Impatiens walleriana
(busy lizzy)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Habit Caption Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); flowering habit. Keanae Arboretum, Maui, Hawaii, USA. August 2003. Copyright ©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); flowering habit. Keanae Arboretum, Maui, Hawaii, USA. August 2003.	©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Habit Caption Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); flowering habit, showing colour variation. Hana, Maui, Hawaii, USA. March 2007. Copyright ©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); flowering habit, showing colour variation. Hana, Maui, Hawaii, USA. March 2007.	©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Foliage and flowers Caption Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); foliage, flowers and developing seed pods. Iao Tropical Gardens of Maui, Maui, Hawaii, USA. May 2012. Copyright ©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Foliage and flowers	Impatiens walleriana (busy-lizzy); foliage, flowers and developing seed pods. Iao Tropical Gardens of Maui, Maui, Hawaii, USA. May 2012.	©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.

Preferred Common Name

• busy lizzy

Other Scientific Names

• Impatiens giorgii De Wild.
• Impatiens holstii Engl. & Warb.
• Impatiens lujai De Wild.
• Impatiens sultani Hook. f.
• Impatiens sultanii Hook. f.

International Common Names

• English: balsam; bizzy lizzy; bizzy-lizzie; busy lizzie; buzzy lizzy; garden impatiens; impatiens; Japanese balsam; jewel weed; patience plant; patient Lucy; shady lady; sultan's flower; touch-me-not; Zanzibar balsam
• Spanish: amor de quince; China; china rosa
• French: balsamine sauvage; impatiens
• Chinese: su dan feng xian hua

Local Common Names

• Brazil: beijinho; beijo; beijo-de-frade; beijo-turco; ciúmes; maravilha; maria-sem-vergonha; melindre; não-me-toque ; suspiro
• El Salvador: china cimarrona
• Germany: Fleissiges Lieschen
• Guatemala: flor de china; quinceañera
• Lesser Antilles: balsamine; impatience
• Netherlands: sultansbalsemien
• Puerto Rico: alegría; besos; miramelinda

EPPO code

• IPAWA (Impatiens walleriana)

Summary of Invasiveness

Impatiens walleriana is one of the world’s most widely grown ornamental plant species. It has repeatedly escaped from cultivation and usually can be found naturalized in secondary forests, coastal thickets, forest gullies, riversides, roadsides and damp shady places. When established it often forms dense and large stands in the understory of secondary forests and plantations that successfully outcompete native plant species and alter ecological succession. Currently, it is listed as invasive in China, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Galapagos, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Hawaii and the Canary Islands. Impatiens walleriana remains a source of great interest among gardeners and breeders, and new hybrids and varieties are developed every year, facilitating the introduction and spread of this species into new areas and thus increasing the likelihood that further invasions will take place.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Balsaminales
•                         Family: Balsaminaceae
•                             Genus: Impatiens
•                                 Species: Impatiens walleriana

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Balsaminaceae is a family comprising only 2 genera and 1001 species of fleshy herbs with more or less translucent stems, swollen nodes and usually spiral, toothed leaves.  While the genus Impatiens is very diverse and includes about 1000 species, the genus Hydrocera is monotypic, containing the single species Hydrocera triflora, that is native to South India, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and the Celebes. Species within the genus Impatiens are distributed mostly across the Old World: Africa (especially Madagascar) and tropical and subtropical montane forests of Southeastern Asia (Janssens et al., 2009; Stevens, 2019).

Impatiens walleriana is very variable in leaf shape and flower colour and thus it is widely cultivated as ornamental. Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed and are available in the horticulture trade (Brickell and Cathey, 2004; Flora of China, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).

Description

The following description is adapted from Christenhusz (2009):

Succulent perennial herbs 30-50(-80) cm; stems not or much branched, occasionally rooting at the lower nodes, often tinged reddish, usually glabrous, but rarely slightly pubescent in young shoots.

Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 1-6(-8) cm, with 1-3 stalked glands scattered along the length of the petiole; blades (2.5-) 4-13(-14) × 2-5.5(-7.5) cm, broadly ovate, glabrous, membranaceous, often tinged reddish, the margins crenate or crenate-dentate, usually with fimbriae between the teeth, the apex rounded, acute, acuminate or somewhat cuspidate. Inflorescences axillary racemes, usually 2-flowered, rarely with solitary flowers or 3-5 flowers; peduncles 2-5(-6.5) cm, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; bracts 2 or more, 3-6 × 0.1-0.3 mm, linear-lanceolate or subulate, the apex acute; pedicels 1-3 cm.

Flowers variable in colour, usually pink, purplish, mauve violet, orange, red or white; lateral sepals 3-7 mm, linear or ovate-lanceolate, whitish or greenish white, sometimes pink, the apex acute; lower sepal (8-)10-16 mm, the spur 28-45 mm, filiform, curved, with a slightly swollen tip; upper petal 11-19 × 13-25 mm, broadly obovate with a narrow crest in the middle terminating in an acute point, the apex emarginate; lateral united petals deeply incised, the upper and lower almost equal in size, the upper lateral petal 12-23 × 9-18 mm, the lower lateral petal 14-20 × 7-14 mm; ovary glabrous. Capsules 15-20 × 4-6 mm, fusiform, glabrous.

Plant Type

Distribution

Impatiens walleriana is native to East Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. It is widely cultivated and commonly naturalized in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, North, Central and South America, the West Indies, Europe, Australia, and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean (Broome et al., 2007; Christenhusz, 2009; DAISIE, 2018; Flora of China, 2018; GRIIS, 2018; PIER, 2018; USDA-ARS, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

Impatiens walleriana has been cultivated as ornamental by Europeans since the 1800s (Cumo, 2013). In Puerto Rico this species was first reported as naturalized in 1923 (Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2015).

Risk of Introduction

The risk of new introductions of I. walleriana is very high. Among all the cultivated Impatiens species, I. walleriana is currently the most widespread, being grown on all continents other than Antarctica. As the rate of introduction for this species increases and the plants growing in cultivation continue to spread, it becomes increasingly likely that further naturalizations and invasions of this species will take place (Adamowski, 2008).

Habitat

Impatiens walleriana is commonly cultivated as an ornamental in gardens and greenhouses. It can also be found naturalized in clearings, roadsides, secondary forests, coastal forests, riverine thickets, river margins, wet grasslands, coffee and banana plantations, forest edges and shaded, humid places in the understory of tropical and subtropical forests (Christenhusz, 2009; Flora of China, 2018; I3N-Brasil, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).

Habitat List

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for I. walleriana is 2n = 16 (Flora of China, 2018).

Reproductive biology

The flowers of I. walleriana are hermaphroditic and come in a wide variety of colours including pink, red, orange, white and purple. These flowers are usually visited and pollinated by bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds (Christenhusz, 2009).

Physiology and phenology

In China, I. walleriana has been recorded flowering from June to October (Flora of China, 2018), while in Australia and Central America flowering occurs throughout the year (Christenhusz, 2009; Queensland Government, 2018).

Longevity

Impatiens walleriana is described as a short-lived (i.e. annual), or occasionally long-lived (i.e. perennial), herbaceous plant (Cumo, 2013; Queensland Government, 2018).

Environmental requirements

Impatiens walleriana prefers to grow in moist and shaded habitats at elevations ranging from near sea level up to 3000 m. However, this species is adapted to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions, tolerating mean annual temperatures ranging from 10°C to 28°C and mean annual precipitations ranging from 800 mm to >2500 mm. It requires well-drained soils, and the optimum temperature for germination is about 20-25°C (Christenhusz, 2009; Mandle et al., 2010; Cumo, 2013; Queensland Government, 2018).  

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

In wild and cultivated Impatiens, two species have been shown to cause the fungal disease downy mildew, Plasmopara obducens and Bremiella sphaerosperma [Plasmopara constantinescui] (Lane et al., 2005). These pathogens were first reported in the United States in 2004 (USDA-ARS, 2018). Since then, P. obducens has been also recorded in Europe, Asia, and Australia infecting a number of wild and cultivated Impatiens species, including I. walleriana and I. balsamina (Jones and ONeill, 2004). The first reports of P. obducens from the UK (Lane et al., 2005), California (Wegulo et al., 2004) and Australia (Cunnington et al., 2008), indicate significant outbreaks in commercial I. walleriana, causing 80-100% disease incidence in the affected crops.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Impatiens walleriana spreads by seed, but stem fragments may readily take root. In cultivation, it is commonly propagated by cuttings. The fruit is an explosively-dehiscent capsule with the walls in-rolling from the base. Seeds are dispersed when they are ejected from the mature capsule. Seeds can be secondarily dispersed by wind and water and as a contaminant on topsoil, garden tools and machinery. Stem segments can also be dispersed in dumped garden waste (Adamowski, 2008; Christenhusz, 2009; Cumo, 2013; PIER, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).  

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

Impatiens walleriana is a successful invasive species. This species often escapes cultivation to become naturalized in a wide range of habitats, including disturbed sites, secondary forests, forest edges, riparian sites, coastal thickets and grasslands. It forms dense and large stands in the lower strata of shaded and humid areas, where it outcompetes native plant species and can also alter the natural regeneration of these areas (Adamowski, 2008; Christenhusz, 2009; GRIIS, 2018; I3N-Brasil, 2018; PIER, 2018; PROTA, 2018). In Australia, I. walleriana is ranked among the top 200 most invasive plant species and it has been recorded invading national parks and conservation areas, where it has colonized forest margins and is displacing native fern communities. It is also listed among the invasive species that threaten the integrity of particular stands of endangered littoral rainforest in New South Wales (Queensland Government, 2018).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Gregarious
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of endangered species
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - smothering
• Competition (unspecified)
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant

Uses

Economic value

Worldwide, Impatiens species are extensively cultivated as ornamentals. Impatiens walleriana is the most popular annual bedding plant in the United States (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018). Together the most widespread species, I. walleriana and I. hawkeri, generate annual profits of about $250 million in the United States alone (Brickell and Cathey, 2004; Adamowski, 2008; Cumo, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2018). 

Social Benefit

Many Impatiens species, including I. walleriana, are used in folk medicine (Christenhusz, 2009)

Uses List

Environmental

• Amenity

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

• Potted plant

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Impatiens walleriana is very similar to Impatiens sodenii and I. balsamina. These species can be distinguished by the following vegetative and floral traits (Christenhusz, 2009):

Impatiens balsamina: flowers usually solitary in leaf axils; lateral petals completely united, only shallowly incised, unevenly bilobed; fruits are hairy.

Impatiens sodenii: larger plant (often up to 1.5 m tall) with sessile leaves, all in dense whorls; flowers white or pale pink; older plants are suffruticose.

Impatiens walleriana: flowers usually in pairs or with three to five flowers, rarely solitary; lateral petals almost free, equal in size, deeply incised and united only at the very base; fruits are glabrous.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Chemical control

There is no information available for the control of I. walleriana, however, herbicides such as 2,4-D, triclopyr, and glyphosate have been recommended to control the closely related species I. glandulifera (Tanner, 2017).

References

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Adamowski, W., 2008. Balsams on the offensive: the role of planting in the invasion of Impatiens species. In: Plant invasions: human perception, ecological impacts and management, [ed. by Tokarska-Guzik, B., Brock, J. H., Brundu, G., Child, L., Daehler, C. C., Pyšek, P.]. Leiden, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers. 57-70.

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Distribution References

Acevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong M T, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Washington, DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. 1192 pp. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm

Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. In: Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html

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Chacón E, Saborío G, 2003. (Lista De Especies De Plantas Introducidas En Costa Rica)., San Jose, Costa Rica: Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad (ACEBIO).

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Links to Websites

Contributors

15/02/2018 Original text by:

Dr. Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH

Distribution Maps