Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat List
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Galinsoga parviflora Cav.
Preferred Common Name
- gallant soldier
Other Scientific Names
- Adventina parviflora (Cav.) Raf.
- Baziasa microglossa Steud.
- Galinsoga hirsuta Baker
- Galinsoga laciniata Retz.
- Galinsoga quinqueradiata Ruiz & Pav.
- Sabazia microglossa DC.
- Stemmatella sodiroi Hieron.
- Vigolina acmella (Roth) Poir.
- Wiborgia acmella Roth
- Wiborgia parviflora (Cav.) Kunth
International Common Names
- English: chickweed; French soldier; Peruvian daisy; quickweed; small-flower galinsoga
- Spanish: boton de oro (Dominican Republic); chumica; escabiosa (Chile); moderna; soldado galante
- French: Galinsoga à petites fleurs; piquant blanc
- Chinese: niu xi ju
- Portuguese: botao-de-ouro; erva-da-moda; picao-branco; picao-bravo
Local Common Names
- Angola: okalume; onglo
- Argentina: albahaca silvestre; Botón de oro; picao bravo; saetilla; small flower galinsoga
- Australia: chick weed; potato weed; yellow weed
- Brazil: botao de ouro; fazendeiro; picao branco
- Canada: small-flowered galinsoga; yellow galinsoga
- Chile: pacuyuyo
- Colombia: guasco
- Dominican Republic: yerba boba
- Ethiopia: abadabbo
- Germany: Franzosenkraut (Kleinblütiges); Galinzago; Gängelkraut; kleinblütiges Franzosenkraut; kleinblütiges Knopfkraut; Knopfkraut
- Haiti: herbe aiguiles
- India: marchia; pardesi
- Indonesia: balakatjioet losih; bribel
- Italy: galinsoga
- Japan: hakidamegiku
- Kenya: macdonaldi
- Mexico: rosilla chica
- Netherlands: knopkruid
- Pakistan: khanna
- Peru: chuminca
- South Africa: quick weed
- Sweden: tandgängel
- Uganda: kofume
- USA: littleflower quickweed
- Venezuela: canilla de blanca
- Zimbabwe: kew weed
EPPO code
- GASPA (Galinsoga parviflora)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageG. parviflora is a cosmopolitan fast-growing annual herb with the capacity to invade agricultural and other disturbed areas in most temperate and subtropical regions of the world (Holm et al., 1979). It is highly competitive and can spread quickly, often being the dominant species in a field. G. parviflora generates considerable economic impact on crop systems, greenhouses, gardens and nurseries. It is listed as an invasive and noxious weed in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and on islands in the Pacific Ocean (see Distribution Table for details).
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Galinsoga
- Species: Galinsoga parviflora
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
The genus Galinsoga is named after M. M. Galinsoga, Head of Madrid Botanical Garden in 1880. The name Galinsoga parviflora is derived from the Latin parvu (little) and flore (flower). A revision of the genus Galinsoga (Compositae: Helianthae) was made by Canne (1977).
Although most authorities treat the closely related G. ciliata as a separate species, these two species are almost certain sometimes to be confused in the weed science literature. This account deals primarily with G. parviflora in the stricter sense, but some records or observations may relate more correctly to G. ciliata. See Similarities to Other Species for their distinguishing features.
Description
Top of pageG. parviflora is herbaceous, erect and 20-80 cm tall, depending on growing conditions. Leaves are simple-opposite, the lower leaves with petioles, the upper ones without petioles. Leaf blade oval to oblong with sharp apex. The inflorescence consists of typical Compositae/Asteraceae composite flowers, each 5-8 mm across, borne on long acillary peduncles. Each 'flower'/capitulum bears two types of flower: ligulate female white flowers at the margin and tubular hermaphrodite yellow flowers in the central disc (Kissmann and Groth, 1993). Two types of achenes are present: peripheral (1.5-2 x 0.4-0.7 mm) and central (1.1-1.5 x 0.4-0.5 mm). Both types are black. The dispersal units are achenes bearing pappus or parts of flower structures (involucral bractea and the two paleas) that can easily be transported by wind or animals.
Distribution
Top of pageG. parviflora is an American weed, and its centre of origin is considered to be the mountainous area of Mesoamerica (i.e., Mexico and Central America; Vibrans, 2009). Because this species was first described from material collected in South America (a cultivated plant from Peru), it has been erroneously cited as native to this part of the world (Vibrans, 2009). Currently, G. parviflora is a cosmopolitan species widely distributed in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia. It is considered a weed in at least 40 countries, mostly temperate and sub-tropical but also at higher altitudes in many tropical countries (Holm et al., 1979).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 25 Feb 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | ||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Botswana | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Cabo Verde | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Congo, Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Egypt | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Eritrea | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Eswatini | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Ethiopia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Kenya | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Lesotho | Present | Introduced | |||||
Madagascar | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Malawi | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Mozambique | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Saint Helena | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Somalia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
South Africa | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Sudan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Tanzania | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Tunisia | Present, Localized | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present | ||||||
Armenia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Azerbaijan | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Bhutan | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Beijing | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Guangxi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Guizhou | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Hainan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Hebei | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Sichuan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Tibet | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
Georgia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Hong Kong | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
India | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Arunachal Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Himachal Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Weed | |||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Karnataka | Present | ||||||
-Madhya Pradesh | Present | ||||||
-Manipur | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Meghalaya | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Mizoram | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Nagaland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Odisha | Present | ||||||
-Sikkim | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Tripura | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Uttarakhand | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-West Bengal | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Waterhouse (1993) | |||
Iran | Present | Introduced | |||||
Israel | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Lebanon | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Pakistan | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Philippines | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South Korea | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Waterhouse (1993) | |||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Yemen | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Belarus | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Belgium | Present, Localized | ||||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Croatia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Cyprus | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Czechia | Present | Original citation: Mertelík et al. (1996) | |||||
Czechoslovakia | Present | ||||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Denmark | Present | ||||||
Estonia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Finland | Present | ||||||
France | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Corsica | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present, Localized | ||||||
Hungary | Present, Localized | ||||||
Ireland | Present | Introduced | |||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Latvia | Present | Introduced | |||||
Liechtenstein | Present | Introduced | |||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Luxembourg | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Moldova | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Montenegro | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
North Macedonia | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Norway | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Poland | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
-Azores | Present | ||||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Romania | Present, Widespread | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Slovakia | Present | Introduced | Casual alien | ||||
Slovenia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Spain | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Canary Islands | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
Sweden | Present | ||||||
Switzerland | Present, Localized | ||||||
Ukraine | Present, Widespread | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Uncertain if native or introduced | |||||
Canada | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Manitoba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New Brunswick | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Quebec | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Naturalized | |||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Native | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present, Localized | ||||||
Haiti | Present | Native | |||||
Jamaica | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Uncertain if native or introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Arizona | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Arkansas | Present | Introduced | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Colorado | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-District of Columbia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Iowa | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kansas | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Maine | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Minnesota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Missouri | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Nebraska | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Mexico | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New York | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | |||||
-North Dakota | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-South Carolina | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Tennessee | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Vermont | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-West Virginia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Introduced | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present, Localized | ||||||
-Lord Howe Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-South Australia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Tasmania | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-Victoria | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Norfolk Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Vanuatu | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | Invasive | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Naturalized | Probably introduced. Now naturalized. | ||||
Brazil | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Acre | Present | ||||||
-Alagoas | Present | ||||||
-Amazonas | Present | ||||||
-Bahia | Present | ||||||
-Ceara | Present | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | ||||||
-Fernando de Noronha | Present | ||||||
-Goias | Present | ||||||
-Maranhao | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Para | Present | ||||||
-Paraiba | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Pernambuco | Present | ||||||
-Piaui | Present | ||||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Norte | Present | ||||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | ||||||
-Rondonia | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
-Sergipe | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Easter Island | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Colombia | Present, Localized | Original citation: Montenegro-Gálvez and Criollo-Escobar (1978) | |||||
Ecuador | Present | Naturalized | Probably introduced. Now naturalized | ||||
Paraguay | Present, Localized | Original citation: Cabrera and (1963) | |||||
Peru | Present, Localized | ||||||
Uruguay | Present, Localized | Original citation: Cabrera and (1963) | |||||
Venezuela | Present |
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageBiology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
The chromosome number reported for G. parviflora is 2n=16 (Canne, 1983).
Physiology and Phenology
G. parviflora exhibits an early summer flush characterized by high peaks (Toit and Cout-de-Billot, 1991). Germination was observed from late March until early November, during which 3-4 generations took place. One plant produced 13,400 capitula in its lifetime and produced 400,000 seeds. Stem height and leaf area increased more in summer-germinating plants than plants germinating in the spring or autumn, growth rate of G. parviflora being dependent on season of germination.
Germination of exposed seeds is highest in the first year, suggesting that many seeds either germinate or die before the second year. Within two years all exposed seeds are dead. Laboratory tests confirm that exposed seeds lose viability more rapidly than buried seeds, and that the deeper the seeds are buried, the better they retain viability (Schwerzel et al., 1979).
Longevity
G. parviflora is an annual weed with a short life cycle, often less than 40 days, which can occur in the autumn, spring or summer in temperate areas and at any time of year in the tropics.
Population Size and Structure
Galinsoga parviflora exhibits density-dependent mortality, which increases at a higher nitrogen level. At lower densities the plant grows more vigorously in a mixture than compared to pure stands, but at higher densities it was completely suppressed by G. quadriradiata (Rai and Tripathi, 1986).
Nutrition
Shoot extracts of G .parviflora increased soil pH and reduced aluminium down to a depth of 20 cm when applied to the soil surface as a lime top dressing and leached with 3 pore volumes of deionised water (Meda et al., 2002).
Environmental Requirements
Sun species, among them G. parviflora, were more competitive with shade species at high light intensities, whereas at low light, the competitive ability depended on the initial weight of the plant (Corre, 1984). Rai and Tripathi (1986) showed that G. parviflora was very sensitive to shading.
G. parviflora is a C3 plant (Kissmann and Groth, 1993). High temperature seems to enhance growth, flowering and maturity. It is inferred that Galinsoga belongs to a type of weed of which the seed is light sensitive (Usami, 1976). Rate of germination is stimulated by alternating temperatures, with the highest rate at a day temperature of 30°C and a night temperature of 20°C, with a 16-hour photoperiod and 11,000 lux. The germination of irradiated seeds in the laboratory decreases as the red:far-red light ratio decreases in the range from 2 to 0.04 (Zweep et al., 1990).
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 1 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 1 | 40 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 30 | 40 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 2 | 10 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 500 | 1500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
Soil texture
- heavy
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- shallow
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Galinsoga mosaic virus | Pathogen |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of page
Many of the natural enemies mentioned here are polyphagous species. Batra (1979) comments that host-specific natural enemies should be sought in the area of origin of the weed in the mountainous regions of Latin America.
Fungi: G. parviflora is a host to Plasmopara yunnannensis (Tao and Qin, 1987) and seeds have been found bearing more than 15 fungal species (among them Alternaria, Ascochyta, Penicillum, Phoma, Drechslera, Trichoderma, Fusarium and Botrytis sp.) (Lorenzi, 1986; Prete et al., 1986). Ten fungal species were identified infecting G. ciliata and G. parviflora, the most notable being Glomerella cingulata, the causal agent of anthracnose in G. parviflora (Gasich, 1997).
Viruses: Tomato spotted mosaic wilt virus on G. parviflora plants growing in nearby fields of vegetable crops has been reported in Belgium (Gofflot and Verhoyen, 1990) and Argentina (Gracia and Feldman, 1989). Cucumber mosaic virus was isolated in G. parviflora plants near a celery and lettuce field in the USA (Bruckart and Lorbeer, 1976). G. parviflora was reported as a new host of Turnip mosaic virus in Zimbabwe. Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae and Aphis fabae transmitted the virus from infected to healthy cabbage plants (Chivasa et al., 2002). Tomato spotted wilt virus infection was detected in the Czech Republic where the main vector Frankliniella occidentalis was also present (Mertelik and Mokra, 1998). A virus disease of sunflower caused by Sunflower mosaic virus had a very narrow host range, infecting only one weed host, G parviflora (Nagaraju et al., 1997).
Mites: several mite species have been found on G. parviflora in the USA (Batra, 1979).
Insects: Agrotis ipsilon, a serious pest of maize, sorghum, soybean, cabbage and rape crops in Brazil, develops its first-instar larvae in G. parviflora plants (Link and Severo-Pedrolo, 1987). Other noctuids, such as Heliothis, Plutella and Pieris spp., feed on G. parviflora (Rai and Tripathi, 1985). Thrips tabaci, the vector of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, is usually found in G. parviflora plants in tobacco fields of Poland (Wegorek and Lipa, 1979). The host plant for the larvae of Dioxyna bidentis or Paroxyna bidentis is G. parviflora in southern Norway (Greve, 2001). G. parviflora was reported as a supplementary or alternative food for Arion lusitianicus (Kozlowski and Kozlowska, 2000).
In an extensive survey in the USA, 122 insect species were found on G. parviflora plants, among them 22 crop pests, including three virus vectors (Batra, 1979). Orthezia insignis, a serious eucalyptus pest in India, may be found feeding on G. parviflora (Srikanth et al., 1988).
Nematodes: species of the genus Meloidogyne (arenaria, thamesi, hapla, javanica and schachtii) and Globodera rostochiensis, that produce serious root damage in Hungary, Brazil (Lordello et al., 1988) and the Philippines (Zorrilla and Davide, 1983), have been found in G. parviflora.
Bacteria: results indicated that G. parviflora can maintain Ralstonia solanacearum (race 3 biovar ) in the absence of potato as a source of infection in the following years (Barchend and Schmidt, 2002).
Parasitized aphids were observed on G. parviflora in Chile (Russo et al., 2000).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageG. parviflora spreads by seeds. Seed viability is usually high (90%). One plant can set as many as 30,000 seeds (achenes), but it is common to find 5000-10,000 seeds/plant (Kissmann and Groth, 1993). Seed output and dry-matter yield increases with population density, although seed output is reduced at very high densities (Rai and Tripathi, 1983). Achenes can be dispersed by wind, animals, or water. They can also be dispersed by human activities, such as movement of soil or plants. In Finland, the most effective means of dispersal is believed to be seedlings inadvertently grown in nurseries or commercial greenhouses.
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Agricultural weed | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 | |
Horticulture | Weed in gardens and yards | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Medicinal use | Used in traditional African medicine | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Nursery trade | Weed in nurseries | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Ornamental purposes | Contaminant in common ornamental plants | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 | |
Containers and packaging - wood | Yes | |||
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 | |
Land vehicles | Seeds as contaminants | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Livestock | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 | |
Machinery and equipment | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 | |
Soil, sand and gravel | Seeds as contaminants | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Water | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Wind | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Damalas, 2008 |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
True seeds (inc. grain) | seeds |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches |
Wood |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | Positive |
Animal/plant products | Negative |
Biodiversity (generally) | Positive |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | Positive |
Fisheries / aquaculture | Negative |
Forestry production | Negative |
Human health | Positive |
Livestock production | Negative |
Native fauna | Negative |
Native flora | Negative |
Rare/protected species | Negative |
Tourism | Negative |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Transport/travel | Negative |
Economic Impact
Top of pageKranz et al. (1982) found that the critical periods of weed competition for beans were at initial crop development and flowering/pod formation. Leaf development, plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed production and harvest index were all reduced by weed competition; seed production was reduced by 51%. Other than G. parviflora, other weeds present were Cyperus rotundus, Bidens pilosa and Brachiaria plantaginea.
In a maize crop, in which the weed flora was dominated by G. parviflora (80% of the total weed dry matter), weed competition reduced growth, yield and harvest index of the maize crop (Hegewald, 1982). Grassy weeds including G. parviflora offered maximum competition to a maize crop reducing grain yield by 77.4%, followed by non-grassy weeds (44.2%) and sedges (38.4%) (Pandey et al., 2002).
Wheat crops with no weed control over the whole growing season gave significant lower yields than wheat crops with weed control from 13-55 days after sowing. G. parviflora populations ranged from 241-1907 plants/m². These weed populations reduced the number of ears of wheat/m², but showed little effect on grain weight or number (Thomas et al., 1978).
Competition for more than 30 days by G. parviflora, at a density of 241 plants/m² and Chenopodium album at 5 plants/m², significantly reduced wheat grain yields in a season where a frost occurred (Thomas and Schwerzel, 1979).
A 70% cover of G. parviflora and Amaranthus hybridus caused reduction in grain and shoot dry-matter yields of Eragrostis tef and wheat, which in turn promoted weed growth. The losses in E. tef could be partially recovered with nitrogen fertilizer (Pulschen, 1992).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Highly mobile locally
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Altered trophic level
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Monoculture formation
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Negatively impacts animal health
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Allelopathic
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - smothering
- Pest and disease transmission
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageIn areas of Latin America (Mexico, Colombia), young stems and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. The same is reported in Tanzania, where G. parviflora exists in abundance and it is consumed as a leafy vegetable. Plants can be dried, ground into a powder, and then used as a flavouring in soups. In Africa, the species is also reported to be used as a medicine for treating nettle stings by rubbing it on the skin. In Uganda, it is reported as a traditional herbal drug used for treating bleeding (Damalas, 2008).
Uses List
Top of pageHuman food and beverage
- Emergency (famine) food
- Flour/starch
- Food additive
- Spices and culinary herbs
- Vegetable
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageG. parviflora is commonly confused with G. ciliata. The latter differs in being much more hairy, with many glandular hairs 0.5 mm or longer on the peduncles, whereas G. parviflora has only few, less than 0.5 mm long. Also G. ciliata has aristate (long-pointed) pappus-scales on the seeds; those of G. parviflora are not long pointed. G. ciliata may also be more shade-tolerant than G. parviflora (Rai and Tripathi, 1986b).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Cultural Control
Desmetryn, nitrofen and chloroxuron are used for G. parviflora control in cabbage. |
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P; Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Amador Ramirez MD, 2002. Critical period of weed control in transplanted chilli pepper. Weed Research Oxford, 42(3) :203-209.
Amin AW; Budai CS, 1994. Some weed host plants of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne species in south-eastern Hungary. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 12(1):59-65.
Broome R; Sabir K; Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean. Online database. Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
Cabrera AL, 1963. Flora de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Parte VI. Compuestas. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Coleccion Cientifica del INTA.
Canne JM, 1983. Cytological and morphological observations in Galinsoga and related genera (Asteraceae). Rhodora, 85:355-366.
Chandra SK, 2012. Invasive Alien Plants of Indian Himalayan Region- Diversity and Implication. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3:177-184.
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. European Invasive Alien Species Gateway. www.europe-aliens.org/default.do
Davidse G; Sousa-Peña M; Knapp S; Chiang Cabrera F, 2014. Asteraceae. 5(2). In: Flora Mesoamericana [ed. by Davidse, G. \Sousa Sánchez, M. \Knapp, S. \Chiang Cabrera, F.]., Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Grosse A, 1996. Flora and Fauna Catalog of Introduced Paraguay species. I3N - IABIN Invasive Information Network.
Hilbig W; Mahn EG, 1971. The mapping of arable weeds as a basis for the objective use of herbicides. SYS Reporter, 3:2-23.
Holm LG; Pancho JV; Herbenger JP; Plucknett DL, 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Hsu C-C, 1973. Some noteworthy plants found in Taiwan. Taiwania, 18:62-72
I3N-Chile, 2014. Red de Información sobre especies invasoras ([English title not available]). Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Química y Biología. http://i3n.usach.cl/index.asp
Ivany JA; Sweet RD, 1973. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.Weed-Science, 21(1):41-45.
Kissmann K; Groth D, 1993. Plantas infestantes e Nocivas. Sao Paulo, Brazil: BASF Brasileira Tomo II.
Liogier HA, 1997. Descriptive flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae Vol. 5: Acanthaceae to Compositae. Puerto Rico: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.
Lordello RRA; Lordello AIL; Paulo EM, 1988. Reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica in weeds. Paper presented at the XII Brazilian Nematology Congress held at Dourados, MS, Brazil from 1-5 Feb. Lab. Nematol., IAC, Caixa Postal 28, 13001, Campinas, SP, Brazil. Nematologia Brasileira, 12:84-92.
Lorenzi H, 1986. Plantas daninhas do Brasil. Centro de Tecnologia Copersucar.
Mito T; Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and the new regulation for prevention of their adverse effects. Global Environmental Research, 8(2):171-191.
Mondin CA, 2014. Galinsoga in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil (Galinosoga in the list of species of the flora of Brazil). Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB104151
Murray L, 1992. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. New South Wales Flora Online. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Galinsogãparviflora
Nankar JT; Singh M; Mukhtar Singh, 1981. Weed flora in relation to season and location and economics of weed control in potato in the hills and plains of north-western India. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 1981. Parbhani, India: Dep. Agron., Marathwada Agric. Univ., 79-83.
Paradkar V; Tiwari JP; Yadav SK, 2002. Survey of weeds in semi irrigated and irrigated wheat of satpurazone of Madhya Pradesh. Bharatiya Krishio Anusandhan Patrika, 17:2-3, 99-105.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Weeds of Bhutan., vi + 236 pp.
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Schwerzel PJ; Thomas PEL; Oosterman HM; Lindert HJA van, 1979. The influence of weeds on yield parameters of teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and wheat (Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. var. durum (Desf.) Mac.Key) with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Annual report 1977-78.
Sun EJ; Huang MH, 1995. Detection of peroxyacetyl nitrate at phytotoxic levels and its effects on vegetation in Taiwan. A&WMA International.
Thomas PEL; Schwerzel PJ; Lindert HJA van, 1978. Competition studies .Henderson Res. Sta., Salisbury, Rhodesia.
Urban I, 1920. Symbolae Antillanae,seu, Fundamenta florae Indiae Occidentalis, Volume 8.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Vibrans H, 2009. Malezas de México. Listado alfabético de las especies, ordenadas por género (Weeds of Mexico. Alphabetical list of species, ordered by genera). http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/2inicio/paginas/lista-plantas-generos.htm
Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in South-East Asia. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
Wegorek K; Lipa JJ, eds. , 1979. Poznan, Poland: Proceedings of the XIX Conference of The Scientific Institute of Plant Protection, 267-278.
Wu TL, 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin 1 (revised):384 pp.
Zorilla RA; Davide RG, 1983. Host range, development and survival of the potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, Woll., on potato in the Philippines. Philippine Agriculturalist, 66(4):439-447.
Distribution References
Broome R, Sabir K, Carrington S, 2007. Plants of the Eastern Caribbean., Barbados: University of the West Indies. http://ecflora.cavehill.uwi.edu/index.html
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Chandra SK, 2012. Invasive Alien Plants of Indian Himalayan Region- Diversity and Implication. In: American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3 177-184.
DAISIE, 2014. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Davidse G, Sousa-Peña M, Knapp S, Chiang Cabrera F, 2014. Asteraceae. In: Flora Mesoamericana, 5 (2) [ed. by Davidse G, Sousa Sánchez M, Knapp S, Chiang Cabrera F]. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Grosse A, 1996. Flora and Fauna Catalog of Introduced Paraguay species. In: I3N - IABIN Invasive Information Network,
Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herbenger JP, Plucknett DL, 1979. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds., New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons.
Hsu C-C, 1973. Some noteworthy plants found in Taiwan. Taiwania. 62-72.
I3N-Chile, 2014. [English title not available]. (Red de Información sobre especies invasoras)., Santiago, Chile: Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Facultad de Química y Biología. http://i3n.usach.cl/index.asp
Mito T, Uesugi T, 2004. Invasive alien species in Japan: the status quo and new regulations for prevention of their adverse effects. In: Global Environmental Research, 8 (2) 171-191.
Mondin CA, 2014. Galinosoga in the list of species of the flora of Brazil. (Galinsoga in Lista de Espécies da Flora do Brasil)., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/floradobrasil/FB104151
Murray L, 1992. Galinsoga parviflora Cav., New South Wales Flora Online. http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Galinsogãparviflora
Nankar JT, Singh M, Mukhtar Singh, 1981. Weed flora in relation to season and location and economics of weed control in potato in the hills and plains of north-western India. [Proceedings of the Eighth Asian-Pacific Weed Science Society Conference, 1981], Parbhani, India: Dep Agron, Marathwada Agric Univ. 79-83.
Paradkar V, Tiwari JP, Yadav SK, 2002. Survey of weeds in semi irrigated and irrigated wheat of satpurazone of Madhya Pradesh. In: Bharatiya Krishio Anusandhan Patrika, 17 (2-3) 99-105.
Parker C, 1992. Weeds of Bhutan. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Plant Protection Centre. vi + 236 pp.
PIER, 2014. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Schwerzel PJ, Thomas PEL, Oosterman HM, Lindert HJA van, 1979. The influence of weeds on yield parameters of teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and wheat (Triticum turgidum (L.) Thell. var. durum (Desf.) Mac.Key) with different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. In: Annual report 1977-78, 1977-78.
USDA-ARS, 2014. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysimple.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2014. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Wu TL, 2001. Check List of Hong Kong Plants. In: Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Bulletin, 1 384.
Contributors
Top of page22/04/14 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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