| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fruiting plant | Upper part of F. dichotoma plant in fruiting stage. | ©Kurt G. Kissmann | |
| Spikes and achenes | Spikes and achenes of F. dichotoma: (a) spikelet; (b) fertile glume; (c & d) achene; and (e & f) two-branched apex. | ©Kurt G. Kissmann |
Datasheet
Fimbristylis dichotoma (tall fringe rush)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Biology and Ecology
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Impact: Biodiversity
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportPictures
Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl (1805)
Preferred Common Name
- tall fringe rush
Other Scientific Names
- Fimbristylis annua (non R & S) Merr.
- Fimbristylis communis Kunth
- Fimbristylis diphylla (Retz.) Vahl
- Fimbristylis laxa Vahl
- Fimbristylis longispica (non Steud.) Clarke
- Fimbristylis polymorpha Boeck.
- Fimbristylis squarrosa (non Vahl) Miq.
- Scirpus dichotomus L. (1753)
- Scirpus diphyllus Retz.
International Common Names
- English: forked fringerush; twoleaf fimbristylis
- Spanish: arrocillo
- French: fimbristylis dichotome
Local Common Names
- Brazil: falso alecrim da praia
- Colombia: arrocillo; cortadera; coyolillo; namu
- Germany: Einjährige Fransenbinse
- Japan: tentsuki
- Malaysia: rumput kepala lalat; rumput para-para; rumput purun batu
- Taiwan: pyau-fo-tsau
- USA/Hawaii: futaba tentsuki; futaba-tentsuki; futabo-tentuki
EPPO code
- FIMAN (Fimbristylis annua)
- FIMDI (Fimbristylis dichotoma)
- FIMSQ (Fimbristylis squarrosa)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of page
F. dichotoma is an aggressive invader in favourable environments. It is most noted as a weed of paddy rice.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Cyperales
- Family: Cyperaceae
- Genus: Fimbristylis
- Species: Fimbristylis dichotoma
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of page
The genus Fimbristylis belongs to the sedge family (Cyperaceae) and is characterized by the spiral arrangement of the glumes of its spikelets; in Cyperus species, the glumes are presented in two rows. It is a very polymorphous species, variable in habit, hairiness, size of inflorescence, size of glumes, number of stamens and shape of fruits. Several subspecies or varieties are recognized: F. dichotoma subsp. (or var.) dichotoma (perennial, sometimes stiffly hairy), F. dichotoma subsp. depauperata (annual, often softly hairy), F. dichotoma var. laxa (stout perennial), F. dichotoma var. pluristriata (annual with orbicular nutlet).
Description
Top of page
F. dichotoma is a tufted erect, annual or perennial plant, 10-80 cm tall, with numerous long stems about 2 mm in diameter, slightly three-angled, compressed below the inflorescence, nodeless, smooth. The root system is fibrous, wiry, black. Short rhizomes. Leaves numerous, forming a dense tuft at the base of the stem, being at least half as long as the stem, 1.5-5.0 mm wide, sheath margin membranous. Blades flat or slightly concave, abruptly acuminate, without an evident midrib, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, colour green or green-bluish. Ligules a dense fringe of short hairs. Involucral bracts leaf-like, 2-5, relatively short, the lowest can reach the length of the largest ray of the inflorescence (up to 20 cm). Inflorescence a simple or compound, loose or dense umbel. Spikelets some sessile others on distinct slender stalks, plump and rather egg-shaped, pointed, up to 5 mm long and 2 mm broad, round in section, glumes spirally arranged, imbricate, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, 3-10 mm long, fertile glumes shortly mucronate. Spikelets multi-flowered, one to three stamens, style short, thick, two-branched at the apex.
Fruit an obovate to broadly obovate nutlet, 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, biconvex, hard, dry, with about ten longitudinal grooves and transversal lines, brownish, apex round to truncate, at times with the two-branched style persistent.
Fruit an obovate to broadly obovate nutlet, 0.8-1.2 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, biconvex, hard, dry, with about ten longitudinal grooves and transversal lines, brownish, apex round to truncate, at times with the two-branched style persistent.
Distribution
Top of page
F. dichotoma is widely distributed in Asia and Africa, as well as in other parts of the tropics.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
| Burkina Faso | Present | ||||||
| Cameroon | Present | ||||||
| Côte d'Ivoire | Present | ||||||
| Gambia | Present | ||||||
| Ghana | Present | ||||||
| Guinea | Present | ||||||
| Kenya | Present | ||||||
| Liberia | Present | ||||||
| Mali | Present | ||||||
| Nigeria | Present | ||||||
| Senegal | Present | ||||||
| Seychelles | Present | ||||||
| Sierra Leone | Present | ||||||
| Tanzania | Present | ||||||
| -Zanzibar Island | Present | ||||||
| Uganda | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
| Afghanistan | Present | ||||||
| Bangladesh | Present | ||||||
| China | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
| -Anhui | Present | ||||||
| -Guangdong | Present | ||||||
| Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
| India | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Punjab | Present | ||||||
| -Uttar Pradesh | Present | ||||||
| Indonesia | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
| Iraq | Present | ||||||
| Israel | Present | ||||||
| Japan | Present | ||||||
| Laos | Present | ||||||
| Malaysia | Present | ||||||
| Nepal | Present | ||||||
| Pakistan | Present | ||||||
| Philippines | Present | ||||||
| South Korea | Present | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | Present | ||||||
| Taiwan | Present | ||||||
| Thailand | Present | ||||||
| Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Belgium | Present | Introduced | 1911 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
| Puerto Rico | Present | Native | |||||
| Trinidad and Tobago | Present | ||||||
| U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Native | |||||
| United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Alabama | Present | Native | |||||
| -Florida | Present | Native | |||||
| -Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
| -Hawaii | Present | Native | |||||
| -Louisiana | Present | Native | |||||
| -Mississippi | Present | Native | |||||
| -North Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
| -South Carolina | Present | Native | |||||
| -Texas | Present | Native | |||||
| -Virginia | Present | Native | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
| Australia | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
| -Northern Territory | Present | ||||||
| Fiji | Present | ||||||
| French Polynesia | Present | ||||||
| Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
| Brazil | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
| -Goias | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | |||||
| -Maranhao | Present | ||||||
| -Mato Grosso do Sul | Present, Few occurrences | Introduced | |||||
| -Minas Gerais | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
| -Para | Present | ||||||
| -Parana | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
| -Rio de Janeiro | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
| -Rio Grande do Sul | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
| -Santa Catarina | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
| -Sao Paulo | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Habitat
Top of page
F. dichotoma grows well on wet or even flooded soil; it is also found in uplands where the soil has good water retention. It is also found in swamps, open waste places, grassy roadsides, Imperata cylindrica grasslands and some plantation crops. It is a tropical weed, occurring at altitudes up to 1500 (-2500) m in Papua New Guinea (Soerjani et al., 1987).
Habitat List
Top of page| Category | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terrestrial | ||||
| Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | |
| Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
| Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) | |
| Freshwater |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of page
The crops that are most affected by F. dichotoma are those growing on paddy soil, particularly rice. In addition to the crops listed, it can be common and troublesome in pastures (Holm et al., 1977).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of page| Plant name | Family | Context | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ananas comosus (pineapple) | Bromeliaceae | Main | |
| Camellia sinensis (tea) | Theaceae | Main | |
| Colocasia esculenta (taro) | Araceae | Main | |
| Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Main | |
| Tectona grandis (teak) | Lamiaceae | Main | |
| Theobroma cacao (cocoa) | Malvaceae | Unknown | |
| Zoysia matrella (Manila grass) | Poaceae | Unknown |
Biology and Ecology
Top of page
Genetics
F. dichotoma is a very variable species. Chromosome analysis of populations from the Indian Punjab has been carried out by Bir et al. (1992a, b).
Reproductive Biology
F. dichotoma reproduces by seeds. Flowering and seed production occur during most of the year. Many seeds are produced which fall to the ground and germinate quickly (Holm et al., 1977). Some seeds can survive in the soil for up to 3 years. Growth of the plants is very rapid.
Environmental Requirements
F. dichotoma exists as a perennial when conditions are favourable, otherwise it occurs as an annual.
It can be found at altitudes from 0 to 1500 m in Indonesia (Holm et al., 1977) and to 1800 m in Colombia (Aristizabal and Posada, 1987). In Brazil, it is found mostly in coastal areas, at altitudes up to 300 m. Where temperatures drop below 10°C, the plant exists only as an annual.
F. dichotoma grows best in moist soils, including poorly aerated soils. It appears to be better adapted to upland soils than F. miliacea (Holm et al., 1977). In Japan, it has been found growing on acidic soils (pH <3) on volcanoes (Tsujimura, 1979) and, in Thailand, it is able to survive high salinity (Nemoto et al., 1987).
F. dichotoma is a very variable species. Chromosome analysis of populations from the Indian Punjab has been carried out by Bir et al. (1992a, b).
Reproductive Biology
F. dichotoma reproduces by seeds. Flowering and seed production occur during most of the year. Many seeds are produced which fall to the ground and germinate quickly (Holm et al., 1977). Some seeds can survive in the soil for up to 3 years. Growth of the plants is very rapid.
Environmental Requirements
F. dichotoma exists as a perennial when conditions are favourable, otherwise it occurs as an annual.
It can be found at altitudes from 0 to 1500 m in Indonesia (Holm et al., 1977) and to 1800 m in Colombia (Aristizabal and Posada, 1987). In Brazil, it is found mostly in coastal areas, at altitudes up to 300 m. Where temperatures drop below 10°C, the plant exists only as an annual.
F. dichotoma grows best in moist soils, including poorly aerated soils. It appears to be better adapted to upland soils than F. miliacea (Holm et al., 1977). In Japan, it has been found growing on acidic soils (pH <3) on volcanoes (Tsujimura, 1979) and, in Thailand, it is able to survive high salinity (Nemoto et al., 1987).
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of page| Latitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0 | 1800 | 0 |
Air Temperature
Top of page| Parameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | 5 | |
| Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 17 | 25 |
| Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 20 | 30 |
| Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 15 | 20 |
Rainfall
Top of page| Parameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dry season duration | 1 | 2 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
| Mean annual rainfall | 1500 | 2500 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- seasonally waterlogged
Soil reaction
- acid
- neutral
- very acid
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of page
Natural Dispersal (non-biotic)
Seeds can be distributed by water.
Vector Transmission (biotic)
Grazing cattle ingest the plants and undigested seeds are excreted without much loss in germinability.
Agricultural Practices
When preparing the soil for planting rice or other crops, the movement of earth and water can disperse the seeds of this and other species of weeds.
Accidental introduction
Nutlets (achenes) and parts of spikelets can contaminate seeds of pasture grasses (Tasrif, 1990).
Seeds can be distributed by water.
Vector Transmission (biotic)
Grazing cattle ingest the plants and undigested seeds are excreted without much loss in germinability.
Agricultural Practices
When preparing the soil for planting rice or other crops, the movement of earth and water can disperse the seeds of this and other species of weeds.
Accidental introduction
Nutlets (achenes) and parts of spikelets can contaminate seeds of pasture grasses (Tasrif, 1990).
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| True seeds (inc. grain) | weeds/seeds |
Impact Summary
Top of page| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Animal/plant collections | None |
| Animal/plant products | None |
| Biodiversity (generally) | None |
| Crop production | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | None |
| Fisheries / aquaculture | Negative |
| Forestry production | None |
| Human health | None |
| Livestock production | Positive |
| Native fauna | None |
| Native flora | None |
| Rare/protected species | None |
| Tourism | None |
| Trade/international relations | None |
| Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of page
A heavy infestation of F. dichotoma in a rice field affects productivity by competing for nutrients, causing plants to lodge and making mechanical harvesting almost impossible. It is also costly to control the weed.
Impact: Biodiversity
Top of page
F. dichotoma has the capacity to choke other species, altering the local flora.
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page
Invasiveness
- Invasive in its native range
- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly mobile locally
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Damaged ecosystem services
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Negatively impacts agriculture
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
- Difficult/costly to control
Uses
Top of page
Cattle may graze on F. dichotoma (Holm et al., 1977) but it has low nutritional value. It is considered a poor green manure crop and has been used to make inferior mats in the Philippines (Holm et al., 1977).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of page
Fimbristylis spp. are common weeds of rice (IRRI, 1989). The shape of the nutlet (sometimes known as a nut or achene) is a simple diagnostic character of some common sedge weeds of rice: species with a biconvex nutlet are F. acuminata, F. aestivalis, F. dichotoma, F. tomentosa; species with a three-angled nutlet include F. miliacea (=F. littoralis) and many weedy Cyperus spp.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
IntroductionF. dichotoma has many similarities to F. miliacea and can be controlled in much the same way (see the data sheet on this species).
Cultural Control
The key to successful cultural control in rice is the establishment of a competitive crop stand. This includes the sowing of weed-free crop seed into a clean seedbed, use of competitive varieties (fast growing, tall and leafy varieties) and maintaining a healthy crop.
Mechanical Control
Inter-row cultivation is an effective, though somewhat laborious, method of control. This should be done when the F. dichotoma is a seedling or small plant and before it competes with the crop. Hand-pulling can be applied to large plants but, by then, the crop will have suffered modest competition.
Chemical Control
Herbicides cited as being suitable for weed control in rice included molinate (pre-emergence) and propanil (early post-emergence; Soerjani et al., 1987).
References
Top of pageAristizabal AG; Posada HR, 1987. Descripción de Malezas em Plantaciones de Café. Bogota, Colombia: Cenicafé, 44-45.
Bir SS; Cheema P; Sidhu MK, 1992. Chromosomal analysis of Fimbristylis Vahl in Punjab, North West India. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy. Part B, Biological Sciences, 58(1):63-70.
Haines RW; Lye KA, 1983. The Sedges and Rushes of East Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Natural History Society.
Holm GL; Pancho JV; Herberger JP; Plucknett DL, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Krieger, Malabar, Florida.
Hutchinson J; Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa. Volume 3. 2nd edition. London, UK: Crown Agents.
IRRI, 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and South East Asia. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
Kissmann KG, 1997. Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas. Tomo 1, edition 2. Brazil: BASF, 256-258.
Langkamp PJ; Farnell GK; Dalling MJ, 1981. Acetylene reduction rates by selected leguminous and non-leguminous plants of Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory. Australian Journal of Botany, 29(1):1-9.
Lorenzi H, 1982. Plantas Daninhas do Brasil. Nova Odessa, San Paulo, Brazil: H. Lorenzi.
Napper DM, 1965. Cyperaceae of East Africa - III. Cyperus L. Journal of the East African Natural History Society, 25(1):1-27.
Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles. Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
Soejani M; Kostermans AJGH; Tjitrosoepomo G, 1987. Weeds of Rice in Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Balai Pustaka.
Tasrif A, 1989. Weed seeds intercepted from grass and germination ability. BIOTROP Special Publication, No. 38:237-242.
Tsujimura A, 1979. The arrangement of the vegetation of Solfataras according to pH value of soils. Ecological Review, 19(2):59-65.
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, USA. http://plants.usda.gov.
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Haines RW, Lye KA, 1983. The Sedges and Rushes of East Africa., Nairobi, Kenya: East African Natural History Society.
Holm LG, Pancho JV, Herberger JP, Plucknett DC, 1991. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds., Malabar, Florida, Krieger.
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM, 1972. Flora of West Tropical Africa., 3 (2nd) London, UK: Crown Agents.
IRRI, 1989. Weeds Reported in Rice in South and South East Asia., Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute.
Kissmann KG, 1997. (Plantas Infestantes e Nocivas)., 1 (2) Brazil: BASF. 256-258.
Lorenzi H, 1982. (Plantas Daninhas do Brasil)., Nova Odessa San Paulo, Brazil: H. Lorenzi. 400 pp.
Napper DM, 1965. Cyperaceae of East Africa - III. Cyperus L. In: Journal of the East African Natural History Society, 25 (1) 1-27.
Robertson SA, 1989. Flowering Plants of Seychelles., Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens.
USDA-NRCS, 2003. The PLANTS Database. Greensboro, North Carolina, USA: National Plant Data Team. https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov
Distribution Maps
Top of page
You can pan and zoom the map
Save map
Select a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Extent
Invasive
Origin
Third party data sources:
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Please click OK to ACCEPT or Cancel to REJECT