Preferred Scientific Name
- Inula britannica L.
Preferred Common Name
- british yellowhead
Other Scientific Names
- Inula japonica Thunb.
International Common Names
- English: British elecampane; meadow fleabane
- Chinese: ou ya xuan fu hua; xuan fu hua
Datasheet
Inula britannica (british yellowhead)
Index
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Top of pageSummary of Invasiveness
Top of pageInula brittanica can reproduce vegetatively from root sections or rhizomes. It contaminates and competes with nursery stock. As humans move hosta rootstock, I. brittanica rhizomes may hitchhike. In Michigan, USA, nurserymen report spread by machinery. The seeds have a long pappus so are assumed to be capable of wind dispersal. This plant is likely spread by water fowl (Blamey & Wilson, 1989), and by man because of its purported medicinal value.
I. britannica was added to the US Federal Noxious Weed List and seed list in 2010.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Inula
- Species: Inula britannica
Description
Top of pageI. brittanica is an erect herb, growing 15-75 centimeters (6-30 inches) tall. The stems can be covered with dense white hairs. It can be biennial or perennial. The leaves are elliptical to ovate elliptical, 3.8-15 centimeters (1.5-6 inches) (about 5 times the length of the seed) long, with smooth margins. They are sparsely pubescent on the upper surface and densely pubescent on the lower surface. The weed reproduces by seeds, short rhizomes, or by root fragments. A common arrangement is a mother plant surrounded by 6-8 “satellite” plants all connected by common rhizomes. Flowers are yellow, daisy-like, and occur in clusters of one to three. The plant typically flowers from July to August. The plant can reproduce vegetatively from root sections.
Distribution
Top of pageI. brittanica is native to Europe and temperate Asia. It prefers wet habitats, including river and stream margins, marshes, ditches, and wet woods and grasslands. The roots and rhizomes of I. brittanica intertwine with the root systems of Hosta plants imported into the USA from the Netherlands. This contamination can remain in the Hosta root systems even after washing and shipment. In Canada, I. brittanica was introduced into Ontario around 1928, along the Etobicoke River and into Quebec (in 1979 or before) on Dupas Island in the St. Lawrence River, where it forms a colony in a pasture. A specimen was collected in 1915 close to New York City on Long Island. The species, collected in an area that is now densely populated, likely did not persist. In the early 1990’s, I. brittanica was found growing in a few nurseries in Michigan. Concern was expressed to USDA APHIS and the National Plant Board. Recent survey in the United States in eastern and southern states found 9 states negative for I. brittanica, with populations confirmed only in Michigan.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Jan 2020| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
| Armenia | Present | Native | |||||
| Azerbaijan | Present | Native | |||||
| China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Heilongjiang | Present | Native | |||||
| -Xinjiang | Present | Native | |||||
| Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
| India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Jammu and Kashmir | Present | Native | |||||
| Iran | Present | Native | |||||
| Japan | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Hokkaido | Present | Native | |||||
| -Honshu | Present | Native | |||||
| -Kyushu | Present | Native | |||||
| -Shikoku | Present | Native | |||||
| Kazakhstan | Present | Native | |||||
| Kyrgyzstan | Present | Native | |||||
| Mongolia | Present | Native | |||||
| South Korea | Present | Native | |||||
| Tajikistan | Present | Native | |||||
| Turkey | Present | Native | |||||
| Turkmenistan | Present | Native | |||||
| Uzbekistan | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Albania | Present | Native | |||||
| Austria | Present | Native | |||||
| Belarus | Present | Native | |||||
| Belgium | Present | Native | |||||
| Bulgaria | Present | Native | |||||
| Czechoslovakia | Present | Native | |||||
| Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | Native | |||||
| Denmark | Present | Native | |||||
| Estonia | Present | Native | |||||
| France | Present | Native | |||||
| Germany | Present | Native | |||||
| Greece | Present | Native | |||||
| Hungary | Present | Native | |||||
| Italy | Present | Native | |||||
| Latvia | Present | Native | |||||
| Lithuania | Present | Native | |||||
| Moldova | Present | Native | |||||
| Netherlands | Present | Native | |||||
| Norway | Present | Native | |||||
| Poland | Present | Native | |||||
| Romania | Present | Native | |||||
| Russia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Eastern Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
| -Russian Far East | Present | Native | |||||
| -Southern Russia | Present | Native | |||||
| -Western Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
| Spain | Present | Native | |||||
| Sweden | Present | Native | |||||
| Switzerland | Present | Native | |||||
| Ukraine | Present | Native | |||||
North America |
|||||||
| Canada | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Ontario | Present | Introduced | |||||
| -Quebec | Present | Introduced | |||||
| United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -District of Columbia | Present | Introduced | |||||
| -New York | Present | Introduced | |||||
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Principal habitat | |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Principal habitat | |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Principal habitat |
Pathway Vectors
Top of page| Vector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Host and vector organisms | Yes | |||
| Machinery and equipment | Yes | |||
| Plants or parts of plants | Yes | |||
| Wind | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roots | roots | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page
Invasiveness
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Reproduces asexually
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts livelihoods
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
A pest risk assessment finalized by APHIS (Lehtonen and Schall, 2000) ranked I. brittanica medium in consequences of introduction and high in likelihood of introduction, resulting in an overall medium/high risk potential in the U.S. The species was added to the Federal Noxious Weed List and seed list in 2010.
Bibliography
Top of pageAlabama Cooperative Extension System, July 2002. Accessed 15 June 2009. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1227/ANR-1227.pdf
Blamey, M. and Grey-Wilson, C. 1989. The Illustrated Flora of Britain and Northern Europe.
Lehtonen , Polly and Schall, Robert A. 2000. Weed Risk Assessment Inula britannica L(British elecampane). Updated November, 2004 and February 2009. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/plant_pest_info/weeds/riskassessments.shtml
Morton, Cynthia M., Hansen, Curtis J., Karr, Guy. “Inula brittanica L.—An Aggressive Weed Alert.”
References
Top of pageDistribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Distribution Maps
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