Dinoderus minutus (bamboo borer)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Economic Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Dinoderus minutus (Fabricius)
Preferred Common Name
- bamboo borer
Other Scientific Names
- Apate minutus Fabricius
- Dinoderus siculus Baudi
- Dinoderus substriatus Stephens
International Common Names
- English: bamboo powder-post beetle; bamboo shot-hole, borer, smaller; beetle, bamboo powder post
- Chinese: zhu chang du
- Portuguese: caruncho do bambu
Local Common Names
- Germany: Bohrer, Bambus-
- India: ghoon borer
- Norway: bambusborer, liten
EPPO code
- DINDMI (Dinoderus minutus)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Bostrichidae
- Genus: Dinoderus
- Species: Dinoderus minutus
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageDescription
Top of pageEggs
The eggs are spindle-shaped or elongate-oval, very small, milky-white, and nearly transparent. The eggs are individually laid in tunnels made by the adults.
Larvae
The larvae are approximately 3 to 4 mm long and milky-white. The body is 'C'-shaped. The head is round and the length is equal to the width. The mouthparts are black. The thorax is expanded and bears three legs, which decrease along its length. The spiracles are oval-round, which is longer than those in the sternum. Dense hair covers the tibia.
Pupae
The pupa is almost spindle-shaped, approximately 2.5 to 4 mm long, and milky-white. The compound eye and mandibles are black, and there is a pair of finger-like projections on the end of the sternum.
Adults
The adult is elongate-columnar, approximately 2.5 to 3 mm long and 0.9 to 1.5 mm wide, reddish or dark-brown and covered with dense punctures and hair, which is more obvious at the posterior of the elytra. There are many tiny punctures on the head, which is small and black. The head is covered by the prothorax, so that it cannot be seen when viewed dorsally. The compound eyes are back and round. The antennae are ten-segmented and lamellate. The first segment is oval and twice as long as it is wide, the second is the same width as the first, and the three distal segments are swollen. The elytra are covered with dense and small punctures and bristles, which are more obvious at the posterior of the wings. The legs are reddish-brown. The tarsus consists of five segments; the first is no longer than the third or the fourth. The first abdominal segment is equal to the second in length (Xiao, 1991; Schäfer et al., 2000).
Distribution
Top of pageD. minutus has a worldwide distribution. It is native to Asia and has been reported in Israel, West Africa, South Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Germany and other European countries. It occurs in almost all the South Asia countries. In China, it can be detected in many cities, except a few cities in the north (Singh, 1974; Sandhu, 1975; Singh and Bhandhari, 1988; Xu Tiansen et al., 1993; Chang Yuzhen and Xue, 1994; Zhang Shimei and Zhao Yongxiang, 1996).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | ||||||
Côte d'Ivoire | Present | ||||||
Ghana | Present | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | ||||||
Sierra Leone | Present | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Zanzibar Island | Present | ||||||
Zambia | Present | ||||||
Zimbabwe | Present | ||||||
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Anhui | Present | Native | |||||
-Beijing | Present | Native | |||||
-Fujian | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Guangdong | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Guangxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Guizhou | Present | Native | |||||
-Hainan | Present | Native | |||||
-Henan | Present | Native | |||||
-Hubei | Present | Native | |||||
-Hunan | Present | Native | |||||
-Shaanxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Shandong | Present | Native | |||||
-Shanxi | Present | Native | |||||
-Sichuan | Present | Native | |||||
-Zhejiang | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
Hong Kong | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Native | |||||
Indonesia | Present | Native | |||||
Israel | Present | Introduced | |||||
Japan | Present | Native | |||||
Malaysia | Present | Native | |||||
-Sarawak | Present | ||||||
Philippines | Present | Native | |||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Native | |||||
Vietnam | Present | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
Czechia | Present | Introduced | 1965 | ||||
Germany | Present | Introduced | First reported: <1927 | ||||
Italy | Present | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
-Sardinia | Present | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
-Sicily | Present | Introduced | 1995 | ||||
Norway | Present | Introduced | 1980 | ||||
Sweden | Present | Introduced | First reported: <1957 | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | |||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Introduced | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Florida | Present, Localized | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1915 | ||||
Fiji | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | 1940 | ||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | ||||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Bahia | Present | ||||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | |||||
Colombia | Present |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Cold lands / tundra | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageD. minutus is an important borer that attacks felled culms and bamboo timber products. It also damages rice, cassava and sugarcane, and occasionally dried stored products. In China and most south Asian countries, the main host plants are Bambusa bambos, Bambusa breviflora, Bambusa polymorpha, Bambusa textilis, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa pervariabilis, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus strictus, Phyllostachys pubescens [Phyllostachys edulis], Phyllostachys heterocycla, and Phyllostachys heteroclada (Wu et al., 1986; Mathew and Nair, 1990; Koehler, 2003). Moreover, D. minutus is also detected in the wood of some Pinus spp. (Gong Xiuze, 2003.). It can also feed on dry cassava (Mathew and Nair, 1984).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Bambusa bambos (giant thorny bamboo) | Poaceae | Main | |
Bambusa breviflora | Main | ||
Bambusa pervariabilis | Poaceae | Main | |
Bambusa polymorpha | Poaceae | Main | |
Bambusa textilis | Poaceae | Main | |
Bambusa vulgaris (common bamboo) | Poaceae | Main | |
Dendrocalamus giganteus (giant bamboo) | Poaceae | Main | |
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii | Poaceae | Main | |
Dendrocalamus strictus (male bamboo) | Poaceae | Main | |
Manihot esculenta (cassava) | Euphorbiaceae | Other | |
Oryza sativa (rice) | Poaceae | Other | |
Phyllostachys heteroclada | Poaceae | Main | |
Phyllostachys heterocycla | Poaceae | Main | |
Phyllostachys pubescens | Poaceae | Main | |
Pinus (pines) | Pinaceae | Other | |
Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) | Poaceae | Other |
Symptoms
Top of pageThe damaging habits of D. minutus are equivalent to other species belonging to Dinoterus spp. and the damage symptoms are so similar that it is difficult to distinguish species purely on the basis of symptoms.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / lodging; broken stems | ||
Stems / lodging; broken stems | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Stems / visible frass |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageThe biology and ecology of D. minutus have been studied by a few entomologists worldwide (Van Dine, 1909; Whitney, 1927; Fullaway, 1930; Zimmerman, 1941; Krauss, 1945; Plank, 1948; Wu et al., 1986). The large amount of information relates to China and South Asia, the main areas of distribution of D. minutus. The life cycle has also been described by Beeson and Bhatia (1937).
D. minutus is polyvoltine. The life cycle is almost uniform irrespective of distribution. There are three generations in China and three to four in South Asia, per year, but the generations are heavily overlapped. In Changsha, Hunan Province, China, there are three generations per year and four to five generations in Guangzhou, China. The adults and larvae can be found at any given time of the year and overwintering is not distinct, although they are less active in cold winters. The first peak of adult emergence is in February, the second is in June, and the third is in October (Van Dine, 1909; Whitney, 1927; Zimmerman, 1941; Liu Jingying, 1956; Liu Yuan and Xu, 1982; Tan Zhongyi, 1984; Wu et al., 1986).
The females begin to deposit eggs individually, in tunnels mined by the adults in mid-April, and oviposition can last 4 months. The peak time for oviposition is in May and June. Temperature and humidity affect ovipositon. A female can lay approximately 20 eggs. The eggs hatch in 5 to 8 days. The larvae bore longitudinally in the culm, which can make a tunnel approximately 15 to 20 mm long and take about 40 days to develop. Pupation occurs in cocoons made at the terminal end of the larval tunnels. After approximately 4 days, the newly developed adult beetles may fly away or may explore other parts of the same bamboo. Some beetle holes are left on the bamboo and a great quantity of tunnels may be present at high densities of D. minutus (Singh, 1974; Sandhu, 1975; Tan Zhongyi, 1984; Wu Jianfen et al., 1986; Singh and Bhandhari, 1988).
Starch, soluble carbohydrates and proteins are nutritionally essential to D. minutus. The incidence of borer attacks has a strong correlation to the richness of nutrients in felled culms, and vary significantly with bamboo species, growing sites, timing and culm age at felling, and the method of transportation and storage. According to Xiao (1992), Bambusa textilis, Bambusa pervariabilis, Phyllostachys heterocycla and Phyllostachys heteroclada are more prone to attack by D. minutus than Pleioblastus amarus and Pseudosasa amabilis. The beetle shows a strong preference for newly-felled culms of some species, whereas others, such as P. amabilis and Pleioblastus spp., are hardly ever attacked. Culms from level sites are more susceptible to attack than those felled from sloping sites. Bamboos growing on plateau are more seriously damaged than those growing in mountains, and those felled in spring and summer are more readily attacked than those felled in autumn and winter. Moreover, culms felled at a young age are more seriously damaged than those grown for 3 to 4 years. In general, culms felled at a young age and growing season, and those growing on shaded, wet sites are more susceptible to attack by D. minutus. Borgemeister et al. (1999) surmised that plant volatiles play an important role in the host-finding and damage behaviour of Dinoderus spp.
D. minutus has a strong ability for starvation tolerance. The adults have a strong ability for pesticide resistance and have no phototactic reaction toward light (Li Yanwen et al., 1996).
Outbreaks of D. minutus in large distribution areas have never been reported. There are records from factories or farms, which store bamboo in Asia (Singh, 1990; Chen Zhilin, 2000; Tan Sujin et al., 2000). The factors responsible for its outbreak are still unclear, so no monitoring system is built at present.
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acarophenax lacunatus | Predator | Eggs | ||||
Cerocephala aquila | Parasite | |||||
Cerocephala dinoderi | Parasite | |||||
Cotesia ruficrus | Parasite | |||||
Denops albofasciata | Predator | Eggs | ||||
Euscelinus sarawacus | Israel | Bambusa | ||||
Nodele mu | Predator | |||||
Platyspathius dinoderi | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Rhoptrocentrus piceus | Parasite | Israel | Bambusa | |||
Spathius vulnificus | Parasite | Eggs | ||||
Teretrius nigrescens | Predator | Adults | ||||
Tillus notatus | Predator | Adults; Arthropods|Larvae; Arthropods|Pupae |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThere are a few predators reported to attack D. minutus. Teretrius nigrescens (Rees, 1991), Denops albofasciata (Borgemeister et al., 1999; Gerstmeier et al., 1999) and Tillus notatus are known to prey on the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults (some species just prey on the eggs) in the boring tunnels. A clerid preys on the borer in the tunnels (Liu Yuan and Xu, 1982; Tan Zhongyi, 1984; Wu et al., 1986).
See Chatterjee and Misra (1974) for information on the parasitism of D. minutus.
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal
D. minutus adults disperse to nearby areas following emergence. There is a risk that the larvae, pupae and adults may stay in the tunnels of the bamboo culms, facilitating transport of D. minutus to new areas and providing the main way for long-distance dispersal.
Movement in Trade
D. minutus is a post-harvest pest that damages bamboo and its products and in many countries it is an important plant-quarantine pest. It can be transported in the trade of domestic and imported bamboo woods and bamboo products, such as baskets and furniture; the principal way for its spread between countries. It has been detected and caught in many open ports (Xie Sen et al., 1998; Chen Zhilin et al., 1999, 2000; Liu Xiaodong, 2000; Gong Xiuze, 2003).
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Yes | |||
Land vehicles | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Wood | arthropods/adults; arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Bark |
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes |
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Leaves |
Roots |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Yes | |
Solid wood packing material without bark | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | None |
Crop production | None |
Environment (generally) | None |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Trade/international relations | Negative |
Transport/travel | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageBamboo under storage, either as culms or as finished products, is very susceptible to damage by insects. Occasionally, subterranean termites cause severe damage. However, the most important pest of bamboo under storage conditions is the ghoon borer, D. minutus and other powderpost beetles, Dinoderus spp. Large quantities of culms are destroyed each year by insect borers, although the extent of loss has not yet been assessed. In storage yards, stacks with immature culms are the starting points for attack and the bamboo is often converted to dust. Approximately 40% of a bamboo stack may be lost within a period of 8 to10 months due to ghoon borer attack (Thapa et al., 1992).
Mathew and Nair (1990) reported that finished products made of reed or bamboo, such as mats, baskets, curtains, etc., are also damaged by D. minutus, but no data are available on the extent of the loss.
Economic Impact
Top of pageBamboo under storage, either as culms or as finished products, is very susceptible to damage by insects. Occasionally, subterranean termites cause severe damage. However, the most important pest of bamboo under storage conditions is the ghoon borer, D. minutus and other powderpost beetles, Dinoderus spp. Large quantities of culms are destroyed each year by insect borers, although the extent of loss has not yet been assessed. In storage yards, stacks with immature culms are the starting points for attack and the bamboo is often converted to dust. Approximately 40% of a bamboo stack may be lost within a period of 8 to10 months due to ghoon borer attack (Thapa et al., 1992).
Mathew and Nair (1990) reported that finished products made of reed or bamboo, such as mats, baskets, curtains, etc., are also damaged by D. minutus, but no data are available on the extent of the loss. It is also reported as an occasional pest of dried stored products.
Detection and Inspection
Top of pageSimilarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePrevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
There are several options for the control of D. minutus, such as phytosanitary methods, biological control, physical methods and chemical control. Selecting the best option depends on a number of factors, such as the severity of infestation, the location of infestation, potential for reinfestation, and cost of treatment (Plank, 1950; Xu Tiansen, 1983; Kumar et al., 1985; Liu Yuan and Xu, 1985; Yang Guarong, 1991; Li Yanwen et al., 1996; Xu Changtang, 2003).
Phytosanitary Measures
D. minutus is a phytosanitary pest in many countries because it can be easily transported between countries in the international trade of bamboo wood and products. Therefore in many open ports, D. minutus is a dangerous pest that should be treated seriously and warrants careful inspections. All imported wood, containers and products are treated by government pest control operators using fumigation and heating, for example, if some symptoms of defoliation are detected (Xu Changtang, 2003).
Biological Control
There are a few predators reported that can be used to control D. minutus (Rees, 1991; Borgemeister et al., 1999). A clerid preys on the borer in boring tunnels (Liu Yuan and Xu, 1982; Tan Zhongyi, 1984; Wu et al., 1986). Spathius bisignatus [Platyspathius dinoderi] and Spathius vulnificus parasitize the eggs of D. minutus. Tillus notatus preys on the larvae, pupae and adults. These natural enemies cannot be relied upon as an effective control method, although they can cause high mortality of the borers. To date (2004), no literature concerning successful examples of biological control methods for the control of D. minutus is available.
Physical Control
After felling, the physical or chemical treatment of culms can significantly improve their resistance to borers as well as to fungi. The traditional and simplest method is to immerse felled culms in water. This method may only be effective in preventing damage from bostrychid beetles. It is also only suitable for those bamboos with a low starch content. This method takes a long time and culms treated in this way tend to blacken (Xu Tiansen, 1983). The heating of culms using fire, boiling water or exposure to direct sunlight in hot summers, can kill borers of D. minutus including the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults. Some advanced microwave and infrared techniques have recently been developed for killing the borers in bamboo culms (Yao Kang et al., 1986).
Chemical Control
Chemical treatment using various insecticides and preservatives has been the most widely used method in controlling post-harvest pests of bamboos, including D. minutus (Xin Jieliu, 1958). Various preservatives have been recommended and used in different countries: 5% water solution of copper-chrome-arsenic composition (CCA); 5-6% water solution of copper-potassium dichromate-borax (CCB); 5-6% water solution of boric acid-borax-sodium pentachlorophenate in 0.8:1:1 or 1:1:5 ratios (BBP); 2-3% water solution of borax: boric acid in a 5:1 ratio; and 10% or 20-25% water solution of copper sulphate. These are mostly applied by soaking under normal temperatures, cold or heated conditions, or under high pressure (Singh and Tewari 1979, 1980, 1981; Nair et al., 1983; Xu Tiansen, 1983; Kumar et al., 1985; Liu Yuan and Xu, 1985; Zhou Fanchun, 1985; Thapa et al., 1992).
Soaking in an aqueous solution of 2% boric acid, 0.5% pentachlorophenate and 5% alcohol can treat bamboo rind and similar semi-finished products. Sulthoni (1990) reported treating dried bamboo splits by immersing them in diesel oil as a simple and cheap method of bamboo preservation. Varma et al. (1988) tested the effectiveness of several commercial formulations of insecticides against D. minutus, and concluded that BHC and the two pyrethroids cypermethrin and permethrin, were effective. Mori and Hideo (1979) reported that the two low-toxicity organophosphorus insecticides prothiophos and phoxim, were more effective than organochlorine ones for the preservation of bamboo materials against fungi and boring pests. Treating culm splits by immersing them in 0.2% phoxim for 3 minutes can result in total mortality of D. minutus in the culm in 2 to 3 days, and can protect the treated split from attack for over 1 year (Zhou Huiming, 1987). Affected bamboo material can also be treated by fumigating in closed chambers or storehouses with sulphuryl fluoride at a rate of 30 to 50 g/m³ of timber for 24 hours (Li Yanwen et al., 1996; Chen Zhilin et al., 1999, 2000).
References
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Beeson CFC; Bhatia BM, 1937. On the biology of the Bostrychidae (Coleopt.). Indian Forest Records, Entomology (New Series), 2:223-323.
Chang Yuzhen; Xue XQ, 1994. The distribution, damage and control of major forest insect pests in Taiwan. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology, 21(1):44-49.
Chen Zhilin, 2000. Bostrychid borers detected in plant quarantining. Plant Quarantine, 14(3):154-157.
Chen Zhi-Lin; Xie Sen; Li Guo-Zhou; Lin Chao-Sen, 2000. Occurrence of Bostrychidae in house buildings and its control. Entomological Knowledge, 37(4):220-222.
Chen Zhilin; Xie Sen; Zheng Wenhua; Li Guozhou; Lin Chaosen, 1999. Study on quarantine and treatment of imported rattan pests. Plant Quarantine, 13(1):11-14.
Chu Dong; Zhang Wei, 1997. Review of Bostrichidae In China. Plant Quarantine, 11(2):105-109.
Fabricius JC, 1775. Systema Entomologiae stens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, et observationibus. Flensburg et Lipsiae in in officina Libraria Kortii.
Fisher W, 1985. A Revision of the North American Species of Beetles Belonging to Family Bostrychidae (1). Ann. Soc. Ent., 64:169-178.
Fisher WSI, 1950. Revision of the North American Species of Beetles Belonging to the Family Bostrichidae. Misc. Publication No. 698, US. Department of Agriculture, 83-99, 116-129.
Fullaway DT, 1930. Division of Entomology, Report of the Entomologist covering the period from January 1, 1929, to December 31, 1929. Haw. For. Agr., 27(1):47.
Gong Xiuze, 2003. Review of Pests Detected in the quarantine plants imported from Viet Nam in Ten Years. Plant Quarantine, 17(3):182-183.
Koehler PG, 2003. Powderpost Beetles and Other Wood-Infesting Insects. one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. ENY-266.
Krauss NLH, 1945. Notes on some Hawaiian insects. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 12(2):315.
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Li Yanwen; Yin Qin; Tang Jingen, 1996. Main Pests Damaged Bamboo Woods and Control. Journal of Jiangsu Forestry Science and Technology, 23(41):55-56.
Liu Jingying, 1956. Bamboo Powderpost Beetles. Entomological Knowledge, 2(5):221-225.
Liu Jingying, 1956. Notes on bostrychid borers on bamboos. Entomological Knowledge, 2(1):221-224.
Liu Jingying, 1983. Research Review of Bamboo Powderpost Beetles. Journal of Fujian Agricultural College, 1:71-75.
Liu Xiaodong, 2000. Survey of Pest of woods imported in DaYaoWan Port. Plant Quarantine, 14(2):101-102.
Liu Yuan; Xu FM, 1982. Preliminary study on life cycle of Dinoderus minutus Fab. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 12:26-28.
Liu Yuan; Xu FM, 1985. Preservative measures against infestation by insect pests and fungi. Bamboo Research (suppl.), 55-59.
Mathurm RN, 1943. Bamboo defoliators. Indian Journal of Entomology, 5(1):117-128.
Singh B, 1990. Current status of pests of bamboos in India. In: Ramanuja Rao IV, Gnanaharan R, Sastry CB, eds. Bamboos: current research. Proceedings of the International Bamboo Workshop, Cochin, India, 14-18 November 1988. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India; International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, 190-194.
Singh B; Bhandhari RS, 1988. Insect pest of bamboos and their control. Indian Forester, 114(10):670-683.
Singh B; Tewari MC, 1979. Studies on the [preservative] treatment of bamboos by steeping, open tank and pressure processes. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Sciences, 10(2):68-71; 5 ref.
Tan Sujin; Wei Hanjun; Liu Danbi; Sun Jianning, 2000. Bamboo and Wood Destructive Insect in Chengdu Region. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 19(4):213-216.
Tan Zhongyi, 1984. The bionomics of Dinoderus minutus. Bamboo Research, 1:83-84.
Thapa RS; Pratap Singh; Bhandari RS, 1992. Prophylactic efficacy of various insecticides for the protection of bamboos in storage against ghoon borers, Dinoderus species - Part-8. Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science, 23(1):39-47; 5 ref.
USDA, 1941. Insects in relation to national defense Powder-post beetles. US Dep Agric. Bur. Entomol. and Plant Quarantine Circ., 6:16.
Van Dine DL, 1909. Report of the Entomologist. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station Report, 1908, 37.
Whitney LA, 1927. Division of Entomology. Report of Associate Plant Inspector, December, 1927. Hawaiian Forestry and Agriculture, 24(4):149.
Woodruff RE, 1967. An oriental wood borer, Heterobostrychus aequalis (Waterhouse), recently established in Florida (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Entomol. Circ., 58, 3 pp.
Xie Sen; Chen Zhilin; Li Guoyuan, 1998. Survey of Pest Statistic in Luo Hu and Long Gang Ports. Plant Quarantine, 12(6):335-336.
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Distribution References
APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document No. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Chu Dong, Zhang Wei, 1997. Review of Bostrichidae In China. In: Plant Quarantine, 11 (2) 105-109.
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Liu J, 1956a. Notes on bostrychid borers on bamboos. In: Entomological Knowledge, 2 (1) 221-224.
Schotman C Y L, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. In: RLAC-PROVEG, 80 pp.
Tan Sujin, Wei Hanjun, Liu Danbi, Sun Jianning, 2000. Bamboo and Wood Destructive Insect in Chengdu Region. In: Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 19 (4) 213-216.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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