Invasive Species Compendium

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Datasheet

Kabatiella zeae
(eyespot)

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Datasheet

Kabatiella zeae (eyespot)

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Summary

  • Last modified
  • 22 November 2019
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Invasive Species
  • Pest
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Kabatiella zeae
  • Preferred Common Name
  • eyespot
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •   Kingdom: Fungi
  •     Phylum: Ascomycota
  •       Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •         Class: Dothideomycetes

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Early symptoms of eyespot, appearing in June.
TitleEarly symptoms
CaptionEarly symptoms of eyespot, appearing in June.
CopyrightAgata Tekiela
Early symptoms of eyespot, appearing in June.
Early symptomsEarly symptoms of eyespot, appearing in June.Agata Tekiela
Early symptoms of eyespot, appearing in July.
TitleEarly symptoms
CaptionEarly symptoms of eyespot, appearing in July.
CopyrightAgata Tekiela
Early symptoms of eyespot, appearing in July.
Early symptomsEarly symptoms of eyespot, appearing in July.Agata Tekiela
The total stroke - first symptoms.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionThe total stroke - first symptoms.
CopyrightAgata Tekiela
The total stroke - first symptoms.
SymptomsThe total stroke - first symptoms.Agata Tekiela
The tissue at the centre of the spot later dies and turns tan coloured, with a brown or purple ring at the margin.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionThe tissue at the centre of the spot later dies and turns tan coloured, with a brown or purple ring at the margin.
CopyrightAgata Tekiela
The tissue at the centre of the spot later dies and turns tan coloured, with a brown or purple ring at the margin.
SymptomsThe tissue at the centre of the spot later dies and turns tan coloured, with a brown or purple ring at the margin.Agata Tekiela
Eyespot, showing a yellow halo when backlit.
TitleSymptoms
CaptionEyespot, showing a yellow halo when backlit.
CopyrightAgata Tekiela
Eyespot, showing a yellow halo when backlit.
SymptomsEyespot, showing a yellow halo when backlit.Agata Tekiela

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Kabatiella zeae Narita & Y. Hirats.

Preferred Common Name

  • eyespot

Other Scientific Names

  • Aureobasidium zeae (Narita & Y. Hirats.) Dingley

International Common Names

  • English: eye spot: maize; maize eye spot
  • Spanish: antracnosis del maiz
  • French: brunissure du mais; kabatiellose du mais; kabatiellosis; taches oculaires du mais

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Augenfleckenkrankheit: Mais
  • Poland: drobna (oczkowa) plamistosc lisci kukurydzy; drobna plamistosc lisci kukurydzy

EPPO code

  • KABAZE (Kabatiella zeae)

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Fungi
  •         Phylum: Ascomycota
  •             Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
  •                 Class: Dothideomycetes
  •                     Subclass: Dothideomycetidae
  •                         Order: Dothideales
  •                             Family: Dothioraceae
  •                                 Genus: Kabatiella
  •                                     Species: Kabatiella zeae

Description

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Concentrations of conidiomata (acervuli) are produced on a dense mycelium layer (mat) on a small area of the infected plant organ. This is often covered with a skin or cuticle. The conidiomata are small, whitish, flat or convex. Unicellular, colourless, ellipsoidal, slightly curved conidia, 2.5-5.0 x 12-22 µm, are present on the apex (Reifschneider and Arny, 1980).

Distribution

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Eyespot disease was first identified and described in Japan in 1956. It was later found to be present in the USA (Arny et al., 1971), Canada (Gates and Mortimore, 1969) and in Europe.

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Jan 2020
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes

Asia

ChinaPresent
-JilinPresent
-YunnanPresent
IndiaPresentPresent based on regional distribution.
-West BengalPresent
JapanPresent, Widespread
-HokkaidoPresent

Europe

AustriaPresent
BulgariaPresent
CroatiaPresent
FrancePresent, WidespreadIntroduced1971
GermanyPresent, Few occurrencesIntroduced1972
PolandPresentInvasive
PortugalPresent
Serbia and MontenegroPresent, Widespread
SloveniaPresent
United KingdomPresent

North America

CanadaPresent, Localized
-OntarioPresentIntroduced1969
-QuebecPresentIntroduced1975
United StatesPresent, Localized
-IllinoisPresent
-IndianaPresent
-IowaPresent
-MichiganPresent
-MinnesotaPresent
-New YorkPresent
-North DakotaPresent
-South DakotaPresentIntroduced1985
-WisconsinPresent

Oceania

New ZealandPresent, WidespreadIntroduced1971

South America

ArgentinaPresentIntroduced1972
BrazilPresent
-Mato Grosso do SulPresent
-ParanaPresent
-Santa CatarinaPresent

Habitat List

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CategorySub-CategoryHabitatPresenceStatus
Terrestrial

Hosts/Species Affected

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K. zeae is specific to maize.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant nameFamilyContextReferences
Zea mays (maize)PoaceaeMain

    Growth Stages

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    Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

    Symptoms

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    The first symptoms of eyespot occur in June. Minor, light-coloured and somewhat translucent spots appear, surrounded by a red-brown ring with a chlorotic yellow halo, easily seen against the light. The leaf spots are circular to oval, 1-4 mm in diameter, and are called eyespots on account of their shape and colour. The spots gradually become darker and the centres, which become more brown, may fall out. The spots are arranged along the leaf vein and are most numerous along the leaf edges. Leaf spots are initially single, but rapidly spread to cover the entire leaf area. The disease is most commonly seen in patches on the leaves. Lesions are most common on older plants and are not commonly seen early in the season. In addition to the leaves, K. zeae attacks the leaf sheath and the leaves covering the ears. The disease can cause severe shrivelling of the ears. The leaves turn yellow and die at the site of infection. Necrotic areas spread causing premature drying of the leaves and thereby a decrease in grain yield (Reifschneider and Arny, 1983). K. zeae inhibits growth and can even cause plant death (Schneider and Kruger, 1972; Czaplinska and Przybysz, 1985). The highest eyespot intensity occurs in August, September and early October. Kabatiella infection on maize leaves remains visible even when the leaves die.

    List of Symptoms/Signs

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    SignLife StagesType
    Leaves / abnormal colours
    Leaves / abnormal patterns
    Leaves / fungal growth
    Leaves / necrotic areas
    Leaves / yellowed or dead
    Stems / discoloration
    Stems / discoloration of bark
    Stems / internal red necrosis
    Stems / necrosis
    Whole plant / early senescence
    Whole plant / plant dead; dieback

    Biology and Ecology

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    The most frequently reported source of eyespot infection is crop debris left over from the previous season (Arny et al., 1971; Reifschneider and Arny, 1983). K. zeae overwinters as stroma, which are formed on infected maize plants at the end of the season. In the spring these stroma produce conidia, which disperse by wind or light rain to the leaves of nearby young maize plants, where they germinate. Secondary spread of the eyespot disease is by wind and water splash of spores from one plant to another. The incubation period for the disease is about 4-10 days, depending on weather conditions. The production of conidia and the development of leaf eyespot are favoured by long periods of cool, wet weather during the growing season (Arny et al., 1971; Czaplinska and Przybysz, 1985; Lipps and Mills, 2005), so regions with cool, moist environments are most affected by the disease. Maize is most susceptible at 10-12°C (HYP3, 2005).

    Eyespot is most severe when crop residues are left on the soil at the end of the growing period and in fields where maize is grown continuously (Lipps and Mills, 2005). Careful cultivation and crop rotation can help to reduce early infection; however, cases of the disease have been encountered on carefully cultivated fields and on the fields where maize has never been grown (Arny et al., 1971).

    Eyespot disease may also be seedborne, but this source of inoculum is negligible compared to the number of spores produced on infested crop residues (Lipps and Mills, 2005).

    Seedborne Aspects

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    K. zeae has not been detected in seeds, but husks may be infected (Cassini, 1971). Reifschneider and Arny (1979a) detected K. zeae in 2% of seeds from ears inoculated under the husk. Jones and Baker (2007) report that K. zeae entered the UK via imported maize seeds.

    Plant Trade

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    Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transportPest stagesBorne internallyBorne externallyVisibility of pest or symptoms
    Leaves spores Yes Yes Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
    Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches spores Yes Yes Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye

    Impact Summary

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    CategoryImpact
    Animal/plant collections None
    Animal/plant products None
    Biodiversity (generally) None
    Crop production Negative
    Environment (generally) None
    Fisheries / aquaculture None
    Forestry production None
    Human health None
    Livestock production None
    Native fauna None
    Native flora None
    Rare/protected species None
    Tourism None
    Trade/international relations None
    Transport/travel None

    Impact

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    Economic losses to eyespot are uncommon (Walker Kirby, 1998); however, losses can occur when infection is severe; when much of the leaf area is blighted within 3-4 weeks after silking; when early and severe leaf blighting occurs on suceptible hybrids grown in no-till or reduced tillage fields; when defoliation from leaf blighting increases stalk rot (losses from lodged maize); and when the season is abnormally cool and the disease attacks maize earlier in the season (Lipps and Mills, 2005).

    Diagnosis

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    Leaf samples showing typical symptoms of eyespot should be collected and the pathogen isolated using a weighing method. Potato-glucose PDA medium can be used to re-isolate the fungus. Representative cultures are produced and uniembryonate cultures are obtained by a method of multiple dilutions. K. zeae grows best on 4% malt agar, and can be described to species level using monographs and identification keys.

    Detection and Inspection

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    The first symptoms of eyespot disease can be seen in June, but most often they appear at the beginning of July, depending on atmospheric conditions. When inspecting fields for eyespot, look for typical symptoms on the leaves. The degree of infection can be estimated by determining the leaf area affected using a 5-degree scale where: 1° = 0.1-5%, 2° = 5-15%, 3° = 15-30%, 4° = 30-50% and 5° => 50% of the leaf area has spots.

    Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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    Eyespot symptoms are easily confused with physiological changes caused by nutrient deficiency, particularly at the initial stages of the disease. Similar symptoms can also be produced by insect feeding (particularly by aphids) or the improper application of herbicides. Early spotting, caused by Curvularia, produces similar symptoms to eyespot.

    Prevention and Control

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    Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

    Thorough cultivation and crop rotation can reduce early infection by K. zeae. Arny et al. (1971) recommend using a 3-4-year interval for maize cultivation in the same field. The amount of infectious material can be reduced by a suitable crop rotation and thorough ploughing and destruction of after-harvest residues, particularly from seriously infected plants. Deep ploughing of crop debris prevents sporulation of the stromas and promotes decomposition (HYP3, 2005) thus limiting early season spread.

    Resistance to K. zeae is important in the control of eyespot and hybrids with some resistance to the disease should be planted. Susceptible hydrids include Julia, Heros, Agio and Aura; more resistant hybrids include Kosmo and Elsa. Even a known source of resistance such as the line Oh43 can be subject to infection in the case of epiphytosis (Reifschneider and Arny, 1983).

    Fungicides registered for use against K. zeae include mancozeb, propiconazole, chlorothalonil and benomyl (Gay and Cassini, 1973; Pronczuk et al., 1996). For effective protection against K. zeae, seed dressings are recommended, followed by spraying the plants at the early stages of disease development when 1% or less of the leaf area is infected. More than one application may be necessary when conditions are favourable to the disease. The use of fungicides against eyespot can be prohibitively expensive, except on seed production fields (Lipps and Mills, 2005).

    Pest control plays an important role in reducing the occurrence of eyespot, particularly the control of Aphididae and Thysanoptera, which feed on maize and can facilitate the penetration of conidia.

    References

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    Anon, 2009. Infection 'was not as bad as was first feared'. Farmers Guardian., unpaginated. http://www.farmersguardian.com/news/livestock/infection-%E2%80%98not-as-bad-as-was-first-feared%E2%80%99/28336.article

    Arny DC; Smallej EB; Ullstrup AJ; Worf GL; Ahrens RW, 1971. Eyespot of maize, a disease new to North America. Phytopathology, 61:54-57.

    Bohm H; Glaeser G, 1979. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in 1976. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 1976-1979, 45:7-12; 145-151.

    Borecki Z, 1996. Polskie nazwy chorób roslin uprawnych. Polskie Towarzystwo Fitopatologiczne, 108-109.

    Brekalo J; Palaversic B; Rojc M, 1991. Monitoring the occurrence and severity of maize diseases in Croatia from 1985 to 1989. Zastita Bilja, 42(1):51-60

    Carson ML, 1985. First report of eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) of corn in South Dakota. Plant Disease, 69(2):177

    Cassini R, 1971. Helminthosporium maydis, race T and Kabatiella zeae, two new pathogens of maize in France. Bull. Tech. Inf., 264/265:1067-1072.

    Cassini R, 1973. Present state of maize diseases in France. Possibilities of control. ibid., No.1:4

    Cassini R, 1975. Some pathological problems in cereal crop rotations. EPPO Bulletin, 5(2):141-151

    Cassini R; Gay JP; Cassini R, 1972. Observations on the development cycle and survival structures of Kabatiella zeae. Annales de Phytopathologie. 4(4):367-371.

    Chez D; Hudon M, 1975. Kabatiella zeae, a new maize pathogen in Quebec. Phytoprotection, 56(2):90-95

    Corcuera VR; Sandoval MC, 1998. Early waxy and high quality protein maize inbreds: study of fungi diseases. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, No. 72:48-49.

    Cross HZ; Wanner DW; Carena MJ, 2003. Registration of ND291 inbred line of maize. Crop Science, 43(4):1568.

    Czaplinska S, 1981. Drobna plamistosc lisci (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, nowa choroba kukurydzy w Polsce. Hodowla Roslin, 3:18-19.

    Czaplinska S; Przybysz M, 1985. Niektóre aspekty biologii grzyba Kabatiella zeae Narita et fleckenkrankheit an Mais in Deutschland. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 74: 3, 457-482.

    Dingley JM, 1973. ’Eye spot’ disease of maize in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 16: 3, 325-328.

    Esteves A, 1984. Incidence of diseases under field conditions on maize (Zea mays) cultivars in Dourados. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 9(1):155-160

    Frezzi MJ, 1972. Maize eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) and maize yellow leaf blight (Phyllosticta zeae) in Argentina. Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 5, 9(2):101-109

    Gates LF; Mortimore CG, 1969. Three diseases of corn (Zea mays), new to Ontario: crazytop, a Phyllosticta leaf spot and eyespot. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 49:128-131.

    Gay JP; Cassini R, 1973. Possibilities of control of maize diseases by fungicide treatments during growth. Phytiatrie Phytopharmacie, 22(1):19-26.

    Glaeser G, 1979. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in the year 1977. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 45(7-12):153-164.

    Hooker AL; Smiljakovic H, 1979. Maize breeding for disease resistance. Proceedings of the tenth meeting of the Maize and Sorghum Section of Eucarpia, 17-19 September 1979, Varna, Bulgaria., 157-178; 65 ref.

    HYP3, 2005. Eyespot of maize. HYP3 on line. http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYP3/pathogene/6kabzea.htm Istitut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

    Jones DR; Baker RHA, 2007. Introductions of non-native plant pathogens into Great Britain, 1970-2004. Plant Pathology, 56(5):891-910. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/loi/ppa

    Kaiser SAKM, 1994. Occurrence of Kabatiella eyespot disease of maize at Kalimpong hills - a new record. Advances in Plant Sciences, 7(2):405-406; 3 ref.

    Kashama M, 1979. Resistance to Kabatiella zeae in corn (Zea mays L.). Proceedings of the thirty-fourth northeastern corn improvement conference, New York, USA, 9-10 February, 22-23.

    Levic J, 1987. Inheritance of resistance of the leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) to Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka and identifying sources of resistance. Arhiv za Poljoprivredne Nauke. 48:170, 173-203.

    Lipps PE; Mills DR, 2005. Eyespot disease of corn. Ohio State University Extension. http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0021.html.

    Lisowicz F, 1995. Occurrence of and damage by maize diseases in southern Poland in 1976-1992. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 102(3):307-311; 7 ref.

    Lisowicz F, 1995. The most important maize diseases in Malopolska. Ochrona RoSlin, 39(2):10-11.

    Lisowicz F, 2000. The occurrence and economic importance of maize diseases in Mikulice (south-eastern Poland) in 1993-1999. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 40(2):140-143; 6 ref.

    Nanbo B; Thierry J, 1999. The return of Kabatiellosis. Phytoma, No. 513:24-25; 4 ref.

    Narita T; Hiratsuka Y, 1959. Studies on Kabatiella zeae n.sp., the causal fungus of a new leafspot disease of corn. Ann. Phytopathological Society Japan, 24:147-153.

    Palaversic B; Rozman L; Milevoj L; Celar F, 2001. The investigation of incidence of some maize leaf diseases in Croatia and in Slovenia. Zbornik predavanj in referatov 5. Slovensko Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, C^hacek~atez^hacek~ ob Savi, Slovenija, 6. marec-8. marec 2001, 458-463; 8 ref.

    Palaveršic´ B, 2004. Diseases of maize seed crops. (Bolesti sjemenskih usjeva kukuruza.) Glasnik Zastite Bilja, 27(3):35-44.

    Pencic V; Smiljakovic H, 1971. Investigations of the resistance of self-pollinating lines and hybrids of corn to Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka. Plant Protection, Yugoslavia. Publikation, 22:115-116.

    Popov A; Popova Y, 1979. Results of breeding disease-resistant maize. Proceedings of the tenth meeting of the maize and sorghum section of Eucarpia., 184-188; [1 fig., 4 tab.]; 9 ref.

    Pronczuk M; Bojanowski J, 1993. Effect of Kabatiella zeae on fusarium stalk rot prevalence in maize. Hodowla Roslin, Aklimatyzacja i Nasiennictwo, 37(4):103-109.

    Pronczuk M; Bojanowski J; Warzecha R, 1994. Eyespot: a new foliage disease of maize in Poland. Genetica Polonica, 35B:361-366; 10 ref.

    Pronczuk M; Bojanowski J; Warzecha R, 1996. Preliminary evaluation of effectiveness of fungicides in protecting maize plants against diseases. Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji RoSlin, No. 197:151-155; 6 ref.

    Reifschneider FJB; Arny DC, 1979. A liquid medium for the production of Kabatiella zeae conidia. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 25(9):1100-1102

    Reifschneider FJB; Arny DC, 1979. Seed infection of maize (Zea mays) by Kabatiella zeae. Plant Disease Reporter, 63(5):352-354

    Reifschneider FJB; Arny DC, 1980. Cultural and morphological variability of Kabatiella zeae. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 75(2):239-241

    Reifschneider FJB; Arny DC, 1983. Yield loss of maize caused by Kabatiella zeae. Phytopathology, 73(4):607-609

    Santos Idos; Silva Ada; Malagi G, 2007. Occurrence of maize eyespot caused by Kabatiella zeae in Paraná and Santa Catarina state, Brazil. (Ocorrência de mancha ocular em milho causada por Kabatiella zeae no Paraná e em Santa Catarina.) Fitopatologia Brasileira, 32(4):359. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/fb/v32n4/14.pdf

    Schneider R; Kruger W, 1972. Kabatiella zeae Narita & Hiratsuka as agent of leaf spot disease on maize in Germany. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 74(3):238-248

    Shurtleff MC; Edwards DI; Noel GR; Pedersen WL; White DG, 2000. Primary collators (last update 4/3/93). The International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Common Names of Plant Diseases. Diseases of Corn or Maize (Zea mays L.) IS-MPMI net.

    UK CAB International, 1993. Kabatiella zeae. [Distribution map]. Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, October (Edition 2). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, Map 506.

    Walker Kirby H, 1998. Eyespot of corn. Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin. http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/pest/articles/v9817g.html. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

    Wegulo SN; Martinson CA; Rivera-CJM; Nutter FWJr, 1997. Model for economic analysis of fungicide usage in hybrid corn seed production. Plant Disease, 81(4):415-422; 25 ref.

    Winter W; Menzi M, 1991. Inbred maize lines: infection and symptoms of important fungal diseases. Landwirtschaft Schweiz, 4(11):599-606; 14 ref.

    Zwatz B, 1986. Importance of maize diseases in Austria with special consideration of varietal resistance. Pflanzenschutz, No. 6:8-10; [1 fig., 2 tab.].

    Distribution References

    Anon, 2009. Infection 'was not as bad as was first feared'. In: Farmers Guardian, October 16 unpaginated. http://www.farmersguardian.com/news/livestock/infection-%E2%80%98not-as-bad-as-was-first-feared%E2%80%99/28336.article

    Bohm H, Glaeser G, 1976. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in 1976. (Bericht uber das Auftreten wichtiger Krankheiten und Schadlinge an Kulturpflanzen in Osterreich im Jahre 1976.). Pflanzenschutzberichte. 45 (7/12), 145-151.

    Brekalo J, Palaveršić B, Rojc M, 1991. Monitoring the occurrence and severity of maize diseases in Croatia from 1985 to 1989. Zaštita Bilja. 42 (1), 51-60.

    CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

    CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI

    CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

    Carson M L, 1985. First report of eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) of corn in South Dakota. Plant Disease. 69 (2), 177.

    Cassini R, 1973. Present state of maize diseases in France. Possibilities of control. (Etat actuel des maladies du mais en France. Possibilities de lutte.). Workshop on phytosanitary problems of maize (Diseases and pests).: Journee d'information consacree aux problemes phytosanitaires du mais (Maladies et ravageurs). 4.

    Cassini R, 1975. Some pathological problems in cereal crop rotations. (Quelques problemes de pathologie dans les rotations cerealieres.). EPPO Bulletin. 5 (2), 141-151.

    Cassini R, Gay J-P, Cassini R, 1972. Observations on the development cycle and survival structures of Kabatiella zeae. (Observations sur le cycle de developpement et sur les organes de conservation de Kabatiella zeae.). Annales de Phytopathologie. 4 (4), 367-371.

    Chez D, Hudon M, 1975. Kabatiella zeae, a new maize pathogen in Quebec. (Le Kabatiella zeae, un nouvel agent pathogene du mais au Quebec.). Phytoprotection. 56 (2), 90-95.

    Corcuera V R, Sandoval M C, 1998. Early waxy and high quality protein maize inbreds: study of fungi diseases. Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter. 48-49.

    Cross H Z, Wanner D W, Carena M J, 2003. Registration of ND291 inbred line of maize. Crop Science. 43 (4), 1568. DOI:10.2135/cropsci2003.1568

    Czaplinska S, 1981. Small leaf spot (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, a new corn disease in Poland. (Drobna plamistosc lisci (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, nowa choroba kukurydzy w Polsce)., 3 18-19.

    Dingley J M, 1973. 'Eye spot' disease of maize in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 16 (3), 325-328.

    Esteves A, 1984. Incidence of diseases under field conditions on maize (Zea mays) cultivars in Dourados. (Incidência de doenças, sob condições de campo, em cultivares de milho (Zea mays) em Dourados.). Fitopatologia Brasileira. 9 (1), 155-160.

    Frezzi M J, 1972. Maize eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) and maize yellow leaf blight (Phyllosticta zeae) in Argentina. (Mancha ocular del maiz (Kabatiella zeae) y tizon amarillo de la hoja del maiz (Phyllosticta zeae) en la Argentina.). Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, 5. 9 (2), 101-109.

    GATES L F, MORTIMORE C G, 1970. Three diseases of Corn (Zea mays) new to Ontario: crazy top, a Phyllosticta leaf spot, and eyespot. Canadian Plant Disease Survey. 49 (4), 128-131.

    Kaiser S A K M, 1994. Occurrence of Kabatiella eyespot disease of maize at Kalimpong hills - a new record. Advances in Plant Sciences. 7 (2), 405-406.

    Lević J, 1987. Inheritance of resistance of the leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) to Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka and identifying sources of resistance. (Nasleđivanje otpornosti lista kukuruza (Zea mays L.) prema Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka i iznalaženje izvora otpornosti.). Arhiv za Poljoprivredne Nauke. 48 (170), 173-203.

    Lisowicz F, 2000. The occurrence and economic importance of maize diseases in Mikulice (south-eastern Poland) in 1993-1999. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 40 (2), 140-143.

    N'Kashama M, 1979. Resistance to Kabatiella zeae in corn (Zea mays L.). In: Proceedings of the thirty-fourth northeastern corn improvement conference, New York, New York, 9-10 February 1979. [Proceedings of the thirty-fourth northeastern corn improvement conference, New York, New York, 9-10 February 1979.], . USA: 22-23.

    Palaveršić B, Rozman L, Milevoj L, Celar F, 2001. The investigation of incidence of some maize leaf diseases in Croatia and in Slovenia. (Primerjava pojava listnih bolezni koruze v Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem.). In: Zbornik predavanj in referatov 5. Slovensko Posvetovanje o Varstvu Rastlin, Čatež ob Savi, Slovenija, 6. marec-8. marec 2001. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Društvo za varstvo rastlin Slovenije. 458-463.

    Popov A, Popova Y, 1979. Results of breeding disease-resistant maize. In: Proceedings of the tenth meeting of the maize and sorghum section of Eucarpia. [Proceedings of the tenth meeting of the maize and sorghum section of Eucarpia.], Varna, Bulgaria: European Association for Research on Plant Breeding. 184-188.

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    GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gatewayhttps://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

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