Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize)

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Symptoms

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize); Damage to plant stem.

©Dr Ebrahim Osdaghi, University of Tehran, Iran

Symptoms

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize); Damage to plant stem.

©Dr Ebrahim Osdaghi, University of Tehran, Iran

Symptoms

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize); Foliar symptoms.

©Dr Ebrahim Osdaghi, University of Tehran, Iran

Symptoms

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize); Foliar symptoms.

©Dr Ebrahim Osdaghi, University of Tehran, Iran

Symptoms

Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize); Stalk rot on plant stem

ISU

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Dickeya zeae Samson et al.

Preferred Common Name

bacterial stalk rot of maize

Other Scientific Names

Bacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae Sabet
Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al.
Erwinia carotovora f.sp. zeae Sabet
Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Dye
Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Young et al.
Erwinia chrysanthemi corn pathotype Dye
Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet) Victoria et al.
Erwinia maydis Kelman et al.
Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae (Sabet) Dowson
Pectobacterium carotovorum var. graminarum Dowson & Hayward
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Brenner et al. emend. Hauben et al.
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. zeae Kelman

International Common Names

English: bacterial wilt and soft rot of pineapple, Musa sp., chrysanthemum, dieffenbachia and other ornamentals; blackleg and bacterial soft rot of potato; rice bacterial foot rot; stalk rot of maize, rice and wheat

Local Common Names

Australia: bacterial top rot
USA: Rosen's disease; southern stalk rot

EPPO Code

ERWIZE

Summary of Invasiveness

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Dickeya zeae is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that causes soft rot decay and maceration of fleshy tissues of many annual crops, fruits and ornamental plants. Pathogenicity of D. zeae is driven by a set of pectolytic enzymes while two structurally similar polyketide molecules, zeamine and zeamine II, have a determinative role in the virulence and host range of the pathogen on different plant species. Zeamines are also important phytotoxins which inhibit rice (Oryza sativa) seed germination and accelerate disease symptom development in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Chinese cabbages (Brassica pekinensis). The bacterium prefers high temperature and moisture for disease development. Due to the taxonomic complexities within the members of pectolytic erwinias, the exact host range of D. zeae as well as its geographic distribution are unclear. While maize (Zea mays) is the main economic host of the pathogen, it has recently been observed infecting banana (Musa), rice and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) leading to significant yield losses.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Dickeya
Species: Dickeya zeae

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 21 Jul 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	First Reported	Reference	Notes
Africa
Comoros	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Egypt	Present		Bradbury (1977) El-Helaly et al. (1978)
Mauritius	Present		Mauritius, Ministry of Agriculture & Natural Resources (1972)
Réunion	Present		IRAT (1983)
South Africa	Present		Pauer (1964) Bradbury (1977)
Sudan	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Zimbabwe	Present		Sabet (1957) Bradbury (1977)
Asia
China	Present		CABI (Undated a) Pu et al. (2012) Yang et al. (2019) Yang YanChang et al. (2021)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Guangdong	Present		Pu et al. (2012) Zhang JingXin et al. (2014)
-Guangxi	Present		Yang YanChang et al. (2021)
-Jiangsu	Present		Wang and Yang (1991) CABI (Undated)
-Shanghai	Present		Guan Yuan et al. (2020)
India	Present		Bradbury (1977) Thind and Payak (1985)
Indonesia	Present		Aeny et al. (2020)	East Lampung.
Iran	Present		Banapoor and Amani (1986) Masumi and Izadpanah (1988)
Japan	Present		Bradbury (1977)
-Hokkaido	Present		Goto (1979) Takeuchi and Kodama (1992)
Malaysia	Present		Bradbury (1977) Hiryati (1982)
North Korea	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Pakistan	Present, Localized		Yasmin Ahmad et al. (2000)	Only recorded in Punjab.
Philippines	Present		Bradbury (1977) Ebron et al. (1987)
South Korea	Present		Myung et al. (2010) Bradbury (1977)
Taiwan	Present		Bradbury (1977) Lin ChingYi et al. (2016)
Europe
France	Present		Samson et al. (1974) Bradbury (1977)
Germany	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Greece	Present		Zachos et al. (1963) Bradbury (1977)
Italy	Present		Bradbury (1977) Bazzi and Mazzucchi (1978)
Netherlands	Present		Janse and Ruissen (1988)
Portugal	Present		Ferreira-Pinto et al. (1994)
Russia	Present		Nikitina et al. (1976)
Spain	Present		Noval (1989)
Switzerland	Present		Bradbury (1977)
United Kingdom	Present		Stead et al. (2010) Bradbury (1977)
North America
Costa Rica	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Cuba	Present		Bradbury (1977) Rivera et al. (1980)
Honduras	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Jamaica	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Mexico	Present	2011	Martinez-Cisneros et al. (2014)
Panama	Present		Bradbury (1977)
Puerto Rico	Present		Hepperly and Ramos-Dávila (1987)
United States	Present		CABI (Undated a) Pritchard et al. (2013)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Arkansas	Present		Boewe (1949)
-California	Present		Bradbury (1977)
-Florida	Present		Bradbury (1977) Smith and Bartz (1990)
-Georgia	Present		Bradbury (1977)
-Illinois	Present		Boewe (1949)
-New York	Present		Bradbury (1977)
-North Carolina	Present		Kelman et al. (1957) Bradbury (1977)
-Pennsylvania	Present		Bradbury (1977)
-South Dakota	Present		Bradbury (1977) Otta and Wood (1977)
-Wisconsin	Present		Bradbury (1977) Woodward et al. (1978)
Oceania
Australia	Present		CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-New South Wales	Present		Bradbury (1977) Cother and Powell (1983)
Cook Islands	Present		Bradbury (1977)
New Zealand	Present		Bradbury (1977)
South America
Brazil	Present		Bradbury (1977) Reifschneider and Lopes (1982)
Colombia	Present		Victoria et al. (1975) Bradbury (1977)
Guyana	Present		Bradbury (1977)

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Cultivated / agricultural land	Principal habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production)	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)

Growth Stages

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Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Sign	Life Stages	Type
Fruit / extensive mould
Fruit / odour
Inflorescence / blight; necrosis
Inflorescence / dieback
Inflorescence / discoloration panicle
Inflorescence / rot
Leaves / abnormal colours
Leaves / necrotic areas
Leaves / wilting
Roots / cortex with lesions
Seeds / rot
Stems / dieback
Stems / discoloration of bark
Stems / distortion
Stems / internal red necrosis
Stems / ooze
Stems / stunting or rosetting
Whole plant / external feeding
Whole plant / internal feeding
Whole plant / unusual odour
Whole plant / uprooted or toppled

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Long Distance	Local
Crop production	Yes	Yes
Cut flower trade	Yes	Yes
Horticulture	Yes	Yes
Interbasin transfers	Yes	Yes

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Plants or parts of plants
Soil, sand and gravel
Machinery and equipment

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx		Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Fruits (inc. pods)		Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Leaves		Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Roots	Yes		Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants	Yes		Pest or symptoms usually invisible
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches	Yes	Yes	Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Invasive in its native range
Has a broad native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerant of shade
Fast growing
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Host damage
Negatively impacts agriculture
Damages animal/plant products

Impact mechanisms

Pathogenic

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Difficult/costly to control

References

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Aeny, T.N., Suharjo, R., Ginting, C., Hapsoro, D., Niswati, A., 2020. Characterization and host range assessment of Dickeya zeae associated with pineapple soft rot disease in East Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas: Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(2):587-595. DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d210221

Ahmad, Y., Mirza, M.S., Ghaffar, A., 2000. Pathogens associated with stalk rot of corn in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 32(2):251-253.

Banapoor, A., Amani, G., 1986. Occurrence of stalk rot of maize in Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 22(1-4):46

Bazzi, C., Mazzucchi, U., 1978. Attacks of bacterial stalk rot of maize in sprinkler irrigated crops. (Attacchi di marciume batterico al fusto di mais in coltura irrigua). In: Piglionica, V. (Co-ordinator): Reports on activities under the sub-project "Phytiatry of wheat, maize and sorghum". (Rapporti sull' attivita svolta nell'ambito del subprogetto "Fitoiatria del frumento, del mais e del sorgo"). Rome, Italy: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Progetto Finalizzato Fitofarmaci e Fitoregolatori. 79-84.

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Brady, C.L., Cleenwerck, I., Denman, S., Venter, S.N., Rodríguez-Palenzuela, P., Coutinho, T.A., Vos, P. de, 2012. Proposal to reclassify Brenneria quercina (Hildebrand and Schroth 1967) Hauben et al. 1999 into a new genus, Lonsdalea gen. nov., as Lonsdalea quercina comb, nov., descriptions of Lonsdalea quercina subsp. quercina comb, nov., Lonsdalea quercina subsp. iberica subsp. nov. and Lonsdalea quercina subsp. britannica subsp. nov., emendation of the description of the genus Brenneria, reclassification of Dickeya dieffenbachiae as Dickeya dadantii subsp. dieffenbachiae comb, nov., and emendation of the description of Dickeya dadantii. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 62(7):1592-1602. DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.035055-0

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