Duponchelia fovealis (Southern European marshland pyralid)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Duponchelia fovealis Zeller
Preferred Common Name
- Southern European marshland pyralid
Other Scientific Names
- Duponchelia canuisalis Milliere
EPPO code
- DUPOFO (Duponchelia fovealis)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Pyralidae
- Genus: Duponchelia
- Species: Duponchelia fovealis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageNewly-hatched larvae are approximately 1.5 mm long, with a shiny black head and a salmon-pink body with numerous grey spots at the base of short hairs. Larvae grow to eventually become 17-19 mm. From the initial pale pink colour of the body, it becomes creamy or dirty white with age, often shiny and partly translucent. The colour of the larvae varies depending on the host plant, although they almost always have a conspicuous black head and distinctive grey-brown spots all over the body, each surrounding a short dark brown hair. Trematerra (1990) provides a detailed description of the larvae, together with a description of the arrangement of the hairs (setulae) and how the arrangement varies between instars. Depending on environmental conditions, larvae are fully grown after about 4 weeks. They pupate in an oval cocoon, 15-19 mm long, composed of soil or other detritus, bound with white silk.
Pupae are 9-10 mm long, pale yellow-brown, becoming darker closer to emergence. Cocoons may be found in the soil, in a web between leaves, or in other hidden places within the vicinity of the plant. Adults emerge in 7-14 days depending on temperature, and live for 2 or 3 weeks.
The adult moths have a wingspan of 19-21 mm and a relatively long, narrow abdomen of 9-12 mm. At rest they have a characteristic posture with the wings held slightly apart and the end of the abdomen curled upwards, sometimes at almost 90° from the horizontal. The forewings are pale olivaceous-umbrose/olive-brown, with two narrow cream/honey-coloured vertical lines. The line nearest the wing tip forms a distinctive U-shaped marking near the centre of the wing, and in the male moth, the line nearest the body ends in a cream coloured wedge shaped fovea/triangular marking. The cilia are irregularly coloured umbrose and pale hazel. The hindwings are pale olive-brown, each with a cream coloured central wavy line and cream-coloured wing fringe. The head, antennae and body are olive brown with each body segment having cream-coloured rings. The legs are pale brown. The male is distinguished from the female by the evident fovea present on the forweings and the slightly longer taped body (Trematerra, 1990).
Trematerra (1990) provides photographs of eggs, larvae and adults, with detailed descriptions and illustrations of male and female genitalia.
Distribution
Top of pageIn continental Europe, D. fovealis occurs outdoors in mainland Spain, for example in Castellon Province (Spuler, 1910) and in some departments of France, for example, Var and Alpes Maritimes (Marion, 1973). Farther north in Europe, D. fovealis is restricted to artificial environments such as glasshouses, especially those that grow aquatic plants, for example in Belgium (Faquaet, 2000), Denmark, Finland (Kyrki and Itaemies, 1984) Germany (Billen, 1993) and Sweden (Svensson, 1999). In The Netherlands, D. fovealis was first identified when a single male was caught in a light trap in 1992 (Huisman and Koster, 1995), although damage caused by the then unidentified larvae had been known since 1989 (Romeijn, 1994). Since 1992, D. fovealis has spread widely in The Netherlands amongst protected cultivation, and it has been found in plastic polytunnels as well as in glasshouses (Romeijn, 1994, 1996; Huisman and Koster, 1995). In the UK, D. fovealis was first recorded from Norwich in 1996 (Hipperson, 1996) and has been reported on a number of occasions since then. Other findings have been from southern England (Essex and Hampshire - Goodey, 1998; Musgrove, 2000), northern England (for example, in Greater Manchester - Cleary-Pugh, 1999) and as far north as south Mainland, Shetland Isles (Goodey, 2000).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 21 Jul 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | Native | |||||
Botswana | Present | Observed in 2021. Central province. Occurrence no. 3070401594 | |||||
Egypt | Present | Alexandria. Collected in 2013. Occurrence no. 1415206379 | |||||
Eswatini | Present | Observed in 2018. | |||||
Kenya | Present | Observed in 2019. Occurrence no. 2423114542 | |||||
Liberia | Present | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Antsiranana. Observed in 2018. Occurrence no. 1880676450 | |||||
Morocco | Present | Collected in 2010. Occurrence no. 1415588423 | |||||
Mozambique | Present | Sofala. Observed in 2017. Occurrence no. 2802802049 | |||||
Namibia | Present | Observed in 2017. Kavango. Occurrence no. 2028434389 | |||||
Seychelles | Present | Aldabra Atoll. Collected in 1968. Occurrence no. 2251227986 | |||||
South Africa | Present | Found in a citrus nursery. | |||||
Tanzania | Present | Collected in 2009. Occurrence no. 1415603762 | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Masvingo. Observed in 2021. Occurrence no. 3302319870 | |||||
Asia |
|||||||
Iraq | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | Collected in 2009. Occurrence no. 1414132939 | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Baluchistan. Collected in 2017. Occurrence no. 2979410919 | |||||
Saudi Arabia | Present | Makkah. Collected in 2014. Occurrence no. 2250555911 | |||||
South Korea | Present | ||||||
Syria | Present | Native | |||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | ||||||
Belgium | Present | Introduced | |||||
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | In greenhouse. | |||||
Croatia | Present | Southern Dalmatia. | |||||
Cyprus | Present | Paphos. Occurrence no. 2823258208 | |||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | 1997 | ||||
Denmark | Present | Multiple observations. | |||||
Finland | Present | Introduced | |||||
France | Present, Localized | Introduced | |||||
-Corsica | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Germany | Present | Introduced | |||||
Gibraltar | Present | ||||||
Greece | Present | Native | |||||
-Crete | Present | Occurrence no. 1416059158 | |||||
Hungary | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | Native | |||||
-Sardinia | Present | Occurrence no. 1415588682 | |||||
-Sicily | Present | Syracuse. Occurrence no. 2882985624 | |||||
Malta | Present | Native | |||||
Montenegro | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present, Only undercover/indoors | ||||||
North Macedonia | Present | Native | |||||
Norway | Present | Telemark. Collected in 2009. Occurrence no. 2250812867 | |||||
Poland | Present, Only undercover/indoors | ||||||
Portugal | Present | Native | |||||
-Madeira | Present | Common in lowland cultivated areas. | |||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
-Canary Islands | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Sweden | Present | Introduced | |||||
United Kingdom | Present | Introduced | 1996 | ||||
-England | Present | Coventry. | |||||
-Scotland | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Absent, Intercepted only | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | Surrey. Collected in 2009. | |||||
-Ontario | Present | Verified in 2020. | |||||
Mexico | Present, Localized | Michoacan. | |||||
United States | Present, Transient under eradication | ||||||
-Alabama | Present | Madison County. Verified in 2019. | |||||
-Arizona | Present | ||||||
-California | Present, Localized, Only undercover/indoors | ||||||
-Colorado | Present | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Indiana | Present | Hamilton County. Verified in 2021. | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Essex County. Observed in 2014. | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | Camden County. Verified in 2015. | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Moore County. Observed in 2012. | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Mahoning County. Observed in 2014. | |||||
-Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
-Oregon | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Northampton County. Verified in 2021. | |||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Bristol County. Verified in 2021. | |||||
-South Carolina | Present | ||||||
-Texas | Present | ||||||
-Virginia | Present | Montgomery County. Verified in 2020. | |||||
-Washington | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Espirito Santo | Present | ||||||
-Minas Gerais | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present, Localized |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageIn addition to the hosts listed, D. fovealis causes economic damage on Bacopa, Cryptocoryne and Echinodorus tropica. Other hosts include Ficus triangulatus and species of Cuphea, Heuchera, Lisianthus and Ophiopogon, and the wild species Malva sylvestris, Mentha pulegium and Oxalis acetosella.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pageList of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Growing point / external feeding | ||
Growing point / frass visible | ||
Growing point / internal feeding; boring | ||
Inflorescence / external feeding | ||
Inflorescence / frass visible | ||
Inflorescence / webbing | ||
Leaves / external feeding | ||
Leaves / frass visible | ||
Leaves / webbing | ||
Leaves / wilting | ||
Roots / internal feeding | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / lodging; broken stems | ||
Whole plant / cut at stem base | ||
Whole plant / external feeding | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageAfter about 4 weeks, larvae are fully developed and form pupae in earthen cells in the soil, or within the protection of a spun web between leaves in the canopy. Pupae in the soil are covered with soil debris and frass. After 1 or 2 weeks the adult emerges. Adults quickly mate and females can lay eggs within 24 hours of emergence (Romeijn, 1996).
There are no reports of cold tolerance or any type of diapause in any life stage. In warm conditions such as in the Canary Isles, there are two generations per year, the first emerging in early summer (April to May) and the second in late summer (August to September) (Spuler, 1910). In northern Europe there is one generation per year.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageD. fovealis is not recorded as a vector of any pathogen.
Movement in trade
The occurrence of D. fovealis in glasshouses in northern Europe suggests that the exchange and trade of host plants in commercial trade provides a mechanism for the spread of this pest. In fact, D. fovealis has been detected in consignments of Heuchera and Sambucus plants for planting exported from The Netherlands to the UK (EPPO, 1999a, b). Three of the findings of D. fovealis within the UK have been from within private dwellings (houses), providing circumstantial evidence that the pest was moved with houseplants (Musgrove, 2000).
In spring, 2005, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency confirmed the presence of D. fovealis in three Ontario cut flower production greenhouses. All three facilities were known to have imported propagative plant material from countries where the insect is known to occur (Miller-Cormier, 2005).
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Fruits (inc. pods) | arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Growing medium accompanying plants | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Leaves | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Roots | arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually invisible | |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually invisible |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Loose wood packing material |
Non-wood |
Processed or treated wood |
Solid wood packing material with bark |
Solid wood packing material without bark |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | Negative |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageIn 1984, D. fovealis was found causing damage to an ornamental crop in a glasshouse in Finland. It was the first record of damage in northern Europe (Kyrki and Itaemies, 1984). Since then it has been reported causing damage to protected crops in Denmark, France, Germany and also The Netherlands (Trematerra, 1990), where it is a serious pest of Eustoma grandiflorum, Kalanchoe, Cyclamen and Begonia (Messelink and van Wensveen, 2003).
In The Netherlands, the moth was first identified in 1989 at a water-plant nursery, where the grower said it had occurred each autumn for a number of years previously on plants imported from the Canary Isles (Romeijn, 1996). Within The Netherlands, D. fovealis has spread widely and has spread into vegetable crops such as Capsicum (sweet peppers) and lettuce growing under glass (Romeijn, 1996). Exports of sweet peppers from The Netherlands to the USA have been hampered by the presence of D. fovealis larvae in the fruit (Romeijn, 1996).
German glasshouses growing aquatic plants (in Berlin and Stuttgart) have also suffered from D. fovealis damage (Huisman and Koster, 1995). In 1998, D. fovealis was recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time as a troublesome pest of aquatic plants cultivated under glass (Marek and Bartova, 1998).
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Once a pest population has been detected, larvae can be targeted by foliar applications of insecticides. The insect growth regulator teflubenzuron can provide effective control. However, control may be difficult as caterpillars inside stems will be protected from treatment. Indeed, Trematerra (1990) suggested that intervention to control the pest may be futile; instead, young plants that are infested should be pricked out (roguing).
In lettuce in The Netherlands, good control was reported using Bacillus thuringiensis, but control has not been as good in other crops. The use of entomopathogenic nematodes, i.e. Steinernema sp., is also reported as a useful treatment, particularly under conditions of high humidity, since the nematodes may be able to locate the concealed larvae (Jackel et al., 1994).
In laboratory trials, the soil-dwelling mites Hypoaspis miles and H. aculeifer, as well as the staphilinid beetle Atheta coriaria, provided excellent control of eggs and first-instar larvae (Messelink and van Wensveen, 2003).
References
Top of pageBillen W, 1993. On the harmfulness of Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller, 1847) in Germany (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). Nota Lepidopterol, 16: 3-4, p. 212
Bradley JD, 2000. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Ises, Second Edition (revised)
Clark JS, 2000. Duponchelia fovealis arriving on imported plant material, Atropos 10:20-21
Cleary-Pugh P, 1999. A further record of Duponchelia fovealis, Atrpos, 8:54
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Faquaet M, 2000. Duponchelia fovealis, een nieuwe soort voor de Belgische fauna (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Phegea 28:(1)
Goodey B, 1998. Second British record of Duponchelia fovealis, Atropos, 5:70
Goodey B, 2000. Duponchelia fovealis resident in Essex? e-message UK-Leps bulletin board (http://www.egroups.co.jp/message/uk-leps/555)
Greib G, 1996. Auch in rheinischen Zierpflanzenbetrieben beobachet: neuer Schadschmetterling (Duponchelia fovealis). Rheinische Monatsschrift fur Gemuse-, Obst- und Zierpflanzen, 532-533
Hipperson D, 1996. The first British record of Duponchelia fovealis, Atrpos, 3
Huisman KJ, Koster JC, 1995. New and interesting Microlepidoptera from The Netherlands (Lepidoptera) in the year 1992. Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 55(4):53-67
Jackel B, Kummer B, Kurzhals M, 1994. Problemschadling Duponchelia, De Ga Pflanzenschultz, 31:1698-1700
Kyrki J, Itaemies J, 1984. Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) introduced into Finland. Nota Entomol., 64(2):80
Marion H, 1973. Revision des Pyraustidae de France (suite). Alexanor, 8:139-136
Messelink G, van Wensveen W, 2003. Biocontrol of Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) with soil-dwelling predators in potted plants. Proceedings of the 55th International Symposium on Crop Protection, Ghent, May 6th 2003. Communications in Agricultural And Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University 68(4a):159-165
Miller-Cormier D, 2005. Duponchelia fovealis - Finding in Ontario Cut Flower Production Facilities. Official Pest Reports for Canada, 07/15/2005 http://www.pestalert.org/notifications.cfm?region=Canada#146
Musgrove A, 2000. Another indoor record of Duponchelia fovealis, Atropos, 9:82-83
NAPPO, 2010. Phytosanitary Alert System: Thirteen new state detections of Duponchelia fovealis, United States. NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=466
Romeijn G, 1994. Duponchelia fovealis: A new pest in glasshouses. Plant Protection Service Annual Report 1992, 50
Romeijn G, 1996. [Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller): the new hazard]. Groenten + Fruit, Dec 13 1996: 12-13
Spuler A, 1910. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Kleinschmetterlinge, 1-523, Stuttgart, Germany
Szaboky C, 1994. New data for the Hungarian Microlepidoptera fauna: The Hungarian distribution of Anchia species and the first Hungarian record of Duponchelia fovealis Zeller, 1847. Folia Entomologica Hungarica, 55:406-407
Distribution References
Aguiar A M F, Karsholt O, 2006. Systematic Catalogue of the Entomofauna of the Madeira Archipelago and Selvagens Islands. In: Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal, 9 5-139. http://www.ibigbiology.com/fotos/publicacoes/publicacoes_Lepid_Madeira.pdf
Billen W, 1993. On the harmfulness of Duponchelia fovealis (Zeller, 1847) in Germany (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). In: Nota Lepidopterol, 16 3-4, 212.
Bradley J D, 2000a. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Isles (second edition)., D.J. Bradley & M.J. Bradley. 116.
Bradley JD, 2000. Checklist of Lepidoptera recorded from the British Ises, Second Edition (revised).,
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Clark JS, 2000. Duponchelia fovealis arriving on imported plant material. In: Atropos, 10 20-21.
Faquaet M, 2000. (Duponchelia fovealis, een nieuwe soort voor de Belgische fauna (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)). In: Phegea, 28 (1)
Greib G, 1996. (Auch in rheinischen Zierpflanzenbetrieben beobachet: neuer Schadschmetterling (Duponchelia fovealis)). In: Rheinische Monatsschrift fur Gemuse-, Obst- und Zierpflanzen, 532-533.
Jackel B, Kummer B, Kurzhals M, 1994. (Problemschadling Duponchelia). In: De Ga Pflanzenschultz, 31 1698-1700.
Karsholt O, Razowski J, 1996a. The Lepidoptera of Europe: a distributional checklist., Stenstrup, Denmark: Apollo Books. 380 pp.
Kimber I, 2021. Duponchelia fovealis. In: UK Moths, https://www.ukmoths.org.uk/
Kyrki J, Itaemies J, 1984. Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) introduced into Finland. In: Nota Entomol, 64 (2) 80.
Lotts K, Naberhaus T, 2021. Butterflies and Moths of North America., http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/
Marion H, 1973. (Revision des Pyraustidae de France (suite)). In: Alexanor, 8 139-136.
Miller-Cormier D, 2005. Duponchelia fovealis - Finding in Ontario Cut Flower Production Facilities. In: Official Pest Reports for Canada, 07/15/2005, http://www.pestalert.org/notifications.cfm?region=Canada#146
NAPPO, 2010a. Phytosanitary Alert System: Thirteen new state detections of Duponchelia fovealis, United States., NAPPO. http://www.pestalert.org/oprDetail.cfm?oprID=466
NAPPO, 2010c. Thirteen new state detections of Duponchelia fovealis, United States. In: North American Plant Protection Organization Phytosanitary Alert System Official Pest Report, https://www.pestalerts.org/official-pest-report/thirteen-new-state-detections-duponchelia-fovealis-united-states
naturgucker, 2021. Specimen record from the naturgucker collection. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/uc1apo accessed via GBIF.org.,
NHM, 2001. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum (London, UK)., London, UK: Natural History Museum (London).
Romeijn G, 1994. Duponchelia fovealis: A new pest in glasshouses. In: Plant Protection Service Annual Report 1992, 50
Slieker F J A, van der Es H, Andeweg R, Langeveld B W, 2021. Specimen record from the collection in the Natural History Museum, Rotterdam. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/kwqaay accessed via GBIF.org.,
Spuler A, 1910. Die Schmetterlinge Europas. Kleinschmetterlinge. Stuttgart, Germany: 523 pp.
Stadel Nielsen P, 2021. Specimen record from the collection in Bugbase, Lepidopterological Society of Denmark. Version 9.6. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/fhqj1a accessed via GBIF.org.,
The International Barcode of Life Consortium, 2016. Specimen record from the collection in the International Barcode of Life project (iBOL) database, accessed via GBIF.org., https://www.gbif.org/
Ueda K, 2020. Specimen record in iNaturalist Research-grade Observations. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ab3s5x accessed via GBIF.org., GBIF. https://www.gbif.org
Zawadneak M A, Gonçalves R, Pimentel I, Schuber J, Santos B, Poltronieri A, Solis M, 2016. First record of Duponchelia fovealis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in South America. Idesia. 34 (-), 91-15. DOI:10.4067/S0718-34292016000300011
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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