Kabatiella zeae (eyespot)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Seedborne Aspects
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Diagnosis
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Kabatiella zeae Narita & Y. Hirats.
Preferred Common Name
- eyespot
Other Scientific Names
- Aureobasidium zeae (Narita & Y. Hirats.) Dingley
International Common Names
- English: eye spot: maize; maize eye spot
- Spanish: antracnosis del maiz
- French: brunissure du mais; kabatiellose du mais; kabatiellosis; taches oculaires du mais
Local Common Names
- Germany: Augenfleckenkrankheit: Mais
- Poland: drobna (oczkowa) plamistosc lisci kukurydzy; drobna plamistosc lisci kukurydzy
EPPO code
- KABAZE (Kabatiella zeae)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Fungi
- Phylum: Ascomycota
- Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
- Class: Dothideomycetes
- Subclass: Dothideomycetidae
- Order: Dothideales
- Family: Dothioraceae
- Genus: Kabatiella
- Species: Kabatiella zeae
Description
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | ||||||
-Jilin | Present | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | ||||||
India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-West Bengal | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Hokkaido | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
France | Present, Widespread | Introduced | 1971 | ||||
Germany | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | 1972 | ||||
Poland | Present | Invasive | |||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
Serbia and Montenegro | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | 1969 | ||||
-Quebec | Present | Introduced | 1975 | ||||
United States | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Illinois | Present | ||||||
-Indiana | Present | ||||||
-Iowa | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Minnesota | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Dakota | Present | ||||||
-South Dakota | Present | Introduced | 1985 | ||||
-Wisconsin | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
New Zealand | Present, Widespread | Introduced | 1971 | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | 1972 | ||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present |
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Zea mays (maize) | Poaceae | Main |
Symptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Leaves / abnormal patterns | ||
Leaves / fungal growth | ||
Leaves / necrotic areas | ||
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Stems / discoloration | ||
Stems / discoloration of bark | ||
Stems / internal red necrosis | ||
Stems / necrosis | ||
Whole plant / early senescence | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageEyespot is most severe when crop residues are left on the soil at the end of the growing period and in fields where maize is grown continuously (Lipps and Mills, 2005). Careful cultivation and crop rotation can help to reduce early infection; however, cases of the disease have been encountered on carefully cultivated fields and on the fields where maize has never been grown (Arny et al., 1971).
Eyespot disease may also be seedborne, but this source of inoculum is negligible compared to the number of spores produced on infested crop residues (Lipps and Mills, 2005).
Seedborne Aspects
Top of pageK. zeae has not been detected in seeds, but husks may be infected (Cassini, 1971). Reifschneider and Arny (1979a) detected K. zeae in 2% of seeds from ears inoculated under the husk. Jones and Baker (2007) report that K. zeae entered the UK via imported maize seeds.
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageDiagnosis
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Thorough cultivation and crop rotation can reduce early infection by K. zeae. Arny et al. (1971) recommend using a 3-4-year interval for maize cultivation in the same field. The amount of infectious material can be reduced by a suitable crop rotation and thorough ploughing and destruction of after-harvest residues, particularly from seriously infected plants. Deep ploughing of crop debris prevents sporulation of the stromas and promotes decomposition (HYP3, 2005) thus limiting early season spread.Resistance to K. zeae is important in the control of eyespot and hybrids with some resistance to the disease should be planted. Susceptible hydrids include Julia, Heros, Agio and Aura; more resistant hybrids include Kosmo and Elsa. Even a known source of resistance such as the line Oh43 can be subject to infection in the case of epiphytosis (Reifschneider and Arny, 1983).
Fungicides registered for use against K. zeae include mancozeb, propiconazole, chlorothalonil and benomyl (Gay and Cassini, 1973; Pronczuk et al., 1996). For effective protection against K. zeae, seed dressings are recommended, followed by spraying the plants at the early stages of disease development when 1% or less of the leaf area is infected. More than one application may be necessary when conditions are favourable to the disease. The use of fungicides against eyespot can be prohibitively expensive, except on seed production fields (Lipps and Mills, 2005).
Pest control plays an important role in reducing the occurrence of eyespot, particularly the control of Aphididae and Thysanoptera, which feed on maize and can facilitate the penetration of conidia.
References
Top of pageArny DC; Smallej EB; Ullstrup AJ; Worf GL; Ahrens RW, 1971. Eyespot of maize, a disease new to North America. Phytopathology, 61:54-57.
Bohm H; Glaeser G, 1979. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in 1976. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 1976-1979, 45:7-12; 145-151.
Borecki Z, 1996. Polskie nazwy chorób roslin uprawnych. Polskie Towarzystwo Fitopatologiczne, 108-109.
Carson ML, 1985. First report of eyespot (Kabatiella zeae) of corn in South Dakota. Plant Disease, 69(2):177
Cassini R, 1971. Helminthosporium maydis, race T and Kabatiella zeae, two new pathogens of maize in France. Bull. Tech. Inf., 264/265:1067-1072.
Cassini R, 1973. Present state of maize diseases in France. Possibilities of control. ibid., No.1:4
Cassini R, 1975. Some pathological problems in cereal crop rotations. EPPO Bulletin, 5(2):141-151
Cassini R; Gay JP; Cassini R, 1972. Observations on the development cycle and survival structures of Kabatiella zeae. Annales de Phytopathologie. 4(4):367-371.
Chez D; Hudon M, 1975. Kabatiella zeae, a new maize pathogen in Quebec. Phytoprotection, 56(2):90-95
Cross HZ; Wanner DW; Carena MJ, 2003. Registration of ND291 inbred line of maize. Crop Science, 43(4):1568.
Czaplinska S, 1981. Drobna plamistosc lisci (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, nowa choroba kukurydzy w Polsce. Hodowla Roslin, 3:18-19.
Czaplinska S; Przybysz M, 1985. Niektóre aspekty biologii grzyba Kabatiella zeae Narita et fleckenkrankheit an Mais in Deutschland. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 74: 3, 457-482.
Dingley JM, 1973. ’Eye spot’ disease of maize in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 16: 3, 325-328.
Gates LF; Mortimore CG, 1969. Three diseases of corn (Zea mays), new to Ontario: crazytop, a Phyllosticta leaf spot and eyespot. Canadian Plant Disease Survey, 49:128-131.
Gay JP; Cassini R, 1973. Possibilities of control of maize diseases by fungicide treatments during growth. Phytiatrie Phytopharmacie, 22(1):19-26.
Glaeser G, 1979. Report on the occurrence of important diseases and pests on cultivated plants in Austria in the year 1977. Pflanzenschutzberichte, 45(7-12):153-164.
HYP3, 2005. Eyespot of maize. HYP3 on line. http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYP3/pathogene/6kabzea.htm Istitut National de la Recherche Agronomique.
Kashama M, 1979. Resistance to Kabatiella zeae in corn (Zea mays L.). Proceedings of the thirty-fourth northeastern corn improvement conference, New York, USA, 9-10 February, 22-23.
Levic J, 1987. Inheritance of resistance of the leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) to Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka and identifying sources of resistance. Arhiv za Poljoprivredne Nauke. 48:170, 173-203.
Lipps PE; Mills DR, 2005. Eyespot disease of corn. Ohio State University Extension. http://ohioline.osu.edu/ac-fact/0021.html.
Lisowicz F, 1995. The most important maize diseases in Malopolska. Ochrona RoSlin, 39(2):10-11.
Nanbo B; Thierry J, 1999. The return of Kabatiellosis. Phytoma, No. 513:24-25; 4 ref.
Narita T; Hiratsuka Y, 1959. Studies on Kabatiella zeae n.sp., the causal fungus of a new leafspot disease of corn. Ann. Phytopathological Society Japan, 24:147-153.
Pencic V; Smiljakovic H, 1971. Investigations of the resistance of self-pollinating lines and hybrids of corn to Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka. Plant Protection, Yugoslavia. Publikation, 22:115-116.
Pronczuk M; Bojanowski J, 1993. Effect of Kabatiella zeae on fusarium stalk rot prevalence in maize. Hodowla Roslin, Aklimatyzacja i Nasiennictwo, 37(4):103-109.
Pronczuk M; Bojanowski J; Warzecha R, 1994. Eyespot: a new foliage disease of maize in Poland. Genetica Polonica, 35B:361-366; 10 ref.
Shurtleff MC; Edwards DI; Noel GR; Pedersen WL; White DG, 2000. Primary collators (last update 4/3/93). The International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions. Common Names of Plant Diseases. Diseases of Corn or Maize (Zea mays L.) IS-MPMI net.
Walker Kirby H, 1998. Eyespot of corn. Pest Management and Crop Development Bulletin. http://www.ag.uiuc.edu/cespubs/pest/articles/v9817g.html. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Czaplinska S, 1981. Small leaf spot (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, a new corn disease in Poland. (Drobna plamistosc lisci (eyespot) - Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka, nowa choroba kukurydzy w Polsce)., 3 18-19.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Distribution Maps
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