Jatropha gossypiifolia
(bellyache bush)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Invasive habit Caption Bellyache bush invasion of a riparian site, North Queensland, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Invasive habit	Bellyache bush invasion of a riparian site, North Queensland, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Invasive habit Caption Dense infestation of an ephemeral river. Daly River, Northern Territory, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Invasive habit	Dense infestation of an ephemeral river. Daly River, Northern Territory, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Invasive habit Caption Grazed pasture invasion by bellyache bush. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Invasive habit	Grazed pasture invasion by bellyache bush. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Queensland bronze biotype Caption Queensland bronze bellyache bush biotype. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Queensland bronze biotype	Queensland bronze bellyache bush biotype. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Queensland green leaf biotype Caption Queensland green leaf bellyache bush biotype. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Queensland green leaf biotype	Queensland green leaf bellyache bush biotype. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Queensland purple leaf biotype Caption Queensland purple leaf bellyache bush biotype. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Queensland purple leaf biotype	Queensland purple leaf bellyache bush biotype. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Katherine green leaf biotype Caption Katherine green leaf bellyache bush biotype. Northern Territory, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Katherine green leaf biotype	Katherine green leaf bellyache bush biotype. Northern Territory, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Darwin purple leaf biotype Caption Darwin purple leaf bellyache bush biotype. Northern Territory, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Darwin purple leaf biotype	Darwin purple leaf bellyache bush biotype. Northern Territory, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Western Australia maroon leaf biotype Caption Western Australia maroon leaf bellyache bush biotype. Tipperary Station in the Northern Territory, Australia. Picture courtesy of Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia. http://www.kinrm.sa.gov.au/Home.aspx Copyright ©Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia	Western Australia maroon leaf biotype	Western Australia maroon leaf bellyache bush biotype. Tipperary Station in the Northern Territory, Australia. Picture courtesy of Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia. http://www.kinrm.sa.gov.au/Home.aspx	©Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia
Title Western Australia green leaf biotype. Caption Western Australia green leaf bellyache bush biotype. Copyright Tracey Vinnicombe/Department of Agriculture and Food, Western	Western Australia green leaf biotype.	Western Australia green leaf bellyache bush biotype.	Tracey Vinnicombe/Department of Agriculture and Food, Western
Title Scarlet leaf biotype Caption Scarlet leaf bellyache bush biotype. West Timor, Indonesia. Picture courtesy of Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia. http://www.kinrm.sa.gov.au/Home.aspx Copyright ©Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia	Scarlet leaf biotype	Scarlet leaf bellyache bush biotype. West Timor, Indonesia. Picture courtesy of Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia. http://www.kinrm.sa.gov.au/Home.aspx	©Colin Wilson/Monitoring & Evaluation Project Officer, KI NRM, South Australia
Title Flowers Caption Female flower (a) and flower with male and female parts (b). Picture courtesy of Di Taylor/Alan Fletcher Research Station, Brisbane Australia. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/4790_11831.htm Copyright Di Taylor/Alan Fletcher Research Station, Brisbane, Australia	Flowers	Female flower (a) and flower with male and female parts (b). Picture courtesy of Di Taylor/Alan Fletcher Research Station, Brisbane Australia. http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/4790_11831.htm	Di Taylor/Alan Fletcher Research Station, Brisbane, Australia
Title Queensland bronze leaf and flower Caption Queensland bronze leaf biotype leaf and flower. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Queensland bronze leaf and flower	Queensland bronze leaf biotype leaf and flower. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Darwin purple fruits and flowers Caption Darwin purple leaf biotype fruits and flowers. Northern Territory, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Darwin purple fruits and flowers	Darwin purple leaf biotype fruits and flowers. Northern Territory, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Queensland green leaf biotype flowers and fruits Caption Queensland green leaf biotype showing flowers and fruits. Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Queensland green leaf biotype flowers and fruits	Queensland green leaf biotype showing flowers and fruits. Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Katherine green leaf biotype flowers Caption Katherine green leaf biotype flowers. Northern Territory, Australia. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Katherine green leaf biotype flowers	Katherine green leaf biotype flowers. Northern Territory, Australia.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Germinated seeds Caption Germinated seeds of bellyache bush. Note scale. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Germinated seeds	Germinated seeds of bellyache bush. Note scale.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Dissected seed Caption Dissected seed showing crustaceous testa and fleshy exotegmen. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Dissected seed	Dissected seed showing crustaceous testa and fleshy exotegmen.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Seed types Caption Bellyache bush seed types produced by Queensland bronze and Katherine green biotypes. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Seed types	Bellyache bush seed types produced by Queensland bronze and Katherine green biotypes.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Meat ants dispersing seeds Caption Meat ants dispersing bellyache bush seeds. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Meat ants dispersing seeds	Meat ants dispersing bellyache bush seeds.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Ant-chewed and intact seeds Caption Ant-chewed and intact bellyache bush seeds. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Ant-chewed and intact seeds	Ant-chewed and intact bellyache bush seeds.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Bellyache bush seedlings Caption Bellyache bush seedlings emerging from seeds deposited in ant middens. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Bellyache bush seedlings	Bellyache bush seedlings emerging from seeds deposited in ant middens.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Shallow root system Caption Bellyache bush showing shallow root system. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Shallow root system	Bellyache bush showing shallow root system.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Defoliated bellyache bush plants Caption In Australia, the bellyache bush loses most of its leaves during the dry season. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Defoliated bellyache bush plants	In Australia, the bellyache bush loses most of its leaves during the dry season.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Natural enemy Caption Jewel bug (Agonosoma trilineatum: Hemiptera) - female left, male right - feeding on a bellyache bush pod. Copyright Faiz Bebawi	Natural enemy	Jewel bug (Agonosoma trilineatum: Hemiptera) - female left, male right - feeding on a bellyache bush pod.	Faiz Bebawi
Title Australian distribution map Caption Bellyache bush Australian distribution map. (Map courtesy of Marc Bryant/Project Manager BioSIRT-Biosecurity Queensland) Copyright Marc Bryant/Project Manager BioSIRT-Biosecurity Queensland	Australian distribution map	Bellyache bush Australian distribution map. (Map courtesy of Marc Bryant/Project Manager BioSIRT-Biosecurity Queensland)	Marc Bryant/Project Manager BioSIRT-Biosecurity Queensland

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Jatropha gossypiifolia L., 1753

Preferred Common Name

• bellyache bush

Other Scientific Names

• Adenoropium elegans Pohl, 1827
• Adenoropium gossypiifolium (L.) (Pohl, 1827)
• Jatropha elegans (Pohl) Klotzsch, 1853
• Jatropha staphysagrifolia Miller, 1754

International Common Names

• English: American purging nut; bellyache bush; black physic nut; castor bean; cotton-leaf jatropha; cotton-leaf physic nut; cottonleaf physic nut (Australia); figus nut; purging nut; red physic nut; Spanish physic nut tree; wild cassava; wild physic nut
• Spanish: cimarrona; higuereta; higuereta cimarrona; jaquillo; pinon negro; purga delfraile; tautuba; tuatua; tua-tua
• French: faux manioc; jatrophe à feuilles de cotonnier; le leper; medicinier batard; medicinier noir; medicinier rouge

Local Common Names

• : frailecillo; pinon coarado; pinon negro; pinon rojo; purgue de fraile; quelite del fraile; tua tua
• : lapalapa pupa
• Bolivia: pinon
• Brazil: chagas-velhas; erva-purgante; mamoninha; peao-roxo; piao-roxo; pinhao roxo; pinhao-roxo; pinon; pinon negro; raiz-de-tiu
• Caribbean: medicinier noir; medicinier rouge; purga del fraile
• Colombia: frailecillo; frailjon; higuerilla; jaquillo; purga de fraile; tua-tua
• Costa Rica: casaba marble; frailecillo
• Cuba: frailecillo; san juan del cobre; tuatua
• El Salvador: hierba del fraile
• French Polynesia/Marquesas: eitamohoi; eta mohoi; hohoi
• Ghana: aburokyi-raba; akandedua; babatsi; dkrakpoti; edmebii; gbomagboti; kaagya; kiti-gbleteo; kpitikpiteo
• Honduras: frailecillo; hierba de fraile; sube y baja
• India: badigaba; baigaba; benderi; lankajada; red fig-nut flower; red varendra; sibidigua; tua-tua
• Indonesia: dammar merah; jarak kling; jarak kosta merah; jarak ulung; kaleke bacu
• Laos: nhao luat
• Malaysia: jarak beremah; jarak hitam; jarak merah
• Nicaragua: frailecillo; purga del fraile; quelite de fraile
• Peru: pinon; pinon Colorado; pinon negro; pinon rojo
• Philippines: lansi-lansinaan; tagumbau-a-nalabaga; tuba-tuba
• Thailand: sabu lueat; sabuu daeng; salot daeng
• Venezuela: frailecillo; tua-tua
• Vietnam: daafu kai tias

EPPO code

• IATGO (Jatropha gossypifolia)

Summary of Invasiveness

The current range of J. gossypiifolia includes Australia, Africa, Asia, North and South America. In Australia J. gossypiifolia is declared invasive in Queensland (2002), the Northern Territory (2001) and Western Australia (1976) (Queensland Government, 2003; Randall et al., 2009). The presence of several morphological, physiological and reproductive attributes including sympodial growth habit, a shallow root system, an abundance of extra-floral nectaries (provides more incentive for ant visitation), extreme adaptation to xeric (short stems) and non-xeric (temporary flooding) conditions coupled with high stem sugar reserves and sap content (physiological), prolific production of long-lived myrmecochorous seeds (ant-attractant substances) that have the ability to float in water, coupled with the ability to reproduce vegetatively and to prolifically flower and set seed all year, and absence of natural enemies, all combined together, contribute to its successful invasive strategy (Bebawi and Campbell, 2002a, b, c, d). J. gossypiifolia also appears to exhibit allelopathy, which in addition to its choking growth and ability to form dense monocultures imposes fundamental changes to fire regimes, community composition, structure, and function.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Dicotyledonae
•                     Order: Euphorbiales
•                         Family: Euphorbiaceae
•                             Genus: Jatropha
•                                 Species: Jatropha gossypiifolia

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

In Australia, several biotypes have been noted based on morphological, phenological, and physiological differences (Pitt and Miller, 1991; Bebawi and Campbell, 2004; Bebawi et al., 2007e, 2009). Detailed taxonomic, genetic and ecological studies are now required to verify the differences which could have implications for management, particularly selection of biological control agents. Such studies would also help determine whether there is only one variety present or if some of the noted biotypes could in fact be different varieties. It has been suggested that two of the biotypes in Australia could potentially be J. gossypiifolia var. elegans and J. gossypiifolia var. staphysagrifolia (B Dehgan, University of Florida, USA, personal communication, 2008). A recent molecular genetic study identified that multiple introductions of diverse haplotypes from throughout the native range has occurred in Australia and may explain some of the considerable variation that is found between infestations (Prentis et al., 2008).

Description

Latex cells occur in the stem, leaf, petiole, flower parts, fruit, and in the seed coat (Rao and Malaviya, 1964). Latex from the shoot apex is transparent to nearly white changing to reddish brown on exposure to air (FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009). Dehgan and Webster (1979) also recognized four extra floral gland systems in the lamina, petiole, stipules and bracts in the genus Jatropha. The bark is green, succulent, and smooth.

Plant Type

Distribution

In Australia, J. gossypiifolia is found in the northern half of the continent (Ashley, 1995). In northern Queensland, it is present in riparian and sub-riparian habitats of the Burdekin, Walsh, Palmer, Flinders, and Gregory Rivers and the headwaters of Lake Eyre Basin. Small scattered infestations occur in central Queensland, particularly in the Fitzroy catchment (Csurhes, 1999; Barron, 2004). In the Northern Territory, J. gossypiifolia persists in several coastal areas, but is most prevalent further inland (Csurhes, 1999). Among the worst infestations in the Northern Territory are those in the Darwin area (Channel Island), the Daly River catchment, the Gulf of Carpentaria region and the Barkly Tablelands. Other infestations occur in the McArthur River, Roper River, and Victoria River catchments (Miller and Pitt, 1992). In Western Australia, widespread populations occur in the east Kimberley area, with larger infestations in the Lake Argyle catchment and near Halls Creek (Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001; Anon., 2005). Small controlled infestations occur in the west Kimberly region at the De Grey River, Broome, and Fitzroy River and on the Drysdale River and Koolan Island in the north Kimberly (King and Wirf, 2005; Turpin et al., 2006). The potential range of J. gossypiifolia in Australia includes the entire tropical savannas (Thorp and Lynch, 2000).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

J. gossypiifolia was introduced to Australia in the latter part of the 1800s (Everist, 1974; Pitt and Miller, 1991; Parsons and Cuthbertson, 2001). It was introduced to the Northern Territory in 1888 along with other Jatropha species, probably for medicinal and ornamental purposes (Anon., 1888; Pitt and Miller, 1991; Pitt, 1997) and was listed as a naturalized component of Queensland’s flora in 1912 (Bailey, 1912).

Introductions

Risk of Introduction

The potential for further spread of J. gossypiifolia in Australia and other countries in the Asia and Pacific region is very high particularly as global warming gathers momentum and more land is deforested for agricultural purposes coupled with the need for medicinal and bio-fuel plants. Global warming is expected to shift current favourable ecological latitudinal zones further south in Australia, Asia and South America. For example, higher temperatures and wetter conditions across central Australia will be the driving ecological factor that could promote successful establishment of J. gossypiifolia not only from seed spread but also from flood dislodged plants. Increases in land clearance for agricultural purposes could also facilitate quick establishment of J. gossypiifolia.

Habitat

J. gossypiifolia is intolerant of shade (Burkill, 1994). Although plants may survive for several seasons in moderate shade, they need full or nearly full sunlight for longer-term survival and fruiting (Burkill, 1994). J. gossypiifolia is very sensitive to frost, which damages the apices of stems (FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009). It may also suffer from water-logging in poorly drained soils (Dehgan, 1982) or as a result of flooding. In north Queensland, flooding of the Palmer River in March and April 2006 killed all plants that were growing in the riverbed (FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009).

Habitat List

Growth Stages

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

In Puerto Rico J. gossypiifolia is reported as an annual shrub (Ocampo and Balick, 2009). In other South American countries it is reported as a short-lived perennial shrub (Burkill, 1994). In north Queensland field trials indicated that plants can live for longer than 10 years (FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009), with anecdotal evidence suggesting greater than 20 years. However, there is a paucity of information on its longevity.

Climate

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free
• impeded
• seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Special soil tolerances

• infertile
• other
• saline
• shallow

Natural enemies

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Seed dispersal occurs initially via dehiscent capsules that are capable of catapulting seeds as far as 13 m (Bebawi and Campbell, 2002a); although in dense infestations most seeds fall close to the parent plant. Once on the ground, some ants (particularly native meat ants (Iridomyrmex spadius)) disperse J. gossypiifolia seeds (Bebawi and Campbell, 2002a). In one study, an average of 12 330 seeds were retrieved from the middens (refuse piles) of individual meat ant nests over 12 months, with highest numbers recorded between February and June (Bebawi and Campbell, 2004). Meat ants appear to feed on the caruncle and exotegmen of J. gossypiifolia seeds and when finished discard the seed in their middens. The middens provide an improved environment (e.g. high nutrient status and absence of fire) for germination and survival of seedlings. 

Water, humans and other animals, particularly the great bowerbird (Chlamydera nuchalis) are identified as potential long-distance dispersers of J. gossypiifolia seeds (APB Infonote, 1994; Ashley, 1995; Smith, 1995; FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009). Of these, floodwater is considered most important within catchments and humans are recognized as the main dispersers of J. gossypiifolia at a national and global scale (Csurhes, 1999).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

Cattle grazing is one of the main economic land uses of tropical savannas in northern Australia. J. gossypiifolia is a vigorous invader of grazing lands where it can incur additional expenditure and threaten the viability of grazing enterprises. The economic impact of J. gossypiifolia on the livestock industry has been reported in Australia (Tothill et al., 1982), particularly in north Queensland, where direct losses to the pastoral industry occurred during drought due to poisoning of cattle, horses and goats (Csurhes, 1999). All cases of poisoning occurred in the dry season when pasture quality and quantity was at its lowest. Two landholders alone have spent approximately $56 240 on control of J. gossypiifolia in the Burdekin Catchment, north Queensland (Csurhes, 1999). A property owner within the Burdekin Catchment spent more than $50 000 over 10 years in an attempt to prevent J. gossypiifolia spreading along 17 km of river frontage (Bowen Independent, 1996). In the long term, J. gossypiifolia restricts the growth of native and introduced grasses, ultimately displacing pasture species, making any land colonised by the weed entirely unproductive (King and Wirf, 2005).

In the Northern Territory, J. gossypiifolia has spread into pastoral land, forming dense thickets with little or no grass underneath, and making land unsuitable for grazing (Miller, 1982). In Papua New Guinea, sown pastures have become non-viable due to encroachment of several weeds including J. gossypiifolia (Chandhokar, 1978).

Environmental Impact

Because of its dense canopy, shallow root system and allelopathic qualities, J. gossypiifolia invasion results in a loss of biodiversity, wildlife habitat, changed fire regimes, increased soil erosion and destabilization of creek and river banks. Monospecific stands of J. gossypiifolia inhibit establishment of native plants (Csurhes, 1999). The impenetrable thickets of dense J. gossypiifolia infestations may also be used as refuges by feral animals such as feral pigs, hindering control of these environmentally damaging pest species (King and Wirf, 2005). 

An aqueous extract of J. gossypiifolia latex is known to kill freshwater fish (Singh and Singh, 2002). The methanol and n-butanol extracts of unripened seeds of J. gossypiifolia have also killed two species of freshwater snails (Lymnaea luteola and Indoplanorbis exustus) in India (Amin et al., 1972; Adewunmi and Marquis, 1980; Singh and Agarwal, 1988; Sukumaran et al., 1995).

Social Impact

Most parts of the J. gossypiifolia plant contain toxins of various concentrations, posing a serious human health risk. Detrimental effects on human health include seed poisoning (Kingsbury, 1964), dermatitis (Souder, 1963) and sneezing (Irvine, 1961). Whilst numerous cases of severe poisoning have been reported from the plant’s native range, no human deaths were recorded (Begg and Gaskin, 1994).

For Aboriginal people of Australia, J. gossypiifolia can reduce the availability of traditional foods (bush tucker) and other resources by displacing native plants and animals (King and Wirf, 2005). Dense infestations of J. gossypiifolia can also disrupt spiritual and physical connections to the country, for example by restricting access to sacred sites (Gardner 2005, King and Wirf, 2005). Impenetrable infestations of J. gossypiifolia restrict hunting, camping and bushwalking activities and the general physical movement of people (Gardner, 2005; King and Wirf, 2005). J. gossypiifolia is unpleasant to touch because it is sticky and leaves permanent reddish-brown stains on garments. Furthermore, J. gossypiifolia infestations appear dramatically different to the surrounding natural environment and are highly noticeable, diminishing the aesthetic values of the natural landscape (King and Wirf, 2005).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Has a broad native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Pioneering in disturbed areas
• Tolerant of shade
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Has high reproductive potential
• Gregarious
• Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
• Reproduces asexually
• Has high genetic variability

• Altered trophic level
• Damaged ecosystem services
• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Increases vulnerability to invasions
• Infrastructure damage
• Loss of medicinal resources
• Modification of fire regime
• Modification of hydrology
• Modification of nutrient regime
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Negatively impacts cultural/traditional practices
• Negatively impacts forestry
• Negatively impacts human health
• Negatively impacts animal health
• Negatively impacts livelihoods
• Negatively impacts aquaculture/fisheries
• Negatively impacts tourism
• Reduced amenity values
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of endangered species
• Threat to/ loss of native species
• Transportation disruption
• Negatively impacts animal/plant collections
• Damages animal/plant products
• Negatively impacts trade/international relations

• Allelopathic
• Antagonistic (micro-organisms)
• Causes allergic responses
• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Competition - shading
• Competition - smothering
• Competition - strangling
• Competition (unspecified)
• Herbivory/grazing/browsing
• Induces hypersensitivity
• Interaction with other invasive species
• Poisoning
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally

Uses

The major benefits of J. gossypiifolia are associated with its medicinal attributes. Various parts have been studied as sources of novel pharmaceuticals, including potential anticancer drugs (Biehl and Hecker, 1985; de Padua et al., 1999). Roots, stems, leaves, seeds, and fruits have been widely used in traditional folk medicine in many parts of western Africa (de Padua et al., 1999; IPCS INCHEM, 2004). Extracts from the plant have been used to treat a number of human ailments, ranging from anaemia, vertigo, worms, leprosy, leukaemia, dysphonia, urinary complaints, ulcers, itches, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, gout, snakebite and venereal diseases (Irvine, 1961; Kupchan et al., 1976; Morton, 1981; Liogier, 1990; Das and Das, 1994; Horsten et al., 1996; de Padua et al., 1999).

In drier regions of West Africa, J. gossypiifolia is used as a hedge around villages to protect them against bush fires (Irvine, 1961; Ogbobe and Akano, 1993). Some West Africans also believe that J. gossypiifolia has magical powers that protect against snakes, lightning, and violence (Burkill, 1994).

Uses List

Environmental

• Boundary, barrier or support
• Firebreak

Fuels

• Biofuels
• Fuelwood

General

• Botanical garden/zoo

Materials

• Alcohol

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

The closest relatives of J. gossypiifolia from karyotype studies were J. multifida and J. curcas, which were also noted as very similar morphologically (Soontornchainaksaeng and Jenjittikul, 2003). J. gossypiifolia confusion with castor oil or the castor bean Ricinus communis may occur in the field as both species may be found in the same habitat. The two species are easily distinguished by the shape of their leaves and fruits. Castor oil or castor bean has considerably larger leaves which grow 15-30 cm across (sometimes larger) with 7 to 9 pointed lobes with serrated edges compared with 3-5 deeply divided lobes with sticky denticulate edges covered with extra-floral nectaries of J. gossypiifolia. The fruit of castor oil or castor bean are also considerably larger (2.5 cm across) and spinescent compared with the glabrous or pubescent J. gossypiifolia pods which may grow to 1.2 cm long and 1 cm wide.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

No single control method provides effective management of J. gossypiifolia at a reasonable cost (Vitelli, 2000). Results from a trial of integrated control methods have shown that high kill rates of J. gossypiifolia can be obtained with a single application of techniques such as foliar spraying, slashing, fire and stickraking (Bebawi et al., 2004). However, follow-up control will generally be needed for several years to control remaining plants and seedling regrowth. Selective foliar spraying appears to be one of the most effective options for follow-up as it allows the maintenance of a grass cover to compete with seedlings that emerge afterwards. In the integrated control trial, for every plant killed by a single foliar spray treatment, 20 plants were recruited from the seed bank, much less than in slashing, mechanical and fire treatments which averaged 97, 74 and 69 plants, respectively (Bebawi et al., 2004). Furthermore, of all the treatment combinations implemented, repeated foliar spraying on an annual basis was the only one to reduce the density of bellyache bush to zero. This was achieved after two follow-ups following the initial primary application. Foliar spraying as a follow-up to slashing, stick-raking and burning also proved effective (average 99% reduction) but did not remove all bellyache bush plants within the study period. Slashing as a follow-up caused an average population reduction of 97% after being undertaken threes times (on an annual basis), irrespective of the initial primary treatment. Similarly, burning following foliar spraying resulted in a 97% decline in the bellyache bush population (FF Bebawi, Biosecurity Queensland, Australia, personal communication, 2009).

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

A recent molecular genetic study identified that multiple introductions of diverse haplotypes from throughout the native range has occurred in Australia and may explain some of the considerable variation that is found between infestations (Prentis et al., 2008). Several biotypes have also been noted based on morphological, phenological, and physiological differences (Pitt and Miller, 1991; Bebawi and Campbell, 2004; Bebawi et al., 2007e, 2009). Detailed taxonomic, genetic and ecological studies are now required to verify the differences which could have implications for management, particularly selection of biological control agents. Such studies would also help determine whether there is only one variety present or if some of the noted biotypes could in fact be different varieties. It has been suggested that two of the biotypes in Australia could potentially be J. gossypiifolia var. elegans and J. gossypiifolia var. staphysagrifolia (B Dehgan, University of Florida, USA, personal communication, 2008).

References

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Adolf W, Opferkuch HJ, Hecker E, 1984. Irritant phorbol derivatives from four Jatropha species. Phytochemistry, 23(1):129-132

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Amin MA, Daffala AA, El Moneim OA, 1972.

Anon, 1888. List of useful plants grown in the Government Botanical Garden at Port Darwin. In: Government Resident's Report on Northern Territory for the Year 1887. 33-40

Anon, 2005. Draft weed management plan for bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) in the Northern Territory (2005-2008). Draft weed management plan for bellyache bush (Jatropha gossypiifolia) in the Northern Territory (2005-2008). Northern Territory, Australia: Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, unpaginated

APB Infonote, 1994. Infonote 11/94 AGDEX 647. Infonote 11/94 AGDEX 647. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia

Asase A, Oteng-Yeboah AA, Odamtten GT, Simmonds MSJ, 2005. Ethnobotanical study of some Ghanaian anti-malarial plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(2):273-279. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788741

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Contributors

12/05/10 Original text by:

Faiz Bebawi, Tropical Weeds Research Centre, Invasive Plants & Animal Science, Biosecurity Queensland, PO Box 187, Charters Towers QLD 4820, Australia

Distribution Maps