Invasive Species Compendium

Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide

Datasheet

Fraxinus pennsylvanica
(downy ash)

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Datasheet

Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash)

Index

Summary

  • Last modified
  • 21 November 2019
  • Datasheet Type(s)
  • Invasive Species
  • Threatened Species
  • Host Plant
  • Preferred Scientific Name
  • Fraxinus pennsylvanica
  • Preferred Common Name
  • downy ash
  • Taxonomic Tree
  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •   Kingdom: Plantae
  •     Phylum: Spermatophyta
  •       Subphylum: Angiospermae
  •         Class: Dicotyledonae
  • Summary of Invasiveness

  • The following summary is from Witt and Luke (2017):

    Description

    Medium-sized tree [12–25 (–45) m tall] with a tr...

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Pictures

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PictureTitleCaptionCopyright
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
TitleHabit
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
Copyright©Robert Vidéki/Doronicum Kft./Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
HabitFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.©Robert Vidéki/Doronicum Kft./Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
TitleHabit
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
Copyright©Robert Vidéki/Doronicum Kft./Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.
HabitFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. USA.©Robert Vidéki/Doronicum Kft./Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
TitleHabit
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
Copyright©Prof Matt Lavin-2016/Bozeman, Montana, USA - CC BY-SA 2.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
HabitFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.©Prof Matt Lavin-2016/Bozeman, Montana, USA - CC BY-SA 2.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
TitleHabit
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
Copyright©Prof Matt Lavin-2016/Bozeman, Montana, USA - CC BY-SA 2.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.
HabitFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit. Downy (or green) ash is a species of riparian or low seep areas. Alzada, Montana, USA. September 2009.©Prof Matt Lavin-2016/Bozeman, Montana, USA - CC BY-SA 2.0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); fresh leaf. (Note scale, in inches). USA.
TitleFresh leaf
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); fresh leaf. (Note scale, in inches). USA.
Copyright©Keith Kanoti/Maine Forest Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); fresh leaf. (Note scale, in inches). USA.
Fresh leafFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); fresh leaf. (Note scale, in inches). USA.©Keith Kanoti/Maine Forest Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit, showing bark and trunk. nr Nebraska City, USA. May 2009.
TitleBark
CaptionFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit, showing bark and trunk. nr Nebraska City, USA. May 2009.
CopyrightPublic Domain - Released by MONGO/via wikipedia - CC 0
Fraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit, showing bark and trunk. nr Nebraska City, USA. May 2009.
BarkFraxinus pennsylvanica (downy ash); habit, showing bark and trunk. nr Nebraska City, USA. May 2009.Public Domain - Released by MONGO/via wikipedia - CC 0

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

  • Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall

Preferred Common Name

  • downy ash

Other Scientific Names

  • Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh.
  • Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.
  • Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fernald
  • Fraxinus pubescens Lam.
  • Fraxinus viridis F. Michx.

International Common Names

  • English: green ash; red ash; swamp ash; water ash
  • French: frêne rouge d'Amérique

Local Common Names

  • Germany: Esche, Amerikanische Grün-; Esche, Amerikanische Rot-; Esche, Grün-
  • Italy: frassino di Pensilvania
  • Netherlands: amerikaanse roode es
  • Sweden: rödask

EPPO code

  • FRXPE (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
  • FRXPS (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima)

Summary of Invasiveness

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The following summary is from Witt and Luke (2017):

Description

Medium-sized tree [12–25 (–45) m tall] with a trunk to 60 cm in diameter; deciduous (sheds most or all of its leaves at the end of the growing season), crown irregular to round, twigs grey to green-brown; root system shallow, wide and spreading.

Origin

USA.

Reason for Introduction

Fuelwood, timber and ornament.

Invades

Various habitats, including floodplain woodlands, mesic woodlands, riverbanks, swamps and abandoned fields.

Impacts

F. pennsylvanica was in 1948 planted as a fire break around commercial forestry plantations in the Mau Forest, Kenya. Seedlings, saplings and mature trees are now found in areas outside of these original plantings. In invaded areas, F. pennsylvanica, according to reports, “appears to affect community diversity, reducing species richness and abundance among the seedlings and saplings of trees of other species”.

Taxonomic Tree

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  • Domain: Eukaryota
  •     Kingdom: Plantae
  •         Phylum: Spermatophyta
  •             Subphylum: Angiospermae
  •                 Class: Dicotyledonae
  •                     Order: Oleales
  •                         Family: Oleaceae
  •                             Genus: Fraxinus
  •                                 Species: Fraxinus pennsylvanica

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Feb 2022
Continent/Country/Region Distribution Last Reported Origin First Reported Invasive Reference Notes

Africa

KenyaPresentIntroducedInvasive

Europe

AustriaPresentIntroducedFirst reported: <1930
BelgiumPresentIntroduced2005
CzechiaPresentIntroduced1835
EstoniaPresentIntroduced1932
PolandPresentIntroduced1817
Portugal
-AzoresPresentIntroduced2001
RomaniaPresentIntroduced1969
RussiaPresentIntroduced1960
SlovakiaPresentIntroducedFirst reported: 1870. First reported in wild: 1994
SpainPresent

North America

CanadaPresent
-AlbertaPresent
-ManitobaPresent
-New BrunswickPresent
-Nova ScotiaPresent
-OntarioPresent
-QuebecPresent
-SaskatchewanPresent
United StatesPresent
-AlabamaPresent
-ArkansasPresent
-ColoradoPresent
-ConnecticutPresent
-DelawarePresent
-FloridaPresent
-GeorgiaPresent
-IllinoisPresent
-IndianaPresent
-IowaPresent
-KansasPresent
-KentuckyPresent
-LouisianaPresent
-MainePresent
-MarylandPresent
-MassachusettsPresent
-MichiganPresent
-MinnesotaPresent
-MississippiPresent
-MissouriPresent
-MontanaPresent
-NebraskaPresent
-New HampshirePresent
-New JerseyPresent
-New YorkPresent
-North CarolinaPresent
-North DakotaPresent
-OhioPresent
-OklahomaPresent
-OregonPresent
-PennsylvaniaPresent
-Rhode IslandPresent
-South CarolinaPresent
-South DakotaPresent
-TennesseePresent
-TexasPresent
-UtahPresent
-VermontPresent
-VirginiaPresent
-West VirginiaPresent
-WisconsinPresent
-WyomingPresent

Oceania

AustraliaPresentIntroduced1906

Air Temperature

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Parameter Lower limit Upper limit
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) 18 27
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) -18 13

Rainfall

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ParameterLower limitUpper limitDescription
Mean annual rainfall3801520mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Summer
Uniform

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

  • free
  • impeded
  • seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

  • acid
  • alkaline
  • neutral

Soil texture

  • heavy
  • light
  • medium

Uses List

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Environmental

  • Agroforestry
  • Revegetation
  • Shade and shelter

General

  • Ornamental

Materials

  • Carved material
  • Wood/timber

Wood Products

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Woodware

  • Industrial and domestic woodware
  • Sports equipment
  • Tool handles

References

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Burns RM, Honkala BH, 1990. Silvics of North America: 2. Hardwoods. Agriculture Handbook 654. Washington DC, USA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Also available on the Internet (individual authors noted) at: < target="_blank">http://willow.ncfes.umn.edu/fth_pub.htm>

Kennedy HE Jr, 1990. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh., Green ash. In: Burns RM, Honkala BH, tech. coords. Silvics of North America: 2. Hardwoods. USDA Agriculture Handbook, No. 654. Washington DC, USA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

Poland TM, McCullough DG, 2006. Emerald ash borer: invasion of the urban forest and the threat to North America's ash resource. Journal of Forestry, 104(3):118-124. http://www.ingenta.com/journals/browse/saf/jof

Witt, A., Luke, Q., 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa, [ed. by Witt, A., Luke, Q.]. Wallingford, UK: CABI.vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 doi:10.1079/9781786392145.0000

Distribution References

CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Drogvalenko A N, Orlova-Bienkowskaja M J, Bieńkowski A O, 2019. Record of the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Ukraine is confirmed. Insects. 10 (10), DOI:10.3390/insects10100338

Goliszek K, Łagowska B, Golan K, 2011. Scale insects (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) on ornamental plants in the field in Poland. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum - Hortorum Cultus. 10 (2), 75-84. http://www.aqua.ar.wroc.pl/acta/pl/full/7/2011/000070201100010000020007500084.pdf

Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435

Witt A, Luke Q, 2017. Guide to the naturalized and invasive plants of Eastern Africa. [ed. by Witt A, Luke Q]. Wallingford, UK: CABI. vi + 601 pp. http://www.cabi.org/cabebooks/ebook/20173158959 DOI:10.1079/9781786392145.0000

Distribution Maps

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