Fimbristylis dichotoma (tall fringe rush)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl (1805)
Preferred Common Name
- tall fringe rush
Other Scientific Names
- Fimbristylis annua (non R & S) Merr.
- Fimbristylis communis Kunth
- Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl
- Fimbristylis laxa Vahl
- Fimbristylis longispica (non Steud.) Clarke
- Fimbristylis polymorpha Boeck.
- Fimbristylis squarrosa (non Vahl) Miq.
- Scirpus dichotomus L. (1753)
- Scirpus diphyllus Retz.
International Common Names
- English: forked fringerush; twoleaf fimbristylis
- Spanish: arrocillo
- French: fimbristylis dichotome
Local Common Names
- Brazil: falso alecrim da praia
- Colombia: arrocillo; cortadera; coyolillo; namu
- Germany: Einjährige Fransenbinse
- Japan: tentsuki
- Malaysia: rumput kepala lalat; rumput para-para; rumput purun batu
- Taiwan: pyau-fo-tsau
- USA/Hawaii: futaba tentsuki; futaba-tentsuki; futabo-tentuki
EPPO code
- FIMAN (Fimbristylis annua)
- FIMDI (Fimbristylis dichotoma)
- FIMSQ (Fimbristylis squarrosa)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Cyperales
- Family: Cyperaceae
- Genus: Fimbristylis
- Species: Fimbristylis dichotoma
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageFruit an obovate to broadly obovate nutlet, 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, biconvex, hard, dry, with about ten longitudinal grooves and transversal lines, brownish, apex round to truncate, at times with the two-branched style persistent.
Distribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Burkina Faso | Present | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | ||||||
Gambia | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | ||||||
Guinea | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
Liberia | Present | ||||||
Mali | Present | ||||||
Nigeria | Present | ||||||
Senegal | Present | ||||||
Seychelles | Present | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | ||||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | ||||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present | ||||||
Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
China | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Anhui | Present | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Punjab | Present | ||||||
-Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Laos | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
Nepal | Present | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | ||||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1911 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
-Florida | Present | Native | |||||
-Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Native | |||||
-Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
-Texas | Present | Native | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Northern Territory | Present | ||||||
Fiji | Present | ||||||
French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Goias | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | |||||
-Maranhao | Present | ||||||
-Mato Grosso do Sul | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | |||||
-Minas Gerais | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
-Para | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio de Janeiro | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Santa Catarina | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Sao Paulo | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive |
Habitat
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
Freshwater |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHost Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Ananas comosus (pineapple) | Bromeliaceae | Main | |
Camellia sinensis (tea) | Theaceae | Main | |
Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Araceae | Main | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
Tectona grandis (teak) | Lamiaceae | Main | |
Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Malvaceae | Unknown | |
Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Poaceae | Unknown |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageF. dichotoma is a very variable species. Chromosome analysis of populations from the Indian Punjab has been carried out by Bir et al. (1992a, b).
Reproductive Biology
F. dichotoma reproduces by seeds. Flowering and seed production occur during most of the year. Many seeds are produced which fall to the ground and germinate quickly (Holm et al., 1977). Some seeds can survive in the soil for up to 3 years. Growth of the plants is very rapid.
Environmental Requirements
F. dichotoma exists as a perennial when conditions are favourable, otherwise it occurs as an annual.
It can be found at altitudes from 0 to 1500 m in Indonesia (Holm et al., 1977) and to 1800 m in Colombia (Aristizabal and Posada, 1987). In Brazil, it is found mostly in coastal areas, at altitudes up to 300 m. Where temperatures drop below 10°C, the plant exists only as an annual.
F. dichotoma grows best in moist soils, including poorly aerated soils. It appears to be better adapted to upland soils than F. miliacea (Holm et al., 1977). In Japan, it has been found growing on acidic soils (pH <3) on volcanoes (Tsujimura, 1979) and, in Thailand, it is able to survive high salinity (Nemoto et al., 1987).
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 0 | 1800 | 0 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 5 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 17 | 25 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 20 | 30 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 15 | 20 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 1 | 2 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 1500 | 2500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
- very acid
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageSeeds can be distributed by water.
Vector Transmission (biotic)
Grazing cattle ingest the plants and undigested seeds are excreted without much loss in germinability.
Agricultural Practices
When preparing the soil for planting rice or other crops, the movement of earth and water can disperse the seeds of this and other species of weeds.
Accidental introduction
Nutlets (achenes) and parts of spikelets can contaminate seeds of pasture grasses (Tasrif, 1990).
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
True seeds (inc. grain) | weeds/seeds |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | Negative |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | Positive |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageImpact: Biodiversity
Top of pageRisk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly mobile locally
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
IntroductionF. dichotoma has many similarities to F. miliacea and can be controlled in much the same way (see the data sheet on this species).
Cultural Control
The key to successful cultural control in rice is the establishment of a competitive crop stand. This includes the sowing of weed-free crop seed into a clean seedbed, use of competitive varieties (fast growing, tall and leafy varieties) and maintaining a healthy crop.
Mechanical Control
Inter-row cultivation is an effective, though somewhat laborious, method of control. This should be done when the F. dichotoma is a seedling or small plant and before it competes with the crop. Hand-pulling can be applied to large plants but, by then, the crop will have suffered modest competition.
Chemical Control
Herbicides cited as being suitable for weed control in rice included molinate (pre-emergence) and propanil (early post-emergence; Soerjani et al., 1987).
References
Top of pageAristizabal AG; Posada HR, 1987. Descripción de Malezas em Plantaciones de Café. Bogota, Colombia: Cenicafé, 44-45.
Bir SS; Cheema P; Sidhu MK, 1992. Chromosomal analysis of Fimbristylis Vahl in Punjab, North West India. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 58(1):63-70.
Haines RW; Lye KA, 1983. The Sedges and Rushes of East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Natural History Society.
Holm GL; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger, Malabar, Florida.
Hutchinson J; Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 3. 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents.
IRRI, 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and South East Asia. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
Kissmann KG, 1997. Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Tomo 1, edition 2. Brazil: BASF, 256-258.
Langkamp PJ; Farnell GK; Dalling MJ, 1981. Acetylene reduction rates by selected leguminous and non-leguminous plants of Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Botany, 29(1):1-9.
Lorenzi H, 1982. Plantas Daninhas do Brasil. Nova Odessa, San Paulo, Brazil: H. Lorenzi.
Napper DM, 1965. Cyperaceae of East Africa - III. Cyperus L. Journal of the East African Natural History Society, 25(1):1-27.
Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Soejani M; Kostermans AJGH; Tjitrosoepomo G, 1987. Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka.
Tasrif A, 1989. Weed seeds intercepted from grass and germination ability. BIOTROP Special Publication, No. 38:237-242.
Tsujimura A, 1979. The arrangement of the vegetation of Solfataras according to pH value of soils. Ecological Review, 19(2):59-65.
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Haines RW, Lye KA, 1983. The Sedges and Rushes of East Africa., Nairobi, Kenya: East African Natural History Society.
Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DC, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds., Malabar, Florida, Krieger.
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa., 3 (2nd) London, UK: Crown Agents.
IRRI, 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and South East Asia., Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
Kissmann KG, 1997. (Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas)., 1 (2) Brazil: BASF. 256-258.
Lorenzi H, 1982. (Plantas Daninhas do Brasil)., Nova Odessa San Paulo, Brazil: H. Lorenzi. 400 pp.
Napper DM, 1965. Cyperaceae of East Africa - III. Cyperus L. In: Journal of the East African Natural History Society, 25 (1) 1-27.
Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles., Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
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