Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Plant

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); uprooted plant, showing typical habit. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Flowerheads

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerheads are contracted panicles at first, becoming open at maturity (8-24 cm long). Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Spikelets are 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned, with lemmas 1-2 mm long. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Flowerhead

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Spikelets

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); spikelets are often tinged purplish, 1-1.5 mm wide, usually 6-8 flowered, flattened, unawned and with lemmas 1-2 mm long.. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Ligule

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); ligule, a ciliate rim with hairs to 0.5 mm long. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Node

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); nodes are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Flowerhead

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); flowerhead. Lower branches are whorled, with sparse, rigid, 1-4 mm long hairs in the axils. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Stem base

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); stem bases are usually purplish. Australia. March 2013.

©Harry Rose/Macleay Grass Man/via flickr - CC BY 2.0

Habit

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.

©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY- NC 3.0

Lower part of plant

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); lower part of plant, showing roots.

©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY-NC 3.0

Habit

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); habit.

©Luigi Rignanese-2006 - CC BY-NC 3.0

Fruits

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); fruits, close-up of caryopses.

©D. Walters & C. Southwick/CPHST/Bugwood.org - C BY-NC 3.0 US

Intact spikelet

Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass); intact spikelet. Photographed in laboratory at CPHST, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.

©D. Walters & C. Southwick/CPHST/Bugwood.org - C BY-NC 3.0 US

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv.

Preferred Common Name

India lovegrass

Other Scientific Names

Catabrosa verticillata (Cav.) P.Beauv.
Eragrostis afghanica Gand.
Eragrostis amurensis Prob.
Eragrostis bagdadensis Boiss.
Eragrostis baguirmiensis A.Chev.
Eragrostis collocarpa K.Schum.
Eragrostis filiformis Link
Eragrostis gracilis Schrad.
Eragrostis gracillima Hack.
Eragrostis imberbis (Franch.) Prob.
Eragrostis indica (J.Koenig ex Rottler) Willd. ex Steud.
Eragrostis jeholensis Honda
Eragrostis linkii (Kunth) Steud.
Eragrostis multispicula Kitag.
Eragrostis petersii Trin.
Eragrostis punctata (L.) Link ex Steud.
Eragrostis tenuiflora Rupr. ex Steud.
Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) P. Beauv.,
Eragrostis verticillata (Cav.) Roem. & Schult.
Poa bohemica J.C.Mayer ex Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
Poa delicatior Steud.
Poa indica J.Koenig ex Rottler
Poa linkii Kunth
Poa pilosa L.
Poa pilosa L.
Poa poiretii Roem. & Schult.
Poa punctata L.f.
Poa senegalensis Desv.
Poa verticillata Cav.

International Common Names

English: hairy love grass; Jersey love-grass; small-tufted lovegrass; soft lovegrass
Spanish: barba de Indio; pasto ilusión; pasto pelillo; sereno
French: eragrostide à manchettes; éragrostide à plusieurs tiges; éragrostide poilue; pâturin poilu
Chinese: hua mei cao
Portuguese: capim-barbicha-de-Alemao; capim-orvelho; capim-peludo

Local Common Names

Brazil: barbicha de alemao; capin atana; capin panasco
Germany: behaartes Liebesgras; Haarliebesgras; vielstängliges Liebesgras
Italy: eragrostide a fusti numerosi; eragrostide pelosa; panicella pelosa
Japan: ooniwahokori
Netherlands: harig liefdegras; straatliefdegras
Norway: slørfriargras
Poland: miłka owłosiona
Saudi Arabia: heelaagoog
Turkey: kıllı yulaf
Venezuela: grama de fidoeos

EPPO code

ERAPI (Eragrostis pilosa)

Summary of Invasiveness

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Eragrostis pilosa is an annual grass native to Eurasia and Africa that has become naturalized in many other tropical and temperate regions of the world. It is a common weed in disturbed areas such as roadsides and crop fields. It is invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Australia, and North America but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Eragrostis
Species: Eragrostis pilosa

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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Eragrostis Wolf is the largest genus in the subfamily Chloridoideae, with approximately 350 species (Clayton et al., 2018). Members of Eragrostis are generally characterized by paniculate inflorescences, multi-floreted spikelets, glabrous three-nerved lemmas and ciliate ligules. The genus is considered monophyletic but is morphologically and anatomically diverse, and exhibits a wide range of variation in many characteristics (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Several infraspecific taxa have been described (Scholz, 1988). E. pilosa and E. aethiopica are regarded as putative ancestors of tef (t'ef), a native Ethiopian cereal crop.

Description

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The following description is from Clayton et al. (2018):

Eragrostis pilosa is an annual; caespitose. Culms erect, or geniculately ascending; 8–70 cm long. Ligule a fringe of hairs. Leaf-blades 2–20 cm long; 1–4 mm wide. Inflorescence a panicle. Panicle open; elliptic, or ovate; 4–25 cm long. Primary panicle branches whorled at lower nodes. Panicle branches eglandular; bearded in axils. Spikelets solitary. Fertile spikelets pedicelled. Pedicels eglandular. Spikelets comprising 4–14 fertile florets; with diminished florets at the apex. Spikelets linear; laterally compressed; 3–7 mm long; 0.7–1.2 mm wide; breaking up at maturity; rhachilla persistent; shedding paleas or retaining paleas (in temperate regions). Glumes deciduous; dissimilar; shorter than spikelet. Lower glume ovate; 0.5–0.7 mm long; 0.5–0.7 length of upper glume; hyaline; without keels; 0 -veined. Lower glume lateral veins absent. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume ovate; 1 mm long; 0.6–1 length of adjacent fertile lemma; hyaline; 1-keeled; 1 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins absent. Upper glume apex acute. Fertile florets appressed to rhachilla. Fertile lemma ovate; 1–1.6 mm long; membranous; keeled; 3 -veined. Lemma apex obtuse, or acute. Palea keels scaberulous. Apical sterile florets resembling fertile though underdeveloped. Anthers 3; 0.2–0.3 mm long. Caryopsis with adherent pericarp; ellipsoid; laterally compressed; plano-convex; 0.6–1 mm long.

Plant Type

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Annual
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous
Seed propagated
Vegetatively propagated

Distribution

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Eragrostis pilosa is distributed in tropical and warm temperate regions of the Old World and is introduced in the New World (Clayton et al., 1974; Clayton et al., 2018). In its native range it is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa through to East Asia (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan) and temperate regions of Europe (Walsh, 1994). E. pilosa is mostly found in coastal countries worldwide, but not in cooler northern temperate areas. It is naturalized in North America (USDA-NRCS, 2018), Central, and South America, and in Caribbean regions (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012). It is introduced in some Pacific islands (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), New Zealand (NZPCN, 2018) and some European countries (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).

In Europe it has been reported as a weed in Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine and Yugoslavia (Holm et al., 1997).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 25 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Africa
Algeria	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Angola	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Benin	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Botswana	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Burkina Faso	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Burundi	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Cabo Verde	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Cameroon	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Central African Republic	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Chad	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Comoros	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Congo, Republic of the	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Djibouti	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Egypt	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Equatorial Guinea	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Eritrea	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Eswatini	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Ethiopia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Gambia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Ghana	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Guinea	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Guinea-Bissau	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Kenya	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Lesotho	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Liberia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Libya	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Madagascar	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Malawi	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Mali	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Mauritania	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Morocco	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Mozambique	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Namibia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Niger	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Nigeria	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Senegal	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Sierra Leone	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Somalia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
South Africa	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
South Sudan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Sudan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Tanzania	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Togo	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Uganda	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Zambia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Zimbabwe	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Antarctica
French Southern Territories
-Crozet Islands	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Asia
Afghanistan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bangladesh	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bhutan	Present	Native		Bhutan Biodiversity Portal (2018)	Punakha (Chuzomsa to Wangdue, Punakha Dzong)
China	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Anhui	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Beijing	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Fujian	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Guizhou	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Hainan	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Heilongjiang	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Henan	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Hubei	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Inner Mongolia	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Ningxia	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Shaanxi	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Shandong	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Xinjiang	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Yunnan	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
-Zhejiang	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
Hong Kong	Present	Native		PIER (2018)
India	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
-Assam	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
-Bihar	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
-Karnataka	Present			CABI Data Mining (Undated)
-Maharashtra	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
Iran	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Iraq	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Israel	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Japan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
-Bonin Islands	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
Malaysia	Present			PIER (2018)
Mongolia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Myanmar	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
Nepal	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
North Korea	Present	Native		PIER (2018)
Oman	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Pakistan	Present	Native		Flora of Pakistan (2018) Ihsan Ullah et al. (2011)	Sind, Baluchistan, Punjab
Palestine	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Philippines	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
South Korea	Present	Native		PIER (2018)
Sri Lanka	Present	Native		India Biodiversity Portal (2018)
Taiwan	Present	Native		Flora of China Editorial Committee (2018)
Tajikistan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Turkey	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Turkmenistan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Uzbekistan	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Vietnam	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Yemen	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Europe
Albania	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Austria	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Belarus	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Belgium	Present	Introduced		Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bulgaria	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Croatia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Czechia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Czechoslovakia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
France	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Germany	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Greece	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Hungary	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Italy	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Montenegro	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Netherlands	Present	Introduced		NDFF (2018)
North Macedonia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Poland	Present	Introduced		Nobis and Nobis (2009)
Portugal	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Romania	Present			Manole et al. (2017)
Russia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Serbia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Serbia and Montenegro	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Slovakia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Slovenia	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Spain	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Switzerland	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
Ukraine	Present	Native		Nobis and Nobis (2009)
United Kingdom	Present	Native		Clayton et al. (2018)
North America
Aruba	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bahamas	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bermuda	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Canada	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-British Columbia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Ontario	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
Costa Rica	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Cuba	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Dominican Republic	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
El Salvador	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Haiti	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Honduras	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Jamaica	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Mexico	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Nicaragua	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Puerto Rico	Present	Introduced		Liogier and Martorell (2000)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
United States	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Alabama	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Arizona	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Arkansas	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-California	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Colorado	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Connecticut	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Delaware	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-District of Columbia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Florida	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Georgia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Idaho	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Illinois	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Indiana	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Iowa	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Kansas	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Kentucky	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Louisiana	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Maine	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Maryland	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Massachusetts	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Michigan	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Minnesota	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Mississippi	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Missouri	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Nebraska	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Nevada	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-New Hampshire	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-New Jersey	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-New Mexico	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-New York	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-North Carolina	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-North Dakota	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Ohio	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Oklahoma	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Oregon	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Pennsylvania	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Rhode Island	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-South Carolina	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-South Dakota	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Tennessee	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Texas	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Vermont	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Virginia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Washington	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-West Virginia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Wisconsin	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
-Wyoming	Present	Introduced	Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2018)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
Australia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
-Northern Territory	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
-Queensland	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
-South Australia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
-Victoria	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
-Western Australia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
Christmas Island	Present	Introduced	Invasive	Simon and Alfonso (2011)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
Fiji	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
Guam	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
Kiribati	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
New Caledonia	Present	Introduced	Invasive	PIER (2018)
New Zealand	Present	Introduced		NZPCN (2018)
Palau	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
Papua New Guinea	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
Samoa	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
Solomon Islands	Present	Introduced		PIER (2018)
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Bolivia	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Brazil	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Chile	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Colombia	Present	Introduced		Giraldo Cañas et al. (2012)
Ecuador	Present	Introduced		Giraldo Cañas et al. (2012)
French Guiana	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Guyana	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Paraguay	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Peru	Present	Introduced		Giraldo Cañas et al. (2012)
Uruguay	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)
Venezuela	Present	Introduced		Clayton et al. (2018)

History of Introduction and Spread

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Eragrostis pilosa has been introduced in America, Oceania and in some European countries. It was first reported in the USA in Michigan in 1924 (Reznicek et al., 2011). In Belgium it was first recorded in 1877 and is now found across the country (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). It was first recorded in the Netherlands in 1958, and has since spread throughout the country, predominantly in the south (NDFF, 2018). It was introduced to Poland from Ukraine in 2005 and has since spread to other locations (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).

Introductions

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Introduced to	Introduced from	Year	Reason	Introduced by	Established in wild through		References	Notes
Introduced to	Introduced from	Year	Reason	Introduced by	Natural reproduction	Continuous restocking	References	Notes
Michigan	Europe	1924			Yes	No	Reznicek et al. (2011)
Belgium		1877			Yes	No	Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Netherlands		1958			Yes	No	NDFF (2018)
Poland	Ukraine	2005			Yes	No	Nobis and Nobis (2009)

Risk of Introduction

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Eragrostis pilosa has a moderate to high likelihood of being further introduced unintentionally outside its natural range by seed contamination via traded grain commodities (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Recently, in some European countries, it has been introduced by vehicles such as trains or cars (Nobis and Nobis, 2009).

Habitat

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This species grows in varied habitats. It grows in both waterlogged areas (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018) and in dry places. It prefers moist pastures and open, disturbed ground; it also frequently grows in roadsides and waste areas (Holm et al., 1997), and grows around rice paddies (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967). In its native range (Africa), it is found in floodplain grassland, on river sand banks and in alluvium woodland (Flora Zambesiaca, 2018). It is also commonly found as a weed in croplands and on fallow land (Clayton et al., 1974).

It is a garden weed in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018). In Australia, it is found in irrigated crops, urban areas, gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011). In the Pacific Islands, it is found in disturbed sites, on cultivated land, and along roadsides (Smith, 1979; Wagner et al., 1999). In Europe, it is considered a ruderal species, found almost exclusively in urban habitats (street, sidewalk, gutter, car parks), and along railways and roadsides (Nobis and Nobis, 2009; NDFF, 2018.)

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Secondary/tolerated habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Principal habitat	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Wetlands	Principal habitat	Natural

Hosts/Species Affected

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This species is a significant weed in cotton crops (Brazil), in barley and wheat (Korea), in sugarcane (Taiwan), in dryland crops (India), in rice (India, Indonesia and Dominican Republic) and in vineyards (Ukraine) (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967; Holm et al.,1997). It is also considered a crop weed in Pakistan (Ashraf et al., 2012). E. pilosa is a host of the root lesion nematode pathogen in rice crops (Ravichandra, 2013), and promotes the rice pest Leptocorisa varicornis in rice crops (Srivastava and Saxena, 1967).

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context
Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton)	Malvaceae	Other
Hordeum vulgare (barley)	Poaceae	Other
Oryza sativa (rice)	Poaceae	Main
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)	Poaceae	Other
Triticum aestivum (wheat)	Poaceae	Other

Growth Stages

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Vegetative growing stage

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

The majority of Eragrostis species show a range of ploidy levels (Ingram and Doyle, 2007). Thje chromosome number reported for E. pilosa varies from 2n= 20, 36, 40, 60 (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018).

Reproductive Biology

Reproduction and propagation is mainly by seeds. It can create a long-lasting soil seed bank (Li et al., 2006).

Physiology and Phenology

Flowering and fruiting is from May to August in India (India Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from July to October in Pakistan (Flora of Pakistan, 2018), and from August to November in China (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018). In Australia, it flowers and fruits all year round (Simon and Alfonso, 2011), and in the Netherlands from July to the autumn (NDFF, 2018). E. pilosa uses the C4 pathway in photosynthesis (Ingram and Doyle, 2007).

Environmental Requirements

Eragrostis pilosa is found at elevations of 300 to 2000 m in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018), 1,00-1200 m. in Bhutan (Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018), from sea level to 1700m in South America (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), and from sea level to about 800 m in Fiji (Smith, 1979). In Australia, it is found in sandy alluvium, loams, and lateritic soils (Simon and Alfonso, 2011); in South America, in wet sandy soils (Giraldo Cañas et al., 2012), in black basaltic soil and clayey soils in Africa (Clayton et al., 1974; Flora Zambesiaca, 2018) and mostly in sandy ground in the Netherlands (NDFF, 2018)

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
Af - Tropical rainforest climate	Preferred	> 60mm precipitation per month
Am - Tropical monsoon climate	Preferred	Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
BS - Steppe climate	Tolerated	> 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation
BW - Desert climate	Tolerated	< 430mm annual precipitation
C - Temperate/Mesothermal climate	Preferred	Average temp. of coldest month > 0°C and < 18°C, mean warmest month > 10°C
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter	Preferred	Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year
Ds - Continental climate with dry summer	Preferred	Continental climate with dry summer (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry summers)
Dw - Continental climate with dry winter	Preferred	Continental climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, dry winters)
Df - Continental climate, wet all year	Preferred	Continental climate, wet all year (Warm average temp. > 10°C, coldest month < 0°C, wet all year)

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
75	55

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Summer
Uniform
Winter

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

seasonally waterlogged

Soil texture

light
medium

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity	References	Biological control in	Biological control on
Striga hermonthica	Parasite	Plants\|Roots	not specific

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Eragrostis pilosa can be infested with the obligate root-hemiparasitic plant Striga hermonthica (Watling and Press, 1998).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Natural Dispersal

Eragrostis pilosa spreads by seeds, which can be transported by water, wind and soil. It also spreads with the movement of hay, via machinery, road and rail traffic (Holm et al., 1997; Nobis and Nobis, 2009) and possibly in car tires (NDFF, 2018).

Accidental Introduction

Eragrostis pilosa is likely to be introduced unintentionally via trade as a seed contaminant (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018).

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Long Distance	Local	References
Disturbance		Yes	Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Escape from confinement or garden escape		Yes	Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Garden waste disposal		Yes	Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Seed trade	Yes		Alien plants of Belgium (2018)

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Debris and waste associated with human activities			Yes	Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Machinery and equipment	Seed		Yes	Holm et al. (1997)
Plants or parts of plants	Seed	Yes		Alien plants of Belgium (2018)
Land vehicles	Seed		Yes	NDFF (2018)
Water	Seed		Yes	Holm et al. (1997)
Wind	Seed		Yes	Holm et al. (1997)

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Cultural/amenity	Negative
Economic/livelihood	Positive and negative
Human health	Positive

Impact

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According to Holm et al. (1997), this weed is found in more than 30 crops in over 50 countries. It is most important in Brazil (cotton), Indonesia (rice), Korea (barley and wheat), Dominican Republic (rice), Taiwan (sugarcane), India (dryland crops) and the Ukraine (vineyards).

Environmental Impact

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Eragrostis pilosa is cited as invasive in a number of Pacific Islands, the Philippines (PIER, 2018), Australia (Simon and Alfonso, 2011) and North America (PIER, 2018; USDA-NRCS, 2018) but no further information is available about its impacts or invasiveness in natural or semi-natural habitats in its non-native range.

Social Impact

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Eragrostis pilosa is a grassy weed in gardens and nurseries (Walsh, 1994; Simon and Alfonso, 2011).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Tolerant of shade
Highly mobile locally
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture
Reduced amenity values

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant

Uses

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Eragrostis pilosa is used as forage grass and fodder for animals (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018; Flora of Pakistan, 2018). Amongst other wild African grasses, E. pilosa is harvested in East Africa for its edible seed (Kunkel, 1984; USA, National Research Council, 1996). It is generally seen as a famine food, but is used regularly in some areas (Useful Tropical Plants, 2018). The seed contains around 16% protein (Burkill, 2000).

Uses List

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Animal feed, fodder, forage

Fodder/animal feed
Forage

Genetic importance

Progenitor of

Human food and beverage

Cereal
Emergency (famine) food

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Traditional/folklore

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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Eragrostis pilosa can be distinguished from other Eragrostis species by its lowermost inflorescence branches, which are always verticillate (vs. single), and by its periligular zone, which always bears some hairs (vs. glabrous). The inflorescence branches are long and remain erect (inflorescence long and slender) (Alien plants of Belgium, 2018). Eragrostis pilosa tends to have a more open, spreading panicle than E. pectinacea, with less persistent paleas (Reznicek et al., 2011). For information on distinguishing it from E. albensis, see Nobis and Nobis (2009). For further information on the characteristics that distinguish it from other Eragrostis species, see Walters (2011).

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Mechanical control

Tillage, digging or pulling by hand before seed production are 95% effective as means of control Eragrostis spp (DiTomaso et al., 2013).

Chemical Control

Herbicides such as Clethodim, Fluazifop, Glyphosate, Imazapyr and Sethoxydim can control E. pilosa effectively (DiTomaso et al., 2013).

Bibliography

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Holm LG, Doll J, Holm E, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, 1997. World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

References

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Alien plants of Belgium, 2018. Manual of the alien plants of Belgium. In: Manual of the alien plants of Belgium , Belgium: National Botanic Garden of Belgium.http://alienplantsbelgium.be/

Ashraf M, Öztürk M, Ahmad MSA, Aksoy A, 2012. Crop production for agricultural improvement, Springer Science & Business Media.

Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Biodiversity Centre.https://biodiversity.bt/

Burkill, H. M., 2000. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.

Clayton, W. D., Phillips, S. M., Renvoize, S. A., 1974. Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 2). In: Flora of Tropical East Africa. Gramineae (Part 2) . London, UK: Crown Agents for Oversea Governments and Administrations.274pp.

Clayton, WD, Govaerts, R, Harman, KT, Williamson, H, Vorontsova, M, 2018. World Checklist of Poaceae. Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

DiTomaso JM, Kyser GB, Oneto SR, Wilson RG, Orloff SB, Anderson LW, Ransom C, 2013. Weed control in natural areas in the western United States, USA: Weed Research and Information Center, University of California.544 pp.

EPPO, 2018. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database Paris, France: EPPO.https://gd.eppo.int/

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018. Flora of China. In: Flora of China St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Pakistan, 2018. Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website. In: Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria.http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan

Flora Zambesiaca, 2018. Flora Zambesiaca (eFloras). Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.http://apps.kew.org/efloras/search.do

Giraldo Cañas, D, Peterson, PM, Sánchez Vega, I, 2012. The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies. Bogotá, Colombia: Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana No. 24. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales.194 pp.

Holm, L., Doll, J., Holm, E., Pancho, J., Herberger, J., 1997. World weeds: natural histories and distribution, New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons.xv + 1129 pp.

India Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Online Portal of India Biodiversity. In: Online Portal of India Biodiversity . http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list

Ingram AL, Doyle JJ, 2007. Eragrostis (Poaceae): Monophyly and infrageneric classification. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, 23(1), 595-604.

Koch, S. D., 1974. The Eragrostis pectinacea-pilosa complex in North and Central America (Gramineae: Eragrostoideae). In: Illinois Biological Monographs , (No.48) . 75pp.

Kumar V, Malik RK, Gopal R, Gupta RK, Singh K, 2018. Weed Flora of Rice. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Rice Knowledge Bank.http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/csisa/images/FactsheetsAndReferences/powerpoints/weedflora.pdf

Kunkel G, 1984. Plants for human consumption, Oberreifenberg, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.

Li X, Li X, Jiang D, Liu Z, 2006. Germination strategy and ecological adaptability of Eragrostis pilosa. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 17(4), 607-610.

Liogier, H. A., Martorell, L. F., 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis, (Edn 2 (revised)) . San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Editorial, University of Puerto Rico.382 pp.

NDFF, 2018. (Nationale Databank Flora en Fauna: FLORON Verspreidingsatlas planten). http://verspreidingsatlas.nl

Nobis, M., Nobis, A., 2009. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) in Poland. Biodiversity: Research and Conservation, 13, 13-16. doi: 10.2478/v10119-009-0003-5

NZPCN, 2018. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. In: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network.http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/

PIER, 2018. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. In: Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii.http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

Ravichandra NG, 2013. Plant nematology, New Delhi, India: IK International Pvt Ltd.

Reznicek AA, Voss EG, Walters BS, 2011. Michigan Flora Online. USA: University of Michigan.https://michiganflora.net/

Scholz H, 1988. (Zwei neue Taxa des Eragrostis pilosa-Komplexes (Poaceae)). Willdenowia, 18, 217-222.

Simon, BK, Alfonso, Y, 2011. AusGrass2. In: Grasses of Australia , Australia: CSIRO Publishing.http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/

Smith, A. C., 1979. Flora vitiensis nova, Kauai, Hawaii, Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden.495 pp.

Srivastava, A. S., Saxena, H. P., 1967. Rice bug Leptocorisa varicornis Fabricius and allied species. In: The major insect pests of the rice plant. Proceedings of a symposium at the IRRI, Sept., 1964 [The major insect pests of the rice plant. Proceedings of a symposium at the IRRI, Sept., 1964], Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins Press. 525-548.

The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. In: The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1 Richmond, London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.http://www.theplantlist.org

USA, National Research Council, 1996. Lost crops of Africa. Volume 1: Grains, Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press.xix + 383 pp.

USDA-NRCS, 2018. The PLANTS Database. In: The PLANTS Database Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team.https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

Useful Tropical Plants, 2018. Useful tropical plants database. In: Useful tropical plants database : K Fern.http://tropical.theferns.info/

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., Sohmer, S. H., 1999. Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Hawaii, USA: University of Hawai'i Press.1948 pp.

Walsh NG, 1994. Flora of Victoria. Volume 2: ferns and allied plants, conifers and monocotyledons, Chatswood, Australia: Inkata Press Pty Ltd.ix + 946 pp.

Walters DS, 2011. Identification Tool to Weed Disseminules of California Central Valley Table Grape Production Areas. Fort Collins, Colorado, USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST Identification Technology Program.http://idtools.org/id/table_grape/weed-tool/

Watling, J. R., Press, M. C., 1998. How does the C4 grass Eragrostis pilosa respond to elevated carbon dioxide and infection with the parasitic angiosperm Striga hermonthica?. New Phytologist, 140(4), 667-675. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00303.x

Whistler, W. A., 1988. Checklist of the weed flora of Western Polynesia. An annotated list of the weed species of Samoa, Tonga, Niue, and Wallis and Futuna, along with the earliest dates of collection and the local names. In: Technical Paper, South Pacific Commission , (No. 194) . 69 pp.

Distribution References

Alien plants of Belgium, 2018. Manual of the alien plants of Belgium. In: Manual of the alien plants of Belgium. Belgium: National Botanic Garden of Belgium. http://alienplantsbelgium.be/

Bhutan Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Bhutan Biodiversity Portal. Thimphu, Bhutan: National Biodiversity Centre. https://biodiversity.bt/

CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

Clayton WD, Govaerts R, Harman KT, Williamson H, Vorontsova M, 2018. World Checklist of Poaceae., Richmond, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/

Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2018. Flora of China. In: Flora of China. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2

Flora of Pakistan, 2018. Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website. In: Flora of Pakistan/Pakistan Plant Database (PPD). Tropicos website. St. Louis, Missouri and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden and Harvard University Herbaria. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan

Giraldo Cañas D, Peterson PM, Sánchez Vega I, 2012. The genus Eragrostis (Poaceae: Chloridoideae) in northwestern South America (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru): morphological and taxonomic studies., Bogotá, Colombia: Biblioteca José Jerónimo Triana No. 24. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales. 194 pp.

Ihsan Ullah, Wazir S M, Ayesha Farooq, Khan S U, Zahid Hussain, 2011. Identification of common weeds and its distribution pattern in wheat fields of FR Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research. 17 (4), 407-416. http://www.wssp.org.pk/174-12.pdf

India Biodiversity Portal, 2018. Online Portal of India Biodiversity. In: Online Portal of India Biodiversity. http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/list

Liogier H A, Martorell L F, 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. San Juan, Puerto Rico: La Editorial, University of Puerto Rico. 382 pp.

Manole T, Chireceanu C, Teodoru A, 2017. Current status of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, 1868 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Romania. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica. 143-148. http://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/downloads/acta-zoologica-bulgarica/2017/supplement-9-143-148.pdf

NDFF, 2018. (Nationale Databank Flora en Fauna: FLORON Verspreidingsatlas planten). http://verspreidingsatlas.nl

Nobis M, Nobis A, 2009. Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P. Beauv. (Poaceae) in Poland. Biodiversity: Research and Conservation. 13-16. DOI:10.2478/v10119-009-0003-5

NZPCN, 2018. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. In: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. http://www.nzpcn.org.nz/

PIER, 2018. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. In: Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html

Simon BK, Alfonso Y, 2011. AusGrass2. In: Grasses of Australia, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/

USDA-NRCS, 2018. The PLANTS Database. In: The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov

Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Contributors

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10/08/18 Original text by:

Manuel Angel Duenas-Lopez, Universidad de Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

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Eragrostis pilosa (India lovegrass)

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