containers and packaging - wood | Yes | |||
| Land vehicles | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes | eggs; larvae; pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
| Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | eggs; larvae; pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually invisible | |
| Leaves | eggs; larvae; pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
| Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | eggs; larvae; pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
| Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
|---|
| Bark |
| Fruits (inc. pods) |
| Growing medium accompanying plants |
| Roots |
| Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
| True seeds (inc. grain) |
| Wood |
Impact
Top of page
Cultivated Allium plants, particularly leek and onion, from the south of Norway and Sweden to Italy, Spain and Algeria, are frequently attacked by A. assectella. After hatching, the young larva explores the surface and mines the green leaves. On reaching the third instar, the larva penetrates the young leaves, the flower stalk or the inflorescence of the host plant. Feeding on the parenchyma by the moth larva causes a reduction in plant growth; if larvae are numerous, weakening or withering of the plant can occur. On old leaves, open galleries can be seen which decrease the economic value of the plant. Without control, moth populations can reach so high a level at the third generation that 100% of the plants are damaged (Bouchet, 1964).
Very important damage also occurs on inflorescences in plants cultivated for seed production where serious seed loss can occur. In France, damage can reach >70% in Brittany (Rahn, 1982b), and 60-80% on leek and 40-50% on onion in Vaucluse (Nepveu and Hoffman, 1950).
The number of leek moths in a population depends on climatic conditions. The population increases with successive generations and damage is more important in summer and at the beginning of autumn than in the spring.
Sometimes moth galleries are colonized by maggots of Drosophilidae or of the onion fly, Delia antiqua, which introduce fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Very important damage also occurs on inflorescences in plants cultivated for seed production where serious seed loss can occur. In France, damage can reach >70% in Brittany (Rahn, 1982b), and 60-80% on leek and 40-50% on onion in Vaucluse (Nepveu and Hoffman, 1950).
The number of leek moths in a population depends on climatic conditions. The population increases with successive generations and damage is more important in summer and at the beginning of autumn than in the spring.
Sometimes moth galleries are colonized by maggots of Drosophilidae or of the onion fly, Delia antiqua, which introduce fungal and bacterial pathogens.
Detection and Inspection
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In Allium fields, it is difficult to detect moth attacks. Damage by 4th and 5th instar larvae can be observed in central yellow growing leaves. In summer, when plants grow very quickly, longitudinal open mines can be seen on the green leaves, but by this time, insect development has finished.
Sexual trapping of the leek moth with the synthetic pheromone Z-11-Hexadecenal (Z 11 HDAL) can be used for providing early warning against various populations of the moth with standard INRA traps (Rahn, 1982a).
Sexual trapping of the leek moth with the synthetic pheromone Z-11-Hexadecenal (Z 11 HDAL) can be used for providing early warning against various populations of the moth with standard INRA traps (Rahn, 1982a).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of page
A. assectella can be confused with Acrolepiopsis ursinella (betulella) which develops on wild Allium ursinum, however the genitalia of the two species can be compared and are described by Gaedike (1970b).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control
Some cultural methods may influence leek moth damage on annual Allium plants (Rahn, 1982b). They have less activity on biennial plants such as leek.
Biological Control
Work on the specialist solitary endoparasitoid Diadromus pulchellus has been undertaken in the laboratory (Lecomte and Thibout, 1983, 1986, 1993; Thibout et al., 1988, 1993). No field studies have been undertaken.
Host-Plant Resistance
Some Allium varieties are considered more resistant than others to the leek moth. However, leeks and onions are selected according to flower stalk length, leaf colour, taste, winter hardiness or tendency to bulbiness (Brewster, 1994) and not on resistance to insects.
Chemical Control
Chemical control of the leek moth is very efficient when applied at the most appropriate time. Sexual trapping by means of the synthetic female pheromone (Z 11 HDAL) can be used to predict potential damage and dates of egg laying. However, some abnormally low captures have shown that this technique is not entirely reliable (Rahn, 1982a). The use of five pyrethrinoids and two organophosphorous insecticides, and of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin is possible in France under certain conditions (ACTA, 2000). No resistance of the leek moth to these insecticide treatments has been indicated. Film-coating leek seeds with fipronil and imidacloprid provided protection against A. assectella at low population densities (Ester and Huiting, 2001).
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Distribution References
Becker P, 1961. Leek moth occurring inland. In: Plant Pathology, 10 42.
Bremer H, 1962. (Krankheiten und BeschSdigungen der Gemüse und Küchenkrauter)., Stuttgart, Germany: Verlag Ulmer E.
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Dannreuther T, 1944. A new British Moth. Hastings Nat. 6 (5), 144-145 pp.
Esterberg L K, 1933. On two little known insect pest of onion. Review of Applied Entomology. 623.
Fjelddalen J, Ausland O, Rygg T, 1960. (Purremoll et nytt skadedyr pa lok og purre). In: Soertrykk av Gartneryrket, 21 1-10.
Gaedike R, 1969. (Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Acrolepiidae-Fauna der Balkanhalbinsel). In: BeitrSge zur Entomolgie, 19 141-146.
Gaedike R, 1970. (Beiträge zur insekten-fauna der DDR: Lepidoptera-Acrolepiidae). In: Beiträge zur Entomolgie, 20 209-222.
Gaedike R, 1971. (Zur Verbreitung der Epermeniidae und Acrolepiidae auf der Iberischen Halbinsel). In: Beiträge zur Entomolgie, 21 33-41.
Gaedike R, 1975. (Zur Kenntnis der Mikrolepidopterenfauna der Vorderen und Mittleren Orient (Epermeniidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglassiidae)). In: BeitrSge zur Entomolgie, 25 213-219.
Gomez-Bustillo M, 1979. (La familla Acrolepia (Wocke, 1871) en la peninsula iberica. (Lepidoptera-Yponomeutoidea)). In: Shilap, 7 201-202.
Isart J, Frerot B, Chichon FM, 1981. (Premier essai de lutte par confusion sexuelle contre la teigne du poireau: Acrolepiopsis assectella (Zeller) dans la région de Barcelone). In: Les Mediateurs Chimiques, Colloque de l'INRA, 7 Paris, France: INRA Publ. 373-387.
Jary S G, Rolfe S W, 1945. The leek moth. Agric. London. 35-37.
Labeyrie V, 1966. (Sous-Famille des Acrolepiinae). In: Entomologie appliquée à l'agriculture, II [ed. by Balachowssky AS]. Paris, France: Masson. 233-249.
Lecomte C, 1976. (PremiFres observations sur la biologie et les dégâts de la teigne du poireau, Acrolepiopsis (Acrolepia) assectella Zeller (MicrolépidoptFre, Plutellidae) sur le littoral algérois). In: Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle d'Afrique du Nord, 67 49-56.
Lecomte C, 1977. (Note sur l'existence de Diadromus collaris Grav. parasite de la teigne du poireau dans l'algérois). In: Fruits, 32 262.
New York State Department of Agriculture, 2010. Leek moth in New York State. A message from the NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets (July 2010). In: Leek moth in New York State. A message from the NYS Department of Agriculture and Markets (July 2010), USA: New York State Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Tompkins County. http://ccetompkins.org/resources/leek-moth-new-york-state
Oudejans RCHM, 1971. (Wijzigingen in de nomenclatuur van Nederlandse Microlepidoptera. I. Familie Acrolepiidea). In: Entomologische Berichten, 31 125-126.
Petersen G, Gaedike R, 1983. Records of the Lepidoptera of Greece based on the collection of G. Christensen and L. Gozmany: VII. Tineidae, Epermeniidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglasiidae. In: Annales Musei Goulandris, 6 271-311.
Petersen G, Gaedike R, 1985. (Beitrag zur Kleinschmetterlingsfauna Osterreichs und der angrenzenden Gebiete (Lepidoptera: Tineidae, Epermeniidae, Acrolepiidae, Douglasiidae)). In: Mitteilungen der Abteilung für Zoologie am Landermuseum Joanneum, 36 1-48.
Preobrazhenskii VV, 1974. Pests of onion in Buryatia. In: Review of Applied Entomology, 62 278.
Rahn R, 1966. (La teigne du poireau Acrolepia assectella Zell. Eléments de biologie et mise au point d'avertissements agricoles fondés sur le piégeage sexuel des mâles. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie d'Agriculture de France)., 997-1000.
Stenmark A, 1959. (Ett bekSmpningsförsök mot lökmal (Acrolepia assectella Zell.)). In: Vaxtskydds-notiser, 23 68-70.
Swatonek F, 1968. (Die Lauchoder Zwiebelmotte, Acrolepia assectella). In: Pflanzenarzt, 21 114.
Zambelli N, 1960. (Contributo alla conoscenza della entomofauna delle Piante ortive da seme). In: Bolletino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 24 281-322.
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