Impatiens walleriana (busy lizzy)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Impatiens walleriana Hook. f.
Preferred Common Name
- busy lizzy
Other Scientific Names
- Impatiens giorgii De Wild.
- Impatiens holstii Engl. & Warb.
- Impatiens lujai De Wild.
- Impatiens sultani Hook. f.
- Impatiens sultanii Hook. f.
International Common Names
- English: balsam; bizzy lizzy; bizzy-lizzie; busy lizzie; buzzy lizzy; garden impatiens; impatiens; Japanese balsam; jewel weed; patience plant; patient Lucy; shady lady; sultan's flower; touch-me-not; Zanzibar balsam
- Spanish: amor de quince; China; china rosa
- French: balsamine sauvage; impatiens
- Chinese: su dan feng xian hua
Local Common Names
- Brazil: beijinho; beijo; beijo-de-frade; beijo-turco; ciúmes; maravilha; maria-sem-vergonha; melindre; não-me-toque ; suspiro
- El Salvador: china cimarrona
- Germany: Fleissiges Lieschen
- Guatemala: flor de china; quinceañera
- Lesser Antilles: balsamine; impatience
- Netherlands: sultansbalsemien
- Puerto Rico: alegría; besos; miramelinda
EPPO code
- IPAWA (Impatiens walleriana)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana is one of the world’s most widely grown ornamental plant species. It has repeatedly escaped from cultivation and usually can be found naturalized in secondary forests, coastal thickets, forest gullies, riversides, roadsides and damp shady places. When established it often forms dense and large stands in the understory of secondary forests and plantations that successfully outcompete native plant species and alter ecological succession. Currently, it is listed as invasive in China, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Galapagos, French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Hawaii and the Canary Islands. Impatiens walleriana remains a source of great interest among gardeners and breeders, and new hybrids and varieties are developed every year, facilitating the introduction and spread of this species into new areas and thus increasing the likelihood that further invasions will take place.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Balsaminales
- Family: Balsaminaceae
- Genus: Impatiens
- Species: Impatiens walleriana
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageBalsaminaceae is a family comprising only 2 genera and 1001 species of fleshy herbs with more or less translucent stems, swollen nodes and usually spiral, toothed leaves. While the genus Impatiens is very diverse and includes about 1000 species, the genus Hydrocera is monotypic, containing the single species Hydrocera triflora, that is native to South India, Sri Lanka, Peninsular Malaysia, Java, and the Celebes. Species within the genus Impatiens are distributed mostly across the Old World: Africa (especially Madagascar) and tropical and subtropical montane forests of Southeastern Asia (Janssens et al., 2009; Stevens, 2019).
Impatiens walleriana is very variable in leaf shape and flower colour and thus it is widely cultivated as ornamental. Numerous cultivars and hybrids have been developed and are available in the horticulture trade (Brickell and Cathey, 2004; Flora of China, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).
Description
Top of pageThe following description is adapted from Christenhusz (2009):
Succulent perennial herbs 30-50(-80) cm; stems not or much branched, occasionally rooting at the lower nodes, often tinged reddish, usually glabrous, but rarely slightly pubescent in young shoots.
Leaves alternate, petiolate; petioles 1-6(-8) cm, with 1-3 stalked glands scattered along the length of the petiole; blades (2.5-) 4-13(-14) × 2-5.5(-7.5) cm, broadly ovate, glabrous, membranaceous, often tinged reddish, the margins crenate or crenate-dentate, usually with fimbriae between the teeth, the apex rounded, acute, acuminate or somewhat cuspidate. Inflorescences axillary racemes, usually 2-flowered, rarely with solitary flowers or 3-5 flowers; peduncles 2-5(-6.5) cm, glabrous or somewhat pubescent; bracts 2 or more, 3-6 × 0.1-0.3 mm, linear-lanceolate or subulate, the apex acute; pedicels 1-3 cm.
Flowers variable in colour, usually pink, purplish, mauve violet, orange, red or white; lateral sepals 3-7 mm, linear or ovate-lanceolate, whitish or greenish white, sometimes pink, the apex acute; lower sepal (8-)10-16 mm, the spur 28-45 mm, filiform, curved, with a slightly swollen tip; upper petal 11-19 × 13-25 mm, broadly obovate with a narrow crest in the middle terminating in an acute point, the apex emarginate; lateral united petals deeply incised, the upper and lower almost equal in size, the upper lateral petal 12-23 × 9-18 mm, the lower lateral petal 14-20 × 7-14 mm; ovary glabrous. Capsules 15-20 × 4-6 mm, fusiform, glabrous.
Distribution
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana is native to East Africa, including Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi and Mozambique. It is widely cultivated and commonly naturalized in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, North, Central and South America, the West Indies, Europe, Australia, and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean (Broome et al., 2007; Christenhusz, 2009; DAISIE, 2018; Flora of China, 2018; GRIIS, 2018; PIER, 2018; USDA-ARS, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Kenya | Present | Native | |||||
Malawi | Present | Native | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Native | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | |||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Native | |||||
Zambia | Present | Native | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Native | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
-Guangdong | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Hebei | Present | Introduced | |||||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
India | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kerala | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Europe |
|||||||
France | Present | Introduced | 1934 | ||||
Hungary | Present | Introduced | |||||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | |||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | |||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | |||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Anguilla | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Barbados | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Belize | Present | Introduced | |||||
Bonaire, Saint Eustatius and Saba | |||||||
-Sint Eustatius | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Dominica | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invading coffee at higher altitudes | |||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | |||||
Grenada | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Introduced | |||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | |||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | |||||
Martinique | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | |||||
Montserrat | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Introduced | |||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Potentially invasive | ||||
Saint Lucia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Potential threat in lower montane rainforest | ||||
Saint Martin | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
Sint Maarten | Present, Widespread | Introduced | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Potentially invasive | ||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution | |||||
-Alabama | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-North Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | Kosrae | ||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | |||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | |||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | |||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
New Zealand | Present | ||||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Alagoas | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | |||
-Bahia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | |||
-Ceara | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Distrito Federal | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | |||
-Espirito Santo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Maranhao | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | |||
-Mato Grosso | Present, Widespread | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | ||||
-Minas Gerais | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Naturalized | Widely naturalized | |||
-Parana | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Pernambuco | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio Grande do Norte | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Invasive on Juan Fernandez Island | |||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Uruguay | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana has been cultivated as ornamental by Europeans since the 1800s (Cumo, 2013). In Puerto Rico this species was first reported as naturalized in 1923 (Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2015).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of new introductions of I. walleriana is very high. Among all the cultivated Impatiens species, I. walleriana is currently the most widespread, being grown on all continents other than Antarctica. As the rate of introduction for this species increases and the plants growing in cultivation continue to spread, it becomes increasingly likely that further naturalizations and invasions of this species will take place (Adamowski, 2008).
Habitat
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana is commonly cultivated as an ornamental in gardens and greenhouses. It can also be found naturalized in clearings, roadsides, secondary forests, coastal forests, riverine thickets, river margins, wet grasslands, coffee and banana plantations, forest edges and shaded, humid places in the understory of tropical and subtropical forests (Christenhusz, 2009; Flora of China, 2018; I3N-Brasil, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Buildings | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Buildings | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Buildings | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Natural | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for I. walleriana is 2n = 16 (Flora of China, 2018).
Reproductive biology
The flowers of I. walleriana are hermaphroditic and come in a wide variety of colours including pink, red, orange, white and purple. These flowers are usually visited and pollinated by bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds (Christenhusz, 2009).
Physiology and phenology
In China, I. walleriana has been recorded flowering from June to October (Flora of China, 2018), while in Australia and Central America flowering occurs throughout the year (Christenhusz, 2009; Queensland Government, 2018).
Longevity
Impatiens walleriana is described as a short-lived (i.e. annual), or occasionally long-lived (i.e. perennial), herbaceous plant (Cumo, 2013; Queensland Government, 2018).
Environmental requirements
Impatiens walleriana prefers to grow in moist and shaded habitats at elevations ranging from near sea level up to 3000 m. However, this species is adapted to grow in a wide range of environmental conditions, tolerating mean annual temperatures ranging from 10°C to 28°C and mean annual precipitations ranging from 800 mm to >2500 mm. It requires well-drained soils, and the optimum temperature for germination is about 20-25°C (Christenhusz, 2009; Mandle et al., 2010; Cumo, 2013; Queensland Government, 2018).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Tolerated | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Tolerated | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
45 | 45 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 10 | 28 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 800 | >2500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
Soil texture
- heavy
- light
- medium
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plasmopara obducens | Pathogen |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageIn wild and cultivated Impatiens, two species have been shown to cause the fungal disease downy mildew, Plasmopara obducens and Bremiella sphaerosperma [Plasmopara constantinescui] (Lane et al., 2005). These pathogens were first reported in the United States in 2004 (USDA-ARS, 2018). Since then, P. obducens has been also recorded in Europe, Asia, and Australia infecting a number of wild and cultivated Impatiens species, including I. walleriana and I. balsamina (Jones and ONeill, 2004). The first reports of P. obducens from the UK (Lane et al., 2005), California (Wegulo et al., 2004) and Australia (Cunnington et al., 2008), indicate significant outbreaks in commercial I. walleriana, causing 80-100% disease incidence in the affected crops.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana spreads by seed, but stem fragments may readily take root. In cultivation, it is commonly propagated by cuttings. The fruit is an explosively-dehiscent capsule with the walls in-rolling from the base. Seeds are dispersed when they are ejected from the mature capsule. Seeds can be secondarily dispersed by wind and water and as a contaminant on topsoil, garden tools and machinery. Stem segments can also be dispersed in dumped garden waste (Adamowski, 2008; Christenhusz, 2009; Cumo, 2013; PIER, 2018; Queensland Government, 2018).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance | Often naturalized along roadsides and disturbed forests | Yes | Yes | Christenhusz (2009) |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Escaped from gardens | Yes | Yes | Christenhusz (2009) |
Garden waste disposal | Stem fragments and seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Horticulture | Extensively cultivated as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Adamowski (2008) |
Intentional release | Extensively cultivated as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Adamowski (2008) |
Medicinal use | Used as medicinal herb | Yes | Yes | Christenhusz (2009) |
Nursery trade | Extensively cultivated as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Adamowski (2008) |
Ornamental purposes | Extensively cultivated as ornamental | Yes | Yes | Adamowski (2008) |
Seed trade | Seeds sold online | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Stem fragments and seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Seeds sold online | Yes | Yes | ||
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Land vehicles | Stem fragments and seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Water | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Wind | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Queensland Government (2018) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive and negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Human health | Positive |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana is a successful invasive species. This species often escapes cultivation to become naturalized in a wide range of habitats, including disturbed sites, secondary forests, forest edges, riparian sites, coastal thickets and grasslands. It forms dense and large stands in the lower strata of shaded and humid areas, where it outcompetes native plant species and can also alter the natural regeneration of these areas (Adamowski, 2008; Christenhusz, 2009; GRIIS, 2018; I3N-Brasil, 2018; PIER, 2018; PROTA, 2018). In Australia, I. walleriana is ranked among the top 200 most invasive plant species and it has been recorded invading national parks and conservation areas, where it has colonized forest margins and is displacing native fern communities. It is also listed among the invasive species that threaten the integrity of particular stands of endangered littoral rainforest in New South Wales (Queensland Government, 2018).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Gregarious
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Reproduces asexually
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of endangered species
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - smothering
- Competition (unspecified)
- Rapid growth
- Rooting
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Uses
Top of pageEconomic value
Worldwide, Impatiens species are extensively cultivated as ornamentals. Impatiens walleriana is the most popular annual bedding plant in the United States (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018). Together the most widespread species, I. walleriana and I. hawkeri, generate annual profits of about $250 million in the United States alone (Brickell and Cathey, 2004; Adamowski, 2008; Cumo, 2013; USDA-ARS, 2018).
Social Benefit
Many Impatiens species, including I. walleriana, are used in folk medicine (Christenhusz, 2009)
Uses List
Top of pageEnvironmental
- Amenity
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Ornamental
- Potted plant
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageImpatiens walleriana is very similar to Impatiens sodenii and I. balsamina. These species can be distinguished by the following vegetative and floral traits (Christenhusz, 2009):
Impatiens balsamina: flowers usually solitary in leaf axils; lateral petals completely united, only shallowly incised, unevenly bilobed; fruits are hairy.
Impatiens sodenii: larger plant (often up to 1.5 m tall) with sessile leaves, all in dense whorls; flowers white or pale pink; older plants are suffruticose.
Impatiens walleriana: flowers usually in pairs or with three to five flowers, rarely solitary; lateral petals almost free, equal in size, deeply incised and united only at the very base; fruits are glabrous.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Chemical control
There is no information available for the control of I. walleriana, however, herbicides such as 2,4-D, triclopyr, and glyphosate have been recommended to control the closely related species I. glandulifera (Tanner, 2017).
References
Top of pageBrickell C, Cathey HM, 2004. The American Horticultural Society A to Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, New York, USA: DK publishing.
Chacón E, Saborío G, 2003. (Lista De Especies De Plantas Introducidas En Costa Rica). San Jose, Costa Rica: Asociación para la Conservación y el Estudio de la Biodiversidad (ACEBIO).
Christenhusz MJM, 2009. Balsaminaceae 3(2) i-vii. In: Flora Mesoamericana [ed. by Davidse G, Sousa Sánchez M, Knapp S, Chiang Cabrera F]. St Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.
Cumo C, 2013. Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia, California, USA: ABC-CLIO.
Díaz-Espinosa AM, Díaz-Triana JE, Vargas O, 2012. (Catálogo de plantas invasoras de los humedales de Bogotá). Bogotá, Colombia: Grupo de Restauración Ecológica de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia y Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente.
Forzza RC, Costa A, Walter BMT, Pirani JR, Morim MP, Queiroz LP, Martinelli G, Peixoto AL, Coelho MAN, Baumgratz JFA, Stehmann JR, Lohmann LG, 2015. Balsaminaceae. In: Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro.http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB130841
Gallo AC, de la Torre WW, Alamo EC, Felipe MTJ, 1997. Ornamental Flora Introduced and Naturalized in Tenerife. [Proceeding 36º Symposium IAVS: Serie Informes Nº 40], Spain: Universidad de La Laguna.
Graveson R, 2012. The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). The Plants of Saint Lucia (in the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean). http://www.saintlucianplants.com
GRIIS, 2018. Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species. IUCN ISSG.http://www.griis.org/
Henderson L, 2013. South African Plant Invaders Atlas (SAPIA) Database. South Africa: www.agis.agric.za
Jones D, ONeill T, 2004. Impatiens downy mildew (Factsheet 05/04 Impatiens Protected Crops). East Malling, UK: Horticultural Development Council.
Jørgensen, P. M., León-Yánez, S., 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador, 1182 pp.
Kirschner R, 2013. First record of Plasmopara obducens on Impatiens walleriana in Taiwan: a destructive disease of chance of limiting the competitive ability of an invasive plant? Plant Pathology and Quarantine, 3(1):35-39
Serra CA, Jorge PE, Abud-Antun AJ, Alvarez P, Perguero B, 2003. Invasive Alien Species in the Dominican Republic: Their Impact and Strategies to Manage Introduced Pests. [Caribbean Food Crops Society, 39th Annual Meeting, July 13-18, 2003], Grenada
Tanner R, 2017. Information on measures and related costs in relation to species included on the Union list: Impatiens glandulifera. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN for the European Commission.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
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Serra CA, Jorge PE, Abud-Antun AJ, Alvarez P, Perguero B, 2003. Invasive Alien Species in the Dominican Republic: Their Impact and Strategies to Manage Introduced Pests. [Caribbean Food Crops Society, 39th Annual Meeting, July 13-18, 2003], Grenada:
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page15/02/2018 Original text by:
Dr. Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH
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