Dickeya zeae (bacterial stalk rot of maize)
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Dickeya zeae Samson et al.
Preferred Common Name
- bacterial stalk rot of maize
Other Scientific Names
- Bacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae Sabet
- Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al.
- Erwinia carotovora f.sp. zeae Sabet
- Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Dye
- Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Young et al.
- Erwinia chrysanthemi corn pathotype Dye
- Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (Sabet) Victoria et al.
- Erwinia maydis Kelman et al.
- Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. zeae (Sabet) Dowson
- Pectobacterium carotovorum var. graminarum Dowson & Hayward
- Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al.) Brenner et al. emend. Hauben et al.
- Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. zeae Kelman
International Common Names
- English: bacterial wilt and soft rot of pineapple, Musa sp., chrysanthemum, dieffenbachia and other ornamentals; blackleg and bacterial soft rot of potato; rice bacterial foot rot; stalk rot of maize, rice and wheat
Local Common Names
- Australia: bacterial top rot
- USA: Rosen's disease; southern stalk rot
EPPO Code
- ERWIZE
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageDickeya zeae is a Gram-negative bacterial plant pathogen that causes soft rot decay and maceration of fleshy tissues of many annual crops, fruits and ornamental plants. Pathogenicity of D. zeae is driven by a set of pectolytic enzymes while two structurally similar polyketide molecules, zeamine and zeamine II, have a determinative role in the virulence and host range of the pathogen on different plant species. Zeamines are also important phytotoxins which inhibit rice (Oryza sativa) seed germination and accelerate disease symptom development in potato (Solanum tuberosum) and Chinese cabbages (Brassica pekinensis). The bacterium prefers high temperature and moisture for disease development. Due to the taxonomic complexities within the members of pectolytic erwinias, the exact host range of D. zeae as well as its geographic distribution are unclear. While maize (Zea mays) is the main economic host of the pathogen, it has recently been observed infecting banana (Musa), rice and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) leading to significant yield losses.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Bacteria
- Phylum: Proteobacteria
- Class: Gammaproteobacteria
- Order: Enterobacteriales
- Family: Enterobacteriaceae
- Genus: Dickeya
- Species: Dickeya zeae
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Comoros | Present | ||||||
Egypt | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Réunion | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Sudan | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | ||||||
-Jiangsu | Present | ||||||
-Shanghai | Present | ||||||
India | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | East Lampung. | |||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
-Hokkaido | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
North Korea | Present | ||||||
Pakistan | Present, Localized | Only recorded in Punjab. | |||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | ||||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
Russia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Costa Rica | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present | ||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | 2011 | |||||
Panama | Present | ||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Arkansas | Present | ||||||
-California | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Illinois | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
-South Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Wisconsin | Present | ||||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | ||||||
Cook Islands | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
Colombia | Present | ||||||
Guyana | Present |
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Cultivated / agricultural land | Principal habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Fruit / extensive mould | ||
Fruit / odour | ||
Inflorescence / blight; necrosis | ||
Inflorescence / dieback | ||
Inflorescence / discoloration panicle | ||
Inflorescence / rot | ||
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Leaves / necrotic areas | ||
Leaves / wilting | ||
Roots / cortex with lesions | ||
Seeds / rot | ||
Stems / dieback | ||
Stems / discoloration of bark | ||
Stems / distortion | ||
Stems / internal red necrosis | ||
Stems / ooze | ||
Stems / stunting or rosetting | ||
Whole plant / external feeding | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / unusual odour | ||
Whole plant / uprooted or toppled |
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Crop production | Yes | Yes | ||
Cut flower trade | Yes | Yes | ||
Horticulture | Yes | Yes | ||
Interbasin transfers | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plants or parts of plants | ||||
Soil, sand and gravel | ||||
Machinery and equipment |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | ||
Fruits (inc. pods) | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | ||
Leaves | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | ||
Roots | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | ||
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually invisible | ||
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerant of shade
- Fast growing
- Reproduces asexually
- Host damage
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Damages animal/plant products
- Pathogenic
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult to identify/detect in the field
- Difficult/costly to control
References
Top of pageBoewe, G.H., 1949. Bacterial stalk rot of corn in Illinois. Plant Disease Reporter, 33(9):342-343.
Hiryati, A., 1982. Studies of bacterial stalk rot disease of corn. Pertanika, 5(1):84-89.
IRAT, 1983. IRAT-Réunion. Rapport annuel 1983. 211 pp.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Hiryati A, 1982. Studies of bacterial stalk rot disease of corn. Pertanika. 5 (1), 84-89.
IRAT, 1983. IRAT-Reunion. Annual report 1983., St. Denis, Reunion, IRAT.
Pauer GD, 1964. Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae, the bacterium causing stalk rot of maize in the Republic of South Africa. In: South African Journal of Agricultural Science, 7 581-582.
Distribution Maps
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