Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa
(bush morning glory)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Flowering habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); flowering habit. Chaco Province, Argentina. October, 2011. Copyright ©Dr Pedro A. Zeinsteger-2011/School of Veterinary Science, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.	Flowering habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); flowering habit. Chaco Province, Argentina. October, 2011.	©Dr Pedro A. Zeinsteger-2011/School of Veterinary Science, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Title Flowering habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); flowering habit. Chaco Province, Argentina. October, 2011. Copyright ©Dr Pedro A. Zeinsteger-2011/School of Veterinary Science, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.	Flowering habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); flowering habit. Chaco Province, Argentina. October, 2011.	©Dr Pedro A. Zeinsteger-2011/School of Veterinary Science, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Title Habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit. Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. September, 2009. Copyright ©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit. Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. September, 2009.	©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit. Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. September, 2009. Copyright ©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit. Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. September, 2009.	©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit, showing f lowers and leaves. Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, USA. August, 2009. Copyright ©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); habit, showing f lowers and leaves. Kahului, Maui, Hawaii, USA. August, 2009.	©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Flowers and leaves Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); flowers and leaves. Patquia, La Rioja, northern Argentina. May, 2013. Copyright ©Dick Culbert-2013/DixPix - CC BY 2.0	Flowers and leaves	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); flowers and leaves. Patquia, La Rioja, northern Argentina. May, 2013.	©Dick Culbert-2013/DixPix - CC BY 2.0
Title Flowering habit Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); flowering habit. Copyright Released into the Public Domain - Original image by Clarence A. Rechenthin/USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database	Flowering habit	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning glory); flowering habit.	Released into the Public Domain - Original image by Clarence A. Rechenthin/USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Title Seeds Caption Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); seeds. Copyright Released into the Public Domain - Original image by Steve Hurst/USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database	Seeds	Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (bush morning-glory); seeds.	Released into the Public Domain - Original image by Steve Hurst/USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Jacq) (Mart. ex Choisy) D.F. Austin

Preferred Common Name

• bush morning glory

Other Scientific Names

• Batatas crassicaulis Benth.
• Convolvulus batatilla Kunth
• Ipomoea batatilla (Kunth) G. Don
• Ipomoea crassicaulis (Benth.) B.L. Rob.
• Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy

International Common Names

• English: bush morning-glory; tree morning glory
• Spanish: campana gallega; gloria de la mañana
• Chinese: shu qian niu
• Portuguese: algodão-bravo; algodão-do-campo; campainha-de-canudo; canudo-das-lagoas; ipoméia-arbórea; maniorana

Local Common Names

• Bolivia: tararaqui
• Brazil: algodão do Pantanal; canudo; canudo de lagoa; canudo-do-breja; capabode; capa-bode; manjorana; mata cabra
• Cuba: aguinaldo color de carne
• Dominican Republic: campana
• Egypt: olleiq ek-kibeer
• Germany: Dickstengelige; Trichterwinde
• Haiti: clochette
• India: behaya; besharam; pink morning glory; shrubby morning glory
• Indonesia: kangkungan; klemut; ula
• Lesser Antilles: ológi di anochi; petite campanule
• Paraguay: mandiyura
• South Africa: morning glory bush
• Thailand: phak bung farang; phak bung rua
• Zimbabwe: morning glory-bush

EPPO code

• IPOFI (Ipomoea fistulosa)

Summary of Invasiveness

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa is a species of morning glory that has been introduced worldwide as an ornamental and hedge (living fence) plant. The species has escaped from cultivation to become naturalized and invasive mostly in disturbed sites, riparian areas and wetlands, and it behaves as a weed in cultivated fields, such as rice plantations. It is a strong competitor for resources (e.g. nutrients and water), with the potential to outcompete native plants. The species has been listed as a noxious weed in the USA and as invasive in India, Nepal, Egypt, South Africa, Swaziland, Cuba, and in many islands in the Pacific region. 

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Solanales
•                         Family: Convolvulaceae
•                             Genus: Ipomoea
•                                 Species: Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Ipomoea is a large and complex genus of vines and shrubs within the Convolvulaceae (Stevens, 2012). The family comprises approximately 700 species grouped in 55-60 genera and is nearly cosmopolitan in distribution, although its members are primarily tropical plants (Stefanovic et al., 2003). The genus Ipomoea includes more than 600 species distributed worldwide, with approximately 500 species occurring in tropical and warm temperate regions of the Americas (Miller et al., 1999).

The taxonomy of many Ipomoea species, including Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa is still unclear and has been the subject of extended discussion. There are nomenclatural problems with what has been called I. fistulosa, I. carnea subsp. fistulosa and I. crassicaulis. These three names have been used extensively in the literature as distinct taxa, but also as synonyms and subspecies of I. carnea. Verdcourt (1963) noted a close relationship between I. fistulosa and I. carnea, while Austin (1977) listed I. fistulosa as a subspecies of I. carnea, although with a different geographical and altitudinal range. On the other hand, the name I. crassicaulis has been commonly synonymized with I. fistulosa. Authors have noted that the taxonomic confusion may be due to the morphological plasticity observed when these plants grow in wet and dry habitats and to their extensive cultivation as ornamentals (Verdcourt, 1963; Austin, 1977; Frey, 1995; Shaltout et al., 2006).

Description

The following description is from Flora of China Editorial Committee (2017):

Shrubs, 1-3 m; axial parts puberulent, later glabrescent; sap milky. Branches terete or angular, stout, becoming sparsely lenticellate with age. Petiole 2.5-15 cm; leaf blade ovate or ovate-oblong, 6-25 x 4-17 cm, densely puberulent or adaxially subglabrous, base cordate or truncate, margin entire, apex acuminate, mucronulate; midvein 2-glandular abaxially at base, lateral veins 7-9 pairs. Inflorescences few to several flowered; peduncle stout, 5-10 cm; bracts early deciduous, ovate. Pedicel 1-1.5 cm. Sepals ovate or nearly circular, broadly rounded, abaxially puberulent, equal or inner ones longer, 5-6 mm. Corolla lilac or pink, darker inside, funnel-form, 7-9 cm; tube and midpetaline bands mealy outside. Stamens included; filaments unequal; anthers linear, base sagittate. Pistil included; ovary puberulent. Style base puberulent; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule pale brown, ovoid, 1.5-2 cm, 4-valved, apiculate. Seeds black, 1 cm, brown sericeous-pubescent.  

Plant Type

Distribution

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is native to tropical America, from Mexico to Argentina (USDA-ARS, 2017). It has been introduced in the Caribbean, USA, tropical and subtropical Africa and Asia, and in many islands in the Pacific Ocean (Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; PIER, 2017; PROTA, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017). 

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa has been intentionally introduced worldwide as an ornamental and hedge plant, and has been repeatedly reported as escaped from cultivation (PIER, 2017; PROTA, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017). By 1963, the species was reported as “cultivated and naturalized” in tropical East Africa (Verdcourt, 1963). In 2015, it was collected in Saudi Arabia, where it grows as a hedge plant around cultivated fields in the Jazan region (Al-Sodany, 2016). It was probably introduced by the Indian or Egyptian farmers working at these farms.  

Risk of Introduction

The risk of introduction of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is high, because the species is still widely cultivated as an ornamental around the world. Seeds can be easily obtained online on horticulture websites (e.g. Dave’s Garden, 2017).  

Habitat

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is able to grow in a wide range of habitat types, from aquatic to xerophytic conditions (PROSEA, 2017). It grows as a weed in disturbed sites, forest margins, open woodlands, grasslands, gardens and fences, and it also grows along waterways, in riparian areas, irrigation channels, swamps and wetlands. It can sometimes grow on beaches (Frey, 1995; Henderson, 2015; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017; PROSEA, 2017). 

Hosts/Species Affected

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is considered a serious weed in cultivated rice fields due to its strong competitive ability (Frey, 1995).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is 2n = 30 (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017).

Reproductive Biology

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is a perennial and fast-growing species, able to spread vegetatively from stem fragments and by seed (Henderson, 2015; PROSEA, 2017; USDA-NRCS, 2017). Stem fragments can set root within a few days, while decumbent branches root in the soil and grow upwards, becoming new ramets (Al-Sodany, 2016). Individual plants can thus easily expand, covering dozens of square metres. Reproduction by seed is also common. During winter, the dry fruit-wall splits and the hairy endospermic seeds are dispersed, although they do not germinate immediately due to their hard seed coat, which is impervious to water (Eid, 2002).

Physiology and Phenology

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa flowers throughout the year, except during cool periods. Pollinators include butterflies and bees from the families Hesperiidae and Apidae and the subfamily Xylocopinae (Frey, 1995; PROSEA, 2017).

Environmental Requirements

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is well adapted to tropical, sub-tropical and warm temperate environments, where it grows at elevations from sea level up to 1000 m (PROSEA, 2017). The species can also grow in waterlogged sites, such as swamps and wetlands, up to 2 m deep in the water (Henderson, 2015). I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is not tolerant of shade (Frey, 1995).

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free
• seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

• acid
• neutral

Soil texture

• light
• medium

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

In Bolivia, Lepidoptera larvae and Coleoptera parasitize the leaves, stems and seeds of this plant. The beetle Megacerus flabelliger (Bruchidae) feeds on the seeds of this species and has been suggested as a potential biological control agent in India (Frey, 1995). Also, the Ipomoea-specific oomycete plant pathogen Albugo ipomoeae-panduratae, white rust, attacks the apical leaves and stems of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa (Frey, 1995).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Natural Dispersal

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa spreads by seed and vegetatively from stem fragments (Henderson, 2015). Seeds are covered by a dense cottony, furry indumentum, consisting of slightly glossy and thick hairs that facilitate wind and water dispersal (Al-Sodany, 2016).

Accidental Introduction

During floods and other natural disasters, plants are swept off river beds and embankments and can become established in habitats downstream.

Intentional Introduction

The species has been widely introduced by humans across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, primarily to be used as an ornamental and hedge plant (Henderson, 2015; PROSEA, 2017).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Economic Impact

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is considered a serious weed in rice fields and is listed as a weed in pastures (Frey, 1995; Oliveira Júnior et al., 2014). In aquatic habitats, it can form floating mats on the water surface, causing problems such as obstruction, difficulties in irrigation and navigation, and also causing problems for fisheries (Chaudhuri et al., 1994).

Environmental Impact

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is an environmental and agricultural weed. This invasive species has been reported displacing native vegetation in Nepal, Egypt, South Africa, Swaziland, Cuba, and on many islands in the Pacific region (Tiwari et al., 2005; Chandra Sekar, 2012; Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; Henderson, 2015; PIER, 2017). It has become a serious weed in Swaziland and South Africa, where it is also regarded as a serious threat to wetland habitats (Henderson, 2015; Swaziland National Trust Commission, 2017). In India, it is also invading riparian areas and irrigation channels (India Biodiversity Portal, 2017). In Egypt, it invades canal and drain banks, roadsides and field edges in the Nile Delta (Shaltout et al., 2006).

Social Impact

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is poisonous to livestock, goats and other mammals (Oliveira Júnior et al., 2014).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Gregarious
• Reproduces asexually

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Negatively impacts animal health
• Reduced amenity values
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Poisoning
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Economic Value

In India, the plant is grown as a source of green manure. It also shows potential for biogas production due to the high cellulose and volatile solid content of its dried stem material. In some states in India, the species is used as a raw material for paper-bag production (Frey, 1995; PROSEA, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017).

Social Benefit

The species is used in traditional medicine, especially as an antirheumatic remedy and a topical antiseptic for lesions. The leaves are slightly purgative and eaten as a vegetable, although they are considered toxic to livestock.

Environmental Services

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa is cultivated as an ornamental plant for its attractive flowers, and as a hedge plant along irrigation banks and drainage canals (e.g. Eid, 2002).

Uses List

Environmental

• Amenity
• Boundary, barrier or support
• Windbreak

Fuels

• Biofuels

Materials

• Green manure

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

• garden plant

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Control

Physical/mechanical control

Although manual control of I. carnea subsp. fistulosa by stem cutting and digging is commonly undertaken, it is costly and often not very effective. Any stems and seeds remaining in the soil can easily and rapidly re-infest cleared areas. Nevertheless, a study has shown that in Brazil, where the species grows as a weed, I. carnea subsp. fistulosa was effectively controlled by mowing plants in the early dry season, when their production and capability to resprout are reduced (Haase, 1999).

Biological control

I. carnea subsp. fistulosa seeds are heavily infested by the beetle Megacerus flabelliger, which has been suggested as a biological control agent in areas where this plant is a troublesome weed (e.g. India). However, an uncontrolled release of the beetle could have devastating consequences for the crop Ipomoea batatas and its hundreds of associated economically important varieties (Frey, 1995).

Chemical control

The herbicide 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) is known to be effective against Ipomoea species, including I. carnea subsp. fistulosa. Doses of 1 to 3 kg in 0.05% aqueous solution usually provide over 90% control. Regeneration of about 10% of the original number of plants occurred in areas sprayed at doses of 1 to 2 kg, but not when higher application rates were used (Chaudhuri et al., 1994).

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

The role of the beetle Megacerus flabelliger as a potential biological control agent for I. carnea subsp. fistulosa, as well as its potential effect on native species, should be further studied.

References

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the seed plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1-1192. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution.

Al-Sodany YM, 2016. A new record to the Flora of Saudi Arabia: Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Convolvulaceae. World Journal of Research and Review, 3(4):25-30.

Atlas of Living Australia, 2017. Atlas of Living Australia. Canberra, Australia: NCRIS, CSIRO and GBIF. http://www.ala.org.au/

Austin, D. F., 1977. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. vs. Ipomoea fistulosa Mart. ex Choisy. Taxon, 26(1), 235-238. doi: 10.2307/1220558

Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html

Chandra Sekar, K., 2012. Invasive alien plants of Indian Himalayan Region - diversity and implication. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3(2), 177-184. http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=17533 doi: 10.4236/ajps.2012.32021

Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos. Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation

Chaudhuri, H., Ramaprabhu, T., Ramachandran, V., 1994. Ipomoea carnea Jacq., a new aquatic weed problem in India. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 32, 37-38.

Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore, 273 pp

Dave’s Garden, 2017. Online resources. California, USA: Internet Brands. https://davesgarden.com/

Eid E, 2002. Population ecology of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. in the Nile Delta region. MSc Thesis. Tanta, Egypt: Tanta University

FLEPPC, 2007. List of Invasive Plant Species. Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA: Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council. http://www.fleppc.org/

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017. Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Zimbabwe, 2017. Flora of Zimbabwe. http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/

Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2013. Botanical database of the Nadeaud Herbarium of French Polynesia. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française). http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf

Frey, R., 1995. Ipomoea carnea ssp. fistulosa (Martius ex Choisy) Austin: taxonomy, biology and ecology reviewed and inquired. Tropical Ecology, 36(1), 21-48.

Haase, R., 1999. Seasonal growth of "algodão-bravo" (Ipomoea carnea spp. fistulosa). Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 34(2), 159-163. doi: 10.1590/S0100-204X1999000200002

Henderson L, 2015. Morning-glory bush (Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa): a toxic invader of dams and rivers. SAPIA News, 37:2.

Herrera K, Lorence DH, Flynn T, Balick MJ, 2010. Checklist of the vascular plants of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, with local names and uses. Allertonia, 10:1-192

India Biodiversity Portal, 2017. Online Portal of India Biodiversity. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list

Lejoly, J., Lisowski, S., 1992. The genera Merremia and Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the flora of Central Africa (Zaire, Rwanda, Burundi).L. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica, 37(1), 21-125.

MacKee, H. S., 1994. Catalogue des plantes introduites et cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.unpaginated.

Miller, R. E., Rausher, M. D., Manos, P. S., 1999. Phylogenetic systematics of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) based on ITS and Waxy sequences. Systematic Botany, 24(2), 209-227. doi: 10.2307/2419549

Oliveira Júnior, C. A., Riet-Correa, G., Tavares, C., Souza, E., Cerqueira, V. D., Pfister, J., Cook, D., Riet-Correa, F., 2014. Conditioned food aversion to control poisoning by Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa in goats. Ciência Rural, 44(7), 1240-1245. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782014000701240&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=en doi: 10.1590/0103-8478cr20131445

Oviedo Prieto R, Herrera Oliver P, Caluff MG, et al., 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletin sobre Conservacion de Plantas del Jardin Botanico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96

PIER, 2017. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

PROSEA, 2017. Plant Resources of South-East Asia.

PROTA, 2017. PROTA4U web database. Grubben GJH, Denton OA, eds. Wageningen, Netherlands: Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp

Shaltout KH, Al-Sodany YM, Eid EM, 2006. The biology of Egyptian woody perennials: 2. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches, 9:75-91

Simão-Bianchini R, Ferreira PPA, 2015. Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa. Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Rio de Janeiro Botanic Garden. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/FichaPublicaTaxonUC/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB16996

Smith, A. C., 1991. Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes only). Volume 5: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones, families 170-186, Moncotyledones, Family 32, addenda et corrigenda, index. In: Flora Vitiensis nova: a new flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes only). Volume 5: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones, families 170-186, Moncotyledones, Family 32, addenda et corrigenda, index : Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden.iii + 626 pp.

Space JC, Lorence DH, LaRosa AM, 2009. Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on invasive plant species. Hilo, Hawaii, USA: USDA Forest Service, 227 pp.

Space, J. C., Waterhouse, B., Denslow, J. S., Nelson, D., Mazawa, T. R., 2000. Invasive plant species in Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia, USDA Forest Service.41 pp.

Stefanovic S, Austin DF, Olmstead RG, 2003. Classification of Convolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany, 28(4):791-806.

Stevens PF, 2012. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

Swaziland National Trust Commission, 2017. Swaziland's Flora Database. Mbabane, Swaziland: Swaziland National Trust Commission. http://www.sntc.org.sz/flora/index.asp

Tiwari S, Siwakoti M, Adhikari B, Subedi K, 2005. An inventory and assessment of invasive alien plant species of Nepal. Kathamandu, Nepal: IUCN Nepal, 115 pp

USDA-ARS, 2017. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl

USDA-NRCS, 2017. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/

Verdcourt B, 1963. Convolvulaceae. In: Hubbard CE, Milne-Redhead E, eds. Flora of Tropical East Africa. London, UK: Whitefriars Press, 161 pp.

Distribution References

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong M T, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. 1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Al-Sodany YM, 2016. A new record to the Flora of Saudi Arabia: Ipomoea carnea Jacq., Convolvulaceae. In: World Journal of Research and Review, 3 (4) 25-30.

Atlas of Living Australia, 2017. Atlas of Living Australia., Canberra, Australia: NCRIS, CSIRO and GBIF. http://www.ala.org.au/

Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.htm

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Charles Darwin Foundation, 2008. Database inventory of introduced plant species in the rural and urban zones of Galapagos., Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.

Chong KY, Tan HTW, Corlett RT, 2009. A checklist of the total vascular plant flora of Singapore: native, naturalised and cultivated species., Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research, National University of Singapore. 273 pp.

Eid E, 2002. Population ecology of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. in the Nile Delta region. MSc Thesis., Tanta, Egypt: Tanta University.

FLEPPC, 2007. List of Invasive Plant Species., Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA: Florida Exotic Plant Pest Council. http://www.fleppc.org/

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017. Flora of China. In: Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Zimbabwe, 2017. Flora of Zimbabwe., http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/

Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer JY, 2013. Botanical database of the Nadeaud Herbarium of French Polynesia. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française)., http://www.herbier-tahiti.pf

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Links to Websites

Organizations

Egypt: Kafr El-Sheikh University, www.kfs.edu.eg

Egypt: Tanta University, www.tanta.edu.eg

Contributors

04/03/17 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA

Kamal Hussien Shaltout, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt

Distribution Maps