Ips grandicollis (five-spined bark beetle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff, 1868)
Preferred Common Name
- five-spined bark beetle
Other Scientific Names
- Ips cacographus (LeConte, 1868)
- Ips chagnoni Swaine, 1916
- Ips cloudcrofti Swaine, 1924
- Ips cribricollis (Eichhoff)
- Tomicus cribricollis Eichhoff, 1869
- Tomicus grandicollis Eichhoff, 1868
International Common Names
- English: bark beetle, five- spined; engraver, southern pine; southern pine engraver
- French: scolyte à grand corselet
Local Common Names
- USA: five spined pine engraver
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Scolytidae
- Genus: Ips
- Species: Ips grandicollis
Description
Top of pageEggs are 0.7-0.8 mm long, 1.5 times as long as wide; smooth, oval and translucent white.
Larvae
Larvae are white, legless grubs with highly sclerotized heads. Larvae tend to assume the shape of the letter 'C'. The larvae develop through three instars, which are identical except for size.
Pupae
White pupae are found in frass-encircled chambers at the end of the larval galleries, where they remain responsive and in constant motion. Pupae display many rudimentary adult features, such as legs, elytra and antennae.
Adults
Adults are reddish-brown to dark-brown, 2.9-4.6 mm long and 2.7 times as long as wide. The body is cylindrical with rounded lateral margins; the posterior margin has a deeply excavated declivity with elevated margins; the lateral margin is armed with spines, five on each elytron. When viewed from above, the head is hidden by the pronotum. Antennae have a five-segmented funicle and a flat, imperfectly circular club with two visible sutures.
Distribution
Top of pageMore recently discovered in more southerly locations, such as Central America, Caribbean Islands and Mexico (Garraway, 1986; Berrios et al., 1987; Guerra et al., 1989; Haack and Paiz-Schwartz, 1997) but it is not known whether I. grandicollis is native to these regions or introduced. I. grandicollis was introduced to Australia in the 1940s, where it is now widespread and common throughout forests that contain Pinus (Rimes, 1959; Morgan and Griffith, 1989; Abbott, 1993).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
South Africa | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present, Few occurrences | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Bahamas | Present | ||||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | ||||||
-Manitoba | Present | ||||||
-Nova Scotia | Present | ||||||
-Ontario | Present | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present, Localized | ||||||
Dominican Republic | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present | ||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present, Localized | ||||||
Nicaragua | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | ||||||
-Alabama | Present | ||||||
-Arkansas | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Connecticut | Present | ||||||
-Delaware | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Illinois | Present | ||||||
-Indiana | Present | ||||||
-Louisiana | Present | ||||||
-Maine | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Maryland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Massachusetts | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Michigan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Minnesota | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Mississippi | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Missouri | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present, Localized | ||||||
-New Hampshire | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-New Mexico | Present, Localized | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Ohio | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-South Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Tennessee | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Texas | Present | ||||||
-Virginia | Present | ||||||
-West Virginia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Wisconsin | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1943 | ||||
-New South Wales | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
-Queensland | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
-South Australia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
-Victoria | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Original citation: Neuman & Marks, 1990 | ||||
-Western Australia | Present, Widespread | Introduced |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageIndigenous Ips spp. already occur on conifers throughout most of the EPPO region, so the risk arising from introduced species is uncertain (EPPO/CABI, 1997).
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pageOnce under attack, a tree very rarely survives, although it is not always easy to establish whether I. grandicollis actually killed the tree, rather than other co-attacking species, or whether the tree was dying from other causes that predisposed it to bark beetle attack.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageFemales lay up to 50 eggs, each in an individual niche cut into the phloem tissue of the oviposition gallery wall. Niches are individually covered by the female with plugs of chewed phloem. Eggs hatch after 3-5 days, and larvae begin mining their individual feeding galleries at right angles to the egg gallery. They pass through three larval instars, each lasting several days. Pupation lasts another 3-5 days, after which the callow adults spend another 1 or 2 days within the pupal chamber; during this time the colour of the adult changes from a very pale tan to a dark or reddish brown. A period of pre-maturation feeding begins where the adult meanders through the host material phloem, feeding as it goes, for a period of up to several weeks, depending upon the geographic location and season. After this period, the sexually mature adult emerges by chewing a small, round exit hole out through the bark.
In a trial in west-central Wisconsin under natural summer temperatures (average daily mean, maximum, minimum air temperatures during the period = 19.4, 36.6, 0.2°C, respectively) the median development time for a population in a log, from attack to emergence, was 76 days (Ayres et al., 2001). The development process is highly temperature dependent, however, so this can be expected to vary widely. In the southern USA, where I. grandicollis is multivoltine, emerging adults immediately begin flights in search of a suitable host. In the north-central USA, where it is univoltine, emerging adults either go directly to an overwintering site in the forest litter layer, or to a temporary feeding site. Spring emergence from overwintering sites is apparently cued by rising soil and air temperatures in the spring. In Wisconsin, first flights typically occur when soil temperatures rise above 5°C and air temperatures exceed 15°C. The lower lethal temperature for adults is -12 to -18°C depending upon genotype and season (Lombardero et al., 2000). All immature life stages are extremely vulnerable to winter mortality, both because they tend to be less cold tolerant and because they remain within the phloem of host trees where they seldom benefit from insulation by snow (Lawson, 1993; Lombardero et al., 2000).
Within its native forests of North America, I. grandicollis forms part of a large community that co-occurs and interacts within the phloem layer of dead and dying trees (Riley and Goyer, 1988). These diverse assemblages usually include other bark beetles, several groups of insect predators and parasitoids (see Notes on Natural Enemies), numerous species of mites and fungi (commonly phoretic on adult bark beetles), wood boring insects (especially Cerambycidae and Buprestidae) and many other species that are fungivores, scavengers, or generalist predators. Major outbreaks of I. grandicollis seem to be less common within its native forests than in Australia, perhaps because population fluctuations within the rich native community are dampened by species interactions. However, pestilence in native forests may sometimes be exacerbated when I. grandicollis is able to co-operate with congeners in mass attacks of host trees (Ayres et al., 2001) or benefit from outbreaks by more aggressive bark beetles such as Dendroctonus frontalis.
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Contortylenchus grandicolli | Parasite | Adults | ||||
Dendrosoter sulcatus | Parasite | Adults | Australia | Pinus | ||
Formica integra | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
Lyctocoris elongatus | Predator | Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae; Arthropods|Pupae | ||||
Medetera bistriata | Predator | Arthropods|Larvae; Arthropods|Pupae | ||||
Platysoma cylindricum | Predator | |||||
Roptrocerus xylophagorum | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | Australia | Pinus | ||
Scoloposcelis flavicornis | Predator | Eggs; Arthropods|Larvae; Arthropods|Pupae | ||||
Temnochila verescens | Predator | |||||
Temnoscheila virescens | Predator | Adults | Australia | Pinus | ||
Thanasimus dubius | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae | Australia | Pinus |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageAlthough predators and parasites have demonstrated demographic importance in controlled experiments (Riley and Goyer, 1986) and are presumably significant forces in natural populations, only one species has been found to be an effective biological control agent. Whilst Thanasimus dubius, Temnoscheila virescens and R. xylophagorum have been introduced into Australia, only R. xylophagorum has established and impacted upon I. grandicollis. R. xylophagorum is now widespread in Australia and can achieve up to 70% parasitism (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePlant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/nymphs; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually invisible |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | No |
Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Loose wood packing material |
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Solid wood packing material without bark |
Impact
Top of pageEnvironmental Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageDamage to trees by I. grandicollis is very similar to damage caused by other bark beetles, especially other members of the tribe Ipini. I. grandicollis often coexists with other bark beetles within the same phloem tissues of the same tree.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Introduction
In the forests of the USA, I. grandicollis is considered the least aggressive of the bark beetle species that it co-occurs with; therefore, control measures are rarely focused on it. Within that community, it cannot be ascertained whether I. grandicollis would cause more damage in the absence of other bark beetles, or less, and in fact such a question may be irrelevant in the context of pest control. In other regions of the world, especially where it is an exotic, control measures may be more necessary, more effective, and more justifiable.
As with most pests, control of I. grandicollis is comprised of three strategies: monitoring, prevention and suppression. Control goals may be to either prevent tree mortality or to reduce blue stain damage (I. grandicollis is a vector for blue stain fungi), or both; and although similar strategies may be employed toward both goals, they may differ.
Field Monitoring
Several pheromone trap designs have been tested (Rose et al., 1981; McCravy et al., 2000) and shown to be effective for monitoring population size when baited with the aggregation pheromone ipsenol. Aerial forest surveys can readily detect and help quantify outbreaks and attacks. Such monitoring can help determine the need for suppression tactics. It is probable that the response threshold will differ depending on the situation and size and nature of the damage, but in many cases it may be the same as a natural response threshold that theoretically corresponds to the escape threshold in multiple equilibria models of population dynamics (Berryman, 1987). In the case of blue stain prevention, it may be easier and more effective to focus efforts on reducing the process time of infected material rather than to try to prevent infection.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods
There are several prevention tactics that may reduce the likelihood of insect populations reaching a crucial threshold. Harvesting practices like slash sanitation during logging, prompt movement of logs from logging sites, and prompt salvage logging after natural disasters like fires and windstorms may help prevent population growth to dangerous levels. Silvicultural practices that reduce or avoid large acreages of overstocked mono-specific stands of susceptible hosts can help, as can management plans that help maintain healthy populations of natural enemies.
Some of the same tactics for prevention can be used for suppression. Removal of infected logs in infested forest areas, salvage logging and debarking or processing of infested logs can reduce populations and minimize both unintended tree mortality and blue stain damage to logs both in the forest and in the mill yard, especially if done promptly.
Mass trapping with the same traps and lures used for monitor trapping can be effective at capturing large numbers of insects; and multiple equilibria models (Berryman, 1987) suggest that it may be possible to suppress populations below the escape threshold. Success has not been demonstrated, however, and whether such mass trapping campaigns decrease populations enough to reduce damage remains arguable.
Chemical Control
Many synthesized and naturally occurring chemical substances have been tested for use as possible prevention and suppression tactics. One strategy involves using semiochemical disruption of the aggregation process. Certain green leaf volatiles (Dickens et al., 1992), 4-allylanisole (Hayes et al., 1996), verbenone, pine oil (Berisford et al., 1986; Nord et al., 1990) and a wide range of odoriferous compounds (All and Anderson, 1974) have been tested. Of these, a few showed some potential (verbenone, green leaf volatiles, ammonium hydroxide and 4-allylanisole), but none have become cost-effective solutions.
Many other chemicals have been tested as insecticides, such as carbaryl, chlorpyrifos-methyl, deltamethrin and propoxur (Ragenovich and Coster, 1974; Stone and Simpson, 1987). Fuel oil mixtures have been shown to cause high I. grandicollis mortality when applied on logs (Cibulsky and Hyche, 1974). Of these, only carbaryl, under the trade name Sevimol, is currently labelled for use in the USA, along with permethrin (trade name Astro) for control of bark beetles. There is also a pending registration for bark beetle control for bifenthrin (trade name Onyx).
It must be noted that both insecticides and deterrents have limited utility due to the cost of application and degree and duration of protection, and have never been shown to be effective in the forest setting. Additionally, they may have side effects that may outweigh possible benefits. They may, however, have limited use in protecting individual high value trees, or for temporary protection against log deck degradation.
Biological Control
Many potential candidates have been evaluated for use as biological control agents in Australia (Berisford, 1989). Neither of the introduced predators, Temnoscheila virescens and Thanasimus dubius, are known to be established, but two parasitoids have established. Of these, only Rhoptocerus xylophagorum has had any impact. R. xylophagorum is now widespread and causes up to 70% parasitism. This attack, combined with much improved silvicultural management (including removal of bark from slash and logs), has greatly reduced the damage caused by I. grandicollis (Waterhouse and Sands, 2001).
References
Top of pageBerisford CW, 1989. Biological control of pine bark beetles: new approaches to an old problem. In: Entomology in Virginia: New Problems and New Approaches, held in Virginia, USA, on 8 September 1989.
Coster JE, 1974. Evaluation of some carbamate and phosphate insecticides against southern pine beetle and Ips bark beetles. Journal of Economic Entomology, 67(6):763-765.
Morgan FD, 1967. Ips grandicollis in South Australia. Australian Forestry, 31:137-155.
Renwick JAA, Vite JP, 1972. Pheromones and host volatiles that govern aggregation of the six-spined engraver beetle, Ips calligraphus. Journal of Insect Physiology, 18(6):1215-1219.
Rimes GD, 1959. The bark beetle in West Australian Pine forests. Journal of Agriculture of Western Australia, Perth, (Ser. 3) 8(3).
Savely HE, 1939. Ecological relations of certain animals in dead pine and oak logs. Ecological Monographs, 9:321-385.
SFIWC, 2001. Report on losses caused by forest insects. In: 45th Southern Forest Insect Work Conference, Georgia, USA, 23-26 July.
Werner RA, 1972. Aggregation behavior of the beetle Ips grandicollis in response to (1) host-produced attractants; (2) insect-produced attractants. Journal of Insect Physiology, 18:423-437.
Wylie FR, Peters B, DeBaar M, King J, Fitzgerald C, 1999. Managing attack by bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) in fire-damaged Pinus plantations and salvaged logs in Queensland, Australia. Australian Forestry, 62:148-153.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
MORGAN F D, 1967. Ips grandicollis in South Australia. Australian Forestry. 31 (pt. 2), 137-155 pp.
Rimes GD, 1959. The bark beetle in West Australian Pine forests. In: Journal of Agriculture of Western Australia, Perth, (Ser. 3), 8 (3)
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