Delonix regia (flamboyant)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Wood Products
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.
Preferred Common Name
- flamboyant
Variety
- Delonix regia var. flavida Stehle
- Delonix regia var. regia
Other Scientific Names
- Poinciana regia Bojer ex Hook.
International Common Names
- English: fire tree; flambouyant; flame of the forests; flame tree; gold mohar; peacock flower; poinciana; read tree; royal gulmohur; royal peacock; royal poinciana
- Spanish: arbol del fuego; clavelino; flamboyant colorado; flor de fuego; flor de pavo; guacamaya; guacamayo; josefina; malinche; morazan (Spain); tabuchín (America)
- French: flamboyant
Local Common Names
- Bangladesh: krishna chura; radha chura
- Brazil: uaruna
- Colombia: clavellino
- Cook Islands: marumaru; patai; pu pi; puka kai; rakau tamarumaru
- Cuba: flamboyán; framboyán; framboyán rojo
- Fiji: sekoula
- French Polynesia: pakai; puke; ra‘ar marumaru
- Germany: Feuerbaum; Flammenbaum
- India: alasippu; doddartnagrandhi; erraturyl; gulimohur; gulmohur; gultora; kattikayi; mayarum; mayirkonri; panjadi; peddaturyl; shima sunkesula
- Kiribati: te kai te tua; te tau; te tua
- Mexico: tabachín
- Micronesia, Federated states of: fáyárbaw; meei flower; nfayarbaw; pilampwoia weitahta; sakuranirow
- Nauru: bin
- Niue: pine
- Pakistan: gulmohur
- Palau: nangiosákura; nangyo
- Samoa: elefane; tamaligi
- Sri Lanka: mayirkonri; panjadi
- Tonga: ‘ohai; patai
- Tuvalu: fuatausaga
- USA/Hawaii: 'ohai 'ula
- Venezuela: acacia roja
EPPO code
- DEXRE (Delonix regia)
Trade name
- gold
- gold mohar
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageD. regia, the flamboyant or flame tree, is a very popular and most beautiful ornamental tree that has been very widely introduced to tropical countries around the world. Recently, however, it has been observed to be naturalizing in many countries, and has become invasive in Australia, and on Christmas Island and a number of Pacific islands. It has a tendency to form monocultures and prevent the regeneration of native species. It is possible that this species will exhibit invasive potential in other countries.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Fabales
- Family: Fabaceae
- Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae
- Genus: Delonix
- Species: Delonix regia
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pageThe genus Delonix belongs to the legume family (Fabaceae), subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It includes 12 species, 9 of which are native to Madagascar (Puy et al., 1995), the others native to East Africa, Arabia and parts of India (Menninger, 1962). Three varieties are recognized, the type var. regia, var. flavida Stehle and var. genuina Stehle (ILDIS, 2008). However, there appears to be disagreement as to the naming authority, with (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. maintained in this datasheet (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2009), but also used are (Bojer) Raf. (USDA-ARS, 2009), and (Hook.) Raf. (ILDIS, 2008).
Description
Top of pageD. regia is a tall tree reaching a height of more than 15 m and a girth of 2 m under favourable conditions. The bole is short. The trunk is buttressed and the stem form above the buttress is generally normal in taper (Webb et al., 1984). The trees are almost evergreen, with broad-spreading, open, umbrella-shaped crowns (Randhawa, 1965). It is deciduous in localities which experience long pronounced dry seasons (Streets, 1962; Yusuf and Sheikh, 1986). The bark is grey or brown, smooth or slightly rough, and exfoliating (Gamble, 1902; Sheikh, 1993).The compound leaves of D. regia are bipinnate and feathery, up to 60 cm long, pinnae 11-18 pairs, petiole stout. The leaflets are in 20-30 pairs on each pinna, oblong, 7.5-10 mm long, 3.4-5 mm wide (Gamble, 1902; Randhawa, 1965). At the base of the leaf, two stipules occur which have long, narrow comb-like teeth (Luna, 1996). The inflorescence of D. regia is a lax terminal or axillary raceme. The flowers appear in corymbs along or at the end of branches and are large, 10 cm across and bright red. They vary considerably in intensity of colouring, ranging from orange-vermillion to deep scarlet. Most of the common names for D. regia are derived from the colour of its flowers. The pods are 5 cm broad and 30-60 cm long, ending in a beak when mature (Luna, 1996). They are green and flaccid when young and are compressed, firm and rather thick when mature. Seeds are large, yellowish, oblong, arranged at right angles to the length of pod and transversely mottled (Parker, 1956; Hutchinson, 1964; Ali, 1973). The seeds have a hard, bony testa.
Distribution
Top of pageD. regia is native to Madagascar but has been very widely planted in the tropics, though it is now very rare in its native range (Mabberley, 1997). In Madagascar, its latitudinal range is 12-25°S (Webb et al., 1984).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 10 Feb 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Planted | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
||||||||
Angola | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Botswana | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | ||||
Burundi | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cameroon | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Chad | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Comoros | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Congo, Democratic Republic of the | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Djibouti | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Egypt | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Ethiopia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Gabon | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Ghana | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Guinea | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Kenya | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Libya | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Madagascar | Present | Native | ||||||
Malawi | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Mali | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mauritius | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Rodrigues | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mayotte | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mozambique | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Niger | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Rwanda | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | ||||
Seychelles | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Aldabra Islands | Present | Introduced | Amirantes group, Coetivy Is., Aldabra | |||||
Sierra Leone | Present | Planted | ||||||
Somalia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South Africa | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Tanzania | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Togo | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Uganda | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Zambia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Zimbabwe | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Asia |
||||||||
Bangladesh | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Bhutan | Present | Introduced | 1964 | |||||
British Indian Ocean Territory | ||||||||
-Chagos Archipelago | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Brunei | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cambodia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
China | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Fujian | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Guangdong | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Guangxi | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Yunnan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Hong Kong | Present | Planted | ||||||
India | Present | Planted | ||||||
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Karnataka | Present | |||||||
-Punjab | Present | |||||||
Indonesia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Java | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Iran | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Japan | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Ryukyu Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Laos | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Malaysia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Peninsular Malaysia | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Maldives | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Myanmar | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Nepal | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Oman | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Pakistan | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Philippines | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Singapore | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Sri Lanka | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Taiwan | Present | Introduced | 1942 | |||||
Thailand | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Vietnam | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Europe |
||||||||
Portugal | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | ||||||
-Madeira | Present | Introduced | ||||||
North America |
||||||||
Antigua and Barbuda | Present | Planted | ||||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Barbados | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Belize | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Bermuda | Present | Planted | ||||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Tortola and Virgin Gorda | |||||
Cayman Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Costa Rica | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cuba | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Dominica | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | ||||||
El Salvador | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Guatemala | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Honduras | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Jamaica | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Martinique | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Mexico | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Netherlands Antilles | Present | Introduced | Saba, St. Martin, St. Eustatius, St. Barthelemy | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Panama | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Saint Lucia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | ||||
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Trinidad and Tobago | Present | Introduced | ||||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
United States | Present, Localized | Introduced | ||||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Oceania |
||||||||
American Samoa | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | 1843 | |||||
-New South Wales | Present | Introduced | ||||||
-Northern Territory | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
-Queensland | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Christmas Island | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Cook Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Federated States of Micronesia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Fiji | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Kiribati | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Nauru | Present | Introduced | ||||||
New Caledonia | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Niue | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
Northern Mariana Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Palau | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Papua New Guinea | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Samoa | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Solomon Islands | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Tonga | Present | Introduced | ||||||
South America |
||||||||
Argentina | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Bolivia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Brazil | Present | Introduced | Planted | |||||
Colombia | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Ecuador | Present | Introduced | Also Galapagos | |||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Invasive | |||||
French Guiana | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Guyana | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Paraguay | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Peru | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Suriname | Present | Introduced | ||||||
Venezuela | Present | Introduced |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageD. regia is widely planted in warm, moist sites in the tropics as an ornamental or avenue tree along roads, in homesteads, in parks and in gardens. It has been planted in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent for more than 100 years and has also been introduced to many other countries in the Old and New World. The introductions to these countries have been largely successful, and it has become naturalized in those localities which do not experience frost during winter (Menninger, 1962; Streets, 1962; Webb et al., 1984).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageIt is likely that D. regia already exists in every tropical country of the world, and thus, being cosmopolitan, it cannot be introduced any further. Also, it registered the lowest score possible, of 1, in a weed risk assessment for the Pacific, indicating a very low risk.
Habitat
Top of pageIt is naturally found in wet tropical forests in Madagascar from sea level up to 2000 m. Where introduced and invasive, it is found in arid lowlands and moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands, low elevation and dry to mesic disturbed sites in Hawaii, infrequently naturalized from near sea level to about 500 m in Fiji, almost monospecific stands around parent trees within disturbed marginal rainforest and along roadsides, although slow to spread on Christmas Island, and has invaded coastal monsoon vine thickets that have been damaged by cyclones in the Northern Territory, Australia (PIER, 2009).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Scrub / shrublands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Arid regions | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageD. regia has been planted up to an altitude of about 2000 m on alluvium, shale and limestone soils and on a wide range of other soil types. However, optimum growth is obtained on light, well-drained soils. It tolerates slight salinity (Troup, 1921; Webb et al., 1984).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Af - Tropical rainforest climate | Preferred | > 60mm precipitation per month | |
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
BW - Desert climate | Tolerated | < 430mm annual precipitation |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
-12 | -25 | 0 | 2000 |
Air Temperature
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit |
---|---|---|
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC) | >6 | |
Mean annual temperature (ºC) | 18 | 26 |
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC) | 22 | 35 |
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC) | 12 | 18 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Dry season duration | 1 | 6 | number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall |
Mean annual rainfall | 700 | 1800 | mm; lower/upper limits |
Soil Tolerances
Top of pageSoil drainage
- free
Soil reaction
- acid
- alkaline
- neutral
Soil texture
- light
- medium
Special soil tolerances
- saline
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of page
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of page
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Digestion and excretion | Yes | Briones-Salas et al. (2006) | ||
Disturbance | Yes | PIER (2009) | ||
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Yes | PIER (2009) | ||
Flooding and other natural disasters | Yes | PIER (2009) | ||
Landscape improvement | Yes | Yes | PIER (2009) | |
Ornamental purposes | Yes | Yes | PIER (2009) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Economic Impact
Top of page
Environmental Impact
Top of pageD. regia is also an aggressive colonizer, occupying blank areas to the exclusion of other species, and it can form dense canopies that can exclude native species. Seedlings germinate thickly under parent trees and rapidly form monospecific stands which compete strongly with other plants, possibly assisted by allelopathic exudations (PIER, 2009). Due to its spreading root system, other plants are killed through competition, thus rendering the surrounding ground bare. There are also impacts on soil fertility, with a 13% increase in soil N was observed with the application of D. regia prunings to a calcareous soil after five years, also higher organic C and higher mineralization and turnover rates as compared to the control (Isaac et al., 2003).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Has high reproductive potential
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
- Modification of nutrient regime
- Modification of successional patterns
- Monoculture formation
- Allelopathic
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Interaction with other invasive species
- Rapid growth
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
Uses
Top of page
Uses List
Top of pageAnimal feed, fodder, forage
- Fodder/animal feed
- Forage
Environmental
- Agroforestry
- Amenity
- Erosion control or dune stabilization
- Land reclamation
- Landscape improvement
- Ornamental
- Revegetation
- Soil improvement
Fuels
- Fuelwood
General
- Ornamental
Human food and beverage
- Fruits
- Gum/mucilage
Materials
- Beads
- Carved material
- Gum/resin
- Miscellaneous materials
- Pesticide
- Wood/timber
Medicinal, pharmaceutical
- Traditional/folklore
Wood Products
Top of pageWoodware
- Cutlery
- Industrial and domestic woodware
- Musical instruments
- Tool handles
- Toys
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pageThe large and characteristic pods, 30-60 cm (1-2 ft) long, that are retained on the tree for long periods, make this species unmistakable for most of the year.
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Larger trees can be cut and the stumps treated with glyphosate to prevent resprouting. Systemic herbicides such as glyphosate can be used, either as a foliar or basal spray on smaller plants in full leaf, or on saplings and trees either as cut stump treatments, stem injections or basal bark treatments (PIER, 2009).
References
Top of pageAcevedo-Rodríguez P, Strong MT, 2012. Catalogue of the Seed Plants of the West Indies. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, 98:1192 pp. Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/catalog.htm
Ali SI, 1973. Flora of Pakistan. Caesalpiniaceae. Karachi, Pakistan: University of Karachi
CABI, 2005. Forestry Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Chou ChangHung, Chang CH, Inderjit (ed. ), Dakshini KMM (ed.), Einhellig FA, 1995. Allelopathy and sustainable agriculture. Allelopathy: organisms, processes and applications. Washington, USA: American Chemical Society, 211-223
DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. DAISIE (online). www.europe-aliens.org
Gamble JS, 1902. A manual of Indian timbers. London, UK: Sampson Low, Marston and Company Ltd
Graveson RS, 2012. Survey of invasive alien plant species on Gros Piton, Saint Lucia. Project No. GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03. Project No. GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03, GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03. Catsries, Saint Lucia: Department of Forestry
Hutchinson J, 1964. The genera of the flowering plants. Oxford, UK: The Clarendon Press
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Delhi, India: International Book Distributors
Menninger EA, 1962. Flowering trees of the world for tropics and warm climates. New York, USA: Hearthside Press Inc
Oviedo Prieto R, Herrera Oliver P, Caluff MG, et al. , 2012. National list of invasive and potentially invasive plants in the Republic of Cuba - 2011. (Lista nacional de especies de plantas invasoras y potencialmente invasoras en la República de Cuba - 2011). Bissea: Boletín sobre Conservación de Plantas del Jardín Botánico Nacional de Cuba, 6(Special Issue 1):22-96
Parker RN, 1956. A forest flora for the Punjab with Hazara and Delhi. Lahore, Pakistan: Government Printing Press
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk. Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Randhawa MS, 1965. Flowering trees in India. New Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Sheikh MI, 1993. Trees of Pakistan. GOP-USAID Forestry Planning and Development Project. Islamabad, Pakistan: Pictorial Printers (Pvt.) Ltd
Streets RJ, 1962. Exotic forest trees in the British Commonwealth. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press
Swarbrick JT, Hart R, 2001. Environmental weeds of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) and their management. Plant Protection Quarterly, 16:54-57
Sweeney RCH, 1961. Insect pests of cotton in Nyasaland. Hemiptera. Bull. Dep. Agriculture, Nyasaland. (Protect.) No. 18
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vols. I-III. London, UK: Oxford University Press
Watt G, 1972. Dictionary of the economic products of India. Vol. I. Dehra Dun, India: Periodical Experts
Yusuf S, Sheikh MI, 1986. Manual for landscape horticulture. Peshawar, Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute
Distribution References
CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,
CABI, 2005. Forestry Compendium. In: Forestry Compendium, Wallingford, UK: CABI.
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
DAISIE, 2013. Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
Graveson RS, 2012. Survey of invasive alien plant species on Gros Piton, Saint Lucia. Project No. GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03. Project No. GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03, GFL / 2328- 2713-4A86, GF-1030-09-03., Castries, St. Lucia: Department of Forestry.
PIER, 2012. Pacific Islands Ecosystems at Risk., Honolulu, USA: HEAR, University of Hawaii. http://www.hear.org/pier/index.html
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page10/07/13 Updated by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA
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