Sphaeropsis sapinea (Sphaeropsis blight)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Plant Trade
- Impact
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Diagnosis
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton 1980
Preferred Common Name
- Sphaeropsis blight
Other Scientific Names
- Botryodiplodia pinea (Desm.) Petr. 1922
- Diplodia conigena Desm. 1846
- Diplodia pinastri Grove 1916
- Diplodia pinea (Desm.) J. Kickx F. 1867
- Granulodiplodia sapinea (Fr.) M. Morelet & Lanier 1973
- Macrophoma pinea (Desm.) Petr. & Syd. 1926
- Macrophoma sapinea (Fr.) Petr. 1962
- Phoma pinastri Lév.
- Sphaeria pinea Desm. 1842
- Sphaeropsis ellisii Sacc. 1884
- Sphaeropsis pinastri (Lév.) Sacc. 1884
International Common Names
- English: dieback: pine; Diplodia blight; Diplodia canker; Diplodia shoot blight; Diplodia tip blight; shoot blight: conifers; shoot dieback: conifers; Sphaeropsis canker; Sphaeropsis shoot blight; Sphaeropsis tip blight; tip blight: conifers; twig blight: conifers; whorl canker: pine
- Spanish: marchitez de los brotes del pino
- French: deperissement des pousses du pin
Local Common Names
- Germany: Triebspitzenkrankheit: Kiefer
EPPO code
- DIPDPI (Diplodia pinea)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageTaxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Fungi
- Phylum: Ascomycota
- Subphylum: Pezizomycotina
- Class: Lecanoromycetes
- Subclass: Lecanoromycetidae
- Order: Lecanorales
- Family: Acarosporaceae
- Genus: Sphaeropsis
- Species: Sphaeropsis sapinea
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageDistribution
Top of pageDistribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Eswatini | Present | ||||||
Ethiopia | Present | ||||||
Kenya | Present | ||||||
Malawi | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Morocco | Present | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | ||||||
South Africa | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | ||||||
Tunisia | Present | 2006 | |||||
Uganda | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Guangdong | Present | ||||||
-Heilongjiang | Present | ||||||
-Hubei | Present | ||||||
-Hunan | Present | ||||||
-Jiangsu | Present | ||||||
-Shanghai | Present | ||||||
Georgia | Present | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | ||||||
India | Present | ||||||
-Jammu and Kashmir | Present | ||||||
Indonesia | Present | Original citation: de Wet et al., 2000 | |||||
Iran | Present | ||||||
Israel | Present | ||||||
Japan | Present | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | ||||||
-Sabah | Present | ||||||
Taiwan | Present | ||||||
Thailand | Present | ||||||
Turkey | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Austria | Present | ||||||
Belgium | Present | ||||||
Bulgaria | Present | ||||||
Croatia | Present | ||||||
Cyprus | Present | ||||||
Czechia | Present | ||||||
Estonia | Present | Introduced | 2007 | ||||
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia | Present | ||||||
Finland | Present | ||||||
France | Present | ||||||
Germany | Present | ||||||
Hungary | Present | ||||||
Ireland | Present | ||||||
Italy | Present | ||||||
-Sardinia | Present | ||||||
Lithuania | Present | ||||||
Netherlands | Present | Original citation: van Dijk et al., 1992 | |||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | 1917 | ||||
Portugal | Present | ||||||
-Azores | Present | ||||||
Romania | Present | Introduced | 1934 | ||||
Serbia | Present | ||||||
Slovakia | Present | ||||||
Slovenia | Present | ||||||
Spain | Present | ||||||
Sweden | Present | ||||||
Switzerland | Present | ||||||
Ukraine | Present | ||||||
United Kingdom | Present | ||||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | ||||||
-Manitoba | Present | Original citation: Hauzner et al., 1999 | |||||
-Newfoundland and Labrador | Present | ||||||
-Ontario | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
Cuba | Present | ||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present | ||||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-California | Present | ||||||
-Connecticut | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Delaware | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Florida | Present | ||||||
-Hawaii | Present | ||||||
-Idaho | Present | ||||||
-Illinois | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Iowa | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Kansas | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Kentucky | Present | ||||||
-Louisiana | Present | 2007 | |||||
-Maine | Present | ||||||
-Maryland | Present | ||||||
-Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present, Widespread | Invasive | |||||
-Minnesota | Present, Widespread | Invasive | |||||
-Mississippi | Present | 2007 | |||||
-Missouri | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present, Widespread | Invasive | |||||
-Nevada | Present | Invasive | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-North Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Ohio | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
-Pennsylvania | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Rhode Island | Present | ||||||
-South Carolina | Present | ||||||
-South Dakota | Present, Widespread | ||||||
-Tennessee | Present | ||||||
-Texas | Present | 2005 | |||||
-Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Washington | Present | ||||||
-West Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Wisconsin | Present, Widespread | Invasive | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Invasive | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Invasive | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Invasive | |||||
-South Australia | Present | Invasive | |||||
-Tasmania | Present | Invasive | |||||
-Victoria | Present | Invasive | Original citation: Milikan & Anderson, 1957 | ||||
-Western Australia | Present | Invasive | |||||
New Zealand | Present | Invasive | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Argentina | Present | ||||||
Brazil | Present | ||||||
-Parana | Present | ||||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | ||||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | ||||||
Paraguay | Present | ||||||
Uruguay | Present | ||||||
Venezuela | Present |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHosts/Species Affected
Top of pageHigh incidence and severity of disease have been reported on native Pinus banksiana, P. ponderosa and P. resinosa in nurseries, plantations, windbreaks, and some natural stands in the north-eastern, north-central and plains states of the USA and adjacent Canada. When grown as ornamentals, in windbreaks, or for Christmas trees, the exotic species Pinus mugo, P. nigra and P. sylvestris may also be severely damaged in the same regions. In Europe, P. nigra may be severely damaged. Economic damage has occurred in exotic plantings of Pinus radiata and P. patula in the southern hemisphere.
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pageGrowth Stages
Top of pageSymptoms
Top of pagePalmer and Nicholls (1985) noted shoot blight of 1-year-old red pine seedlings evidenced by dead terminal buds and upper needles and symptoms on older seedlings including death of new shoots during shoot expansion and needle elongation. Exudation of resin droplets may be the first symptom of infection on either needles or succulent stems. Needles become discoloured and are often killed without elongating beyond fascicle sheaths. Water-soaked, purplish-brown stem lesions may expand as stems become stunted, curled, hardened, resin-encrusted and necrotic (Chou, 1976). Seedlings in nurseries and recently planted seedlings and saplings may be killed by Sphaeropsis collar rot (Palmer and Nicholls, 1985; Stanosz and Cummings Carlson, 1996), characterized by discoloured, necrotic bark and dark discoloration of wood in the lower stem and root collar. Foliage on the entire seedling or sapling becomes chlorotic, desiccated and brown as the stem is girdled.
Initial symptoms of shoot blight on established trees resemble those on seedlings, but symptoms become more severe as colonization progresses. The fungus proceeds from killed shoot tips or diseased cones into woody stems to cause cankers (Waterman, 1943; Chou, 1976). Exudation of resin may be copious and dead needles are often retained. On younger stems, smooth bark may be depressed and turn brown as it dies. The underlying wood may be stained green to brown to blue to black and be resin-soaked. Older cankers may be bounded by callus. Entire branches or whorls of branches may be killed as the pathogen progressively invades, and substantial dieback or dead tops can result. Subsequent forking or branching of diseased leaders may result in substantial defect (Currie and Toes, 1978).
Severe crown symptoms and tree death may follow hailstorms, drought or pruning. Zwolinski et al. (1990b) estimated loss of as much as half the live foliage, death of 50-80% of leaders, and up to almost 20% tree mortality in Pinus radiata plantations in South Africa in the months after a hail event. Chou (1987) described crown wilt of P. radiata associated with the colonization and killing of inner bark, the extensive invasion and blue staining of wood, and subsequent desiccation. Grey to blue to black staining of wood may occur in freshly cut logs and green lumber (Young, 1937; Kreber et al., 2001) and also in roots colonized by S. sapinea (Wingfield and Knox-Davies, 1980).
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Fruit / abnormal shape | ||
Fruit / discoloration | ||
Fruit / lesions: black or brown | ||
Fruit / ooze | ||
Fruit / reduced size | ||
Growing point / dieback | ||
Growing point / discoloration | ||
Growing point / distortion | ||
Growing point / lesions | ||
Growing point / wilt | ||
Leaves / necrotic areas | ||
Leaves / ooze | ||
Leaves / wilting | ||
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Roots / soft rot of cortex | ||
Seeds / discolorations | ||
Seeds / distortion | ||
Seeds / rot | ||
Seeds / shrivelled | ||
Stems / canker on woody stem | ||
Stems / dieback | ||
Stems / discoloration | ||
Stems / discoloration of bark | ||
Stems / gummosis or resinosis | ||
Stems / internal discoloration | ||
Stems / necrosis | ||
Stems / ooze | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback | ||
Whole plant / seedling blight |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageAltered host condition strongly influences the incidence and severity of disease. Field observations include long association of outbreaks with drought (Nicholls and Ostry, 1990). Experimental data from studies of potted trees (Bachi and Peterson, 1985; Chou, 1987; Blodgett et al., 1997a) and established plantation trees (Blodgett et al., 1997b) for which water status has been manipulated, support the importance of low host water potential in the induction of susceptibility. Outbreaks have also been associated with altered host nutrition (De Kam et al., 1991; Van Dijk et al., 1992; Stanosz and Trobaugh, 1996). The effects of tree age and seasonal conditioning on host susceptibility have also been observed (Chou, 1977, 1982).
The often sudden development of disease can in part be explained by the discovery that S. sapinea can persist on or in its hosts in the absence of any obvious symptoms. Virulent isolates of the pathogen have been obtained from various organs of naturally infected but asymptomatic pines including Pinus banksiana, P. nigra, P. patula, P. resinosa, P. sylvestris and P. radiata (Smith et al., 1996; Stanosz et al., 1997; Flowers et al., 2001). The fungus has also been re-isolated from wounded and inoculated seedlings of several other conifer species on which symptoms were not produced (Blodgett and Stanosz, 1999). Using naturally infected, potted P. resinosa seedlings, Stanosz et al. (2001) demonstrated that water stress can release S. sapinea from quiescence to result in rapid disease development and seedling mortality, thus proving the potential of S. sapinea to act as a latent pathogen sensu Mussell (1980).
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pestalotia cryptomeriae | Pathogen |
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageConidia of S. sapinea are released under moist conditions and disseminated by rainsplash or wind-driven rain. Thick-walled conidia are very durable and could remain not germinated but viable for long periods on seed, debris, other plants, wood products, etc. Feci et al. (2002) demonstrated that conidia are carried by the cone bug Gastrodes grossipes, which is associated with cones of Pinus nigra in Italy.
Movement in Trade/Transport
In trade, the pathogen could be moved on or in cones, seed, any above- or below-ground organ of colonized seedlings or larger trees or their parts, logs, green lumber, and chips, bark or mulch. The ability of S. sapinea to persist asymptomatically on or in trees and tree parts provides additional potential for movement.
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Leaves | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Roots | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
True seeds (inc. grain) | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Wood | fungi/fruiting bodies; fungi/hyphae; fungi/spores | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope |
Impact
Top of pageLosses in the production of Pinus radiata in the southern hemisphere have been reported in more detail. Zwolinski et al. (1990a) quantified the losses resulting from a post-hail outbreak of dieback induced by S. sapinea affecting approximately 2000 ha of mostly P. radiata in the Cape Province of South Africa. The timber loss in compartments prematurely harvested was about 28% of the volume and 55% of the value of potential production. The percentage volume loss increased with plantation age, with the greatest losses recorded on good quality sites. Great losses were also documented for a P. radiata stand affected by S. sapinea in New Zealand (Currie and Toes, 1978). There was a close association between the severity of dieback, tree malformation, and loss in merchantable tree volume. A reduction of 63% in merchantable tree volume was estimated. In contrast, despite a high incidence of top death in some (usually younger) stands of P. radiata in north-eastern Victoria, Australia, the overall effect on tree growth and on volume and value of merchantable wood was small (Wright and Marks, 1970). The volume of degraded wood in this study ranged from 0.5 to 5.5% of the possible volume.
Economic Impact
Top of pageLosses in the production of Pinus radiata in the southern hemisphere have been reported in more detail. Zwolinski et al. (1990a) quantified the losses resulting from a post-hail outbreak of dieback induced by S. sapinea affecting approximately 2000 ha of mostly P. radiata in the Cape Province of South Africa. The timber loss in compartments prematurely harvested was about 28% of the volume and 55% of the value of potential production. The percentage volume loss increased with plantation age, with the greatest losses recorded on good quality sites. Great losses were also documented for a P. radiata stand affected by S. sapinea in New Zealand (Currie and Toes, 1978). There was a close association between the severity of dieback, tree malformation, and loss in merchantable tree volume. A reduction of 63% in merchantable tree volume was estimated. In contrast, despite a high incidence of top death in some (usually younger) stands of P. radiata in north-eastern Victoria, Australia, the overall effect on tree growth and on volume and value of merchantable wood was small (Wright and Marks, 1970). The volume of degraded wood in this study ranged from 0.5 to 5.5% of the possible volume.
Environmental Impact
Top of pageDiagnosis
Top of pageThe analysis of molecular markers allows confirmation of S. sapinea. Differences in ITS and 5.8S rDNA sequences among S. sapinea and closely related species are small (Zhou and Stanosz, 2001). Comparison of inter simple sequence repeat fingerprints of genomic DNA, however, allows differentiation of S. sapinea from Diplodia scrobiculata (formerly differentiated as the B morphotype or B group of S. sapinea) (De Wet et al., 2003) as well as other species of Botryosphaeria and related anamorphic fungi with pigmented conidia (Zhou et al., 2001). Restriction enzyme analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences also differentiated isolates of S. sapinea from those of D. scrobiculata (Hausner et al., 1999). Identification of isolates as S. sapinea or D. scrobiculata can also be accomplished by polymerase chain reaction amplification of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers specific to each species (Stanosz et al., 1999).
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Phytosanitary MeasuresSpecific information is lacking regarding the effectiveness of measures to disinfest seed, or treat logs or lumber, to prevent movement of S. sapinea.
Cultural Control and Sanitary Methods
The removal and destruction of colonized shoots, branches and cones can prevent further invasion of a diseased tree and reduce the availability of inoculum for further spread. Host species should not be used for windbreaks in nurseries and it may be desirable to remove significantly damaged trees from production areas. Excessive pruning should be avoided and pruning and shearing should be limited to dry weather when inoculum is less available. The association of disease with water stress (Nicholls and Ostry, 1990; Blodgett et al., 1997a, b) and altered nutrition (De Kam et al., 1991; Van Dijk et al., 1992; Stanosz and Trobaugh, 1996) suggests that maintaining favourable moisture status and avoiding excesses in nitrogen may reduce the incidence and/or severity of disease. Less susceptible or non-host species should be considered for sites with a history of unacceptable damage.
Host-Plant Resistance
The incidence and severity of symptoms varies among host species. The most damaged species are found among the two- and three-needled 'hard pines' (subgenus Diploxylon); five-needled 'soft pines' (subgenus Haploxylon) and non-pine hosts are generally less susceptible. Within the former group, non-wounded Pinus resinosa seedlings inoculated with conidia in greenhouse trials exhibited a lower incidence and less severe symptoms than Pinus banksiana seedlings (Blodgett and Stanosz, 1997). Ranked from greatest to least severity of symptoms in response to wounding and inoculation of terminal shoots with S. sapinea were Pinus sylvestris, P. resinosa, Picea pungens, Pinus mugo, Pseudotsuga menziesii and Abies balsamea (Blodgett and Stanosz, 1999). Differences in responses of pine species cultivated in South Africa to inoculation with S. sapinea were quantified by Swart et al. (1988). In a growth chamber experiment, inoculated seedlings of Pinus kesiya, P. pinaster and P. radiata exhibited greater frequencies of dead shoots than those of P. elliottii, P. patula and P. taeda. On trees inoculated in the field, a greater frequency of shoot death and longer cambial lesions occurred for P. radiata than for P. elliottii and P. pinaster.
Variation in host response to S. sapinea has also been observed within species. Burdon et al. (1982) studied responses of inoculated progenies of parents selected for freedom from S. sapinea-associated shoot dieback on a site of very high disease incidence. As a group these progenies showed a lower incidence of disease than control seedlots, and there was also considerable variation among these progenies. Gerhold et al. (1994) noted differences in response to inoculation among varieties of P. sylvestris seedlings. Variation in disease tolerance between provenances and among families of Pinus greggii following natural infection by S. sapinea has also been reported (Smith et al., 2002).
Chemical Control
Fungicide applications have reduced the incidence of shoot blight and may be appropriate for nurseries, Christmas tree plantations, ornamental plantings and windbreaks (Van Der Westhuizen, 1968; Schweitzer and Sinclair, 1976; Peterson, 1977; Palmer et al., 1986; Stanosz and Smith, 1996). Stanosz and Smith (1996) found similar efficacy of thiophanate methyl and chlorothalonil on Pinus resinosa seedlings. However, asymptomatic persistence of virulent strains of S. sapinea can occur on or in hosts in spite of fungicide use (Stanosz et al., 1997). Proliferation of S. sapinea in raw logs and freshly sawn lumber has been suppressed by treatment with methyl bisthiocyanate and 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (Kreber et al., 2001).
References
Top of pageAnon., 1942. Principales enfermedades parasitarias que fueron objeto de consulta en el primer semester de 1942. Bol. Sandid. Veg., Santiago 2: unnumbered pages.
Anon., 1966. List of important diseases and pests of economic plants in Japan, 591pp. Tokyo: Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo K.K.
Birch TTC, 1936. Diplodia pinea in New Zealand. New Zealand State Forest Service Bulletin No. 8.
Blodgett JT; Bonello P; Stanosz GR, 2003. An effective medium for isolating Sphaeropsis sapinea from asymptomatic pines. Forest Pathology, 33:395-404.
Chandrasrikul A, 1962. A preliminary host list of plant diseases in Thailand. Technical Bulletin 6. Bangkok, Thailand: Department of Agriculture.
Chen C; Chang H, 1966. Pine tip blight in Taiwan. Plant Protection Bulletin 8:169-172.
Curtis KM, 1930. A dieback of Pinus radiata and P. muricata caused by the fungus Botryodiplodia pinea (Desm.) Petr. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 56:52-57.
De Carvalho I, 1948. Relacao preliminar de dofncas encontradas em plantes e insectos com anatacoes fitopatologicas. Coloia de Mocambique, Reporticao de Agricultura, Seccao de Micologia.
De Wet J; Burgess T; Slippers B; Presig O; Wingfield B; Wingfield MJ, 2003. Multiple gene genealogies and microsatellite markers reflect relationships between morphotypes of Sphaeropsis sapinea and distinguish a new species of Diplodia. Mycological Research, 107:557-566.
Denman S; Crous P; Taylor JE; Kang J; Pascoe I; Wingfield MJ, 2000. An overview of the taxonomic history of Botryosphaeria, and a re-evaluation of its anamorphs based on morphology and ITS rDNA phylogeny. Studies in Mycology, 45:129-140.
Dennis RWG; Reid DA; Spooner B, 1977. The fungi of the Azores. Kew Bulletin, 32(1):85-136
Hedgecock GG, 1932. Notes on the distribution of some fungi associated with diseases of conifers. Plant Disease Reporter, 16:28-42.
IMI Herbarium, 1900-. Herbarium specimen. International Mycological Institute (now CABI Bioscience) Herbarium. Egham, UK: CABI Bioscience.
James R, 1984. Tip blight of ponderosa pine seedlings at the Fantasy Farms Nursery, Peck, Idaho. USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Forestry and Pest Management, Northern Region, Missoula, Montana, Rep. 84-3.
Karadzic D, 1983. Needle diseases of black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.). Zastita Bilja, 34(3):329-342
Kluge E, 1963. Douglas Fir seedling tip disease. Sozial. Forstw., Berl. 13 (8), (249-51). 4 refs.
Lawrence E, 1951. Report of the Acting Director of Agriculture. Rep. Dep. Agric. Nyasald, 1949.
May LC, 1964. Molestias de coniferas ocorrentes no estado de São Paulo. Silvicult. São Paolo, 3:221-245.
Milijasevic T, 1994. Sphaeropsis blight in Yugoslavia. In: Capretti P, Heiniger U, Stephan R, eds. Shoot and Foliage Diseases in Forest Trees. Proc. of Joint Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.06.02 and S2.06.04, June 1994, Valombrosa, Italy. Firenze, Italy: Inst. Patologia Zoologia Forestale e Agaria, Univ. degli Studi di Firenze, 273.
Molin N; Persson M; Persson S, 1961. Root parasites on forest tree seedlings. Some exploratory tests of the resistance of germinant seedlings and the virulence of some potential parasites. Medd. Skogsforskn Inst. Stockh., 49:1-16.
Moore WC, 1959. British parasitic fungi. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 430 pp.
Mussell H, 1980. Tolerance to disease. In: Horsfall JG, Cowling EB, eds. Plant Disease: An Advanced Treatise. Vol. 5. How plants defend themselves. New York, USA: Academic Press, 39-52.
Nattrass RM, 1961. Host lists of Kenya fungi and bacteria. Mycological Papers, 81:1-46.
Oliveira ALF, 1944. Um fungo parasita do Pinus halepensis, Miller. Agros, 27:158-164.
Prodan I, 1935. Diplodia pinea (Desm.) Kickx in Rumänien. Bul. Inf. Grad. bot. Cluj, 14:240-243.
Punithalingham E; Waterston JM, 1970. Diplodia pinea. No. 273 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. Kew, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Riley EA, 1960. A revised list of plant diseases in Tanganyika Territory. Mycological Papers, 75:1-42.
Rodger GJ, 1942. Annual report for the year ended 30th June, 1941. South Australia: Woods and Forests Department.
Saravi Cisneros R, 1950. El marchitamiento de los Pinos provocado por ’Diplodia pinea’ Kickx en la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina). Rev. Fac. Agron. La Plata, Ser. 3, 27:163-179.
Shen BK, 1990. Pine die-back disease found in Jiangsu Province. Forest Pest and Disease, No. 1:47
Stiki A, 1994. Crown wilt of Pinus associated to Sphaeropsis sapinea infection of woody stems. In: Capretti P, Heiniger U, Stephan R, eds. Shoot and Foliage Diseases in Forest Trees. Proc. of Joint Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.06.02 and S2.06.04, June 1994, Valombrosa, Italy. Firenze, Italy: Inst. Patologia Zoologia Forestale e Agaria, Univ. degli Studi di Firenze, 254-262.
Tobisch J, 1938. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Pilzflora von Kärten. V. Ost. Bot. Z., 87:273-315.
Torres JJ, 1964. Estudio de una micosis del Pino Carrasco que afecta a algunas repoblaciones de la provincial de Córdoba. An. Inst. for. Invest. Exp., 36:103-108.
Van Der Westhuizen GCA, 1968. Some aspects of the biology of Diplodia pinea in relation to its control by fungicides. South African Forestry Journal, 65:6-14.
Viennot-Bourgin G; Ale-Agha N; Ershad D, 1970. Les champignons parasites de l’Iran (nouvelle contribution). Annls Phytopath., 2:689-734.
Walla JA, 1979. Diplodia pinea found in North Dakota. Plant Disease Reporter, 63(6):464
Waterman AM, 1943. Diplodia pinea the cause of a disease of hard Pines. Phytopathology 33 (1018-31).
Whiteside JO, 1966. A revised list of plant diseases in Rhodesia. Kirkia, 5:87-196.
Young HE, 1936. The species of Diplodia affecting forest trees in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 46:310-327.
Young HE, 1937. The prevention of blue stain in hoop pine logs. Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 3:160-162.
Zhou S; Stanosz JC; Stanosz GR, 1997. Logging debris may provide inoculum of Sphaeropsis sapinea for its establishment in next rotation of Pinus resinosa. Phytopathology, 87:S109.
Zwolinski JB; Swart WJ; Wingfield MJ, 1990. Intensity of dieback induced by Sphaeropsis sapinea in relation to site conditions. European Journal of Forest Pathology, 20:167-174.
Distribution References
Anon, 1966. List of important diseases and pests of economic plants in Japan., Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Tokushu Noyaku Seizo K.K. 591 pp.
Bhat S, Beig MA, Dar GH, Yousuf S, Rasool F, Gupta V, 2018. First Report of Diplodia pinea [(Desmaz.) J. Kick x fil] on Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana Jackson) from Asia. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 7 (6), 3158-3166. https://www.ijcmas.com/abstractview.php?ID=8468&vol=7-6-2018&SNo=371 DOI:https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.371
Birch T T C, 1936. New Zealand State Forest Service Bulletin,
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Chen C, Chang H, 1966. Pine tip blight in Taiwan. In: Plant Protection Bulletin, 8 169-172.
Herb IMI, Undated. Specimen record from the collection in the Herb IMI Database., Kew, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.herbimi.info/herbimi/home.htm
James R, 1984. Tip blight of ponderosa pine seedlings at the Fantasy Farms Nursery, Peck, Idaho., Northern Region, Missoula, Montana, Rep. USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Forestry and Pest Management. 84-3.
Kluge E, 1963. Douglas Fir seedling tip disease. Sozialistische Forstwirtschaft. 13 (8), 249-51.
Lawrence E, 1951. Annual Report Department of Agriculture Nyasaland, 1949.
Milijasevic T, 1994. Sphaeropsis blight in Yugoslavia. In: Shoot and Foliage Diseases in Forest Trees [Proc. of Joint Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.06.02 and S2.06.04, June 1994, Valombrosa, Italy], [ed. by Capretti P, Heiniger U, Stephan R]. Firenze, Italy: Inst Patologia Zoologia Forestale e Agaria, Univ degli Studi di Firenze. 273.
Nattrass R M, 1961. Host lists of Kenya fungi and bacteria. Mycological Papers. 46 pp.
Punithalingham E, Waterston JM, 1970. Diplodia pinea. No. 273. In: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, Kew, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
Shen B K, 1990. Pine die-back disease found in Jiangsu Province. Forest Pest and Disease. 47.
Stiki A, 1994. Crown wilt of Pinus associated to Sphaeropsis sapinea infection of woody stems. In: Shoot and Foliage Diseases in Forest Trees [Proc. of Joint Meeting of IUFRO Working Parties S2.06.02 and S2.06.04, June 1994, Valombrosa, Italy], [ed. by Capretti P, Heiniger U, Stephan R]. Firenze, Italy: Inst Patologia Zoologia Forestale e Agaria, Univ. degli Studi di Firenze. 254-262.
Walla J A, 1979. Diplodia pinea found in North Dakota. Plant Disease Reporter. 63 (6), 464.
Waterman A M, 1943. Diplodia pinea the cause of a disease of hard Pines. Phytopathology. 1018-31.
Whiteside J O, 1966. A revised list of plant diseases in Rhodesia. Kirkia. 5 (2), 87-196.
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/