| Picture | Title | Caption | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adult female | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Female adult on on larch stem (Larix spp.). Tavan Bogd, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. July 2006. | ©Vladimir Petko, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Adult female | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Adult female of Siberian moth on larch (Larix spp.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia. October 2011. | ©Yuri Baranchikov, Institute of Forest SB RASC/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Adult male | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Adult male of Siberian moth on larch (Larix spp.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia. October 2011. | ©Yuri Baranchikov, Institute of Forest SB RASC/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Larva | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Larva on Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). June 2004. | ©John Ghent/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Larva | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Larva on Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). June 2004. | ©John Ghent/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Larva | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Larva on Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). June 2004. | ©John Ghent/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Eggs | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Egg clusters of Siberian moth on larch (Larix spp.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia. October 2011. | ©Yuri Baranchikov, Institute of Forest SB RASC/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Infestation | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Defoliation of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica). North-Eastern Mongolia. August 2006. | ©Vladimir Petko, V.N. Sukachev Institute of Forest SB RAS/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Hibernating larvae | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Larvae hibernating in the soil. 2004. | ©John Ghent/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Cocoons | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) - also Dendrolimus sibiricus; Cocoons of Siberian moth on larch (Larix spp.). Krasnoyarsk, Russia. October 2011. | ©Yuri Baranchikov, Institute of Forest SB RASC/via Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 | |
| Comparison with D. superans superans (D. superans) | Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth) Taxonimists consider these to be either two subspecies (D. superans superans and D. superans sibiricus) or two species (D. superans and D. sibiricus). | ©Todd Gilligan, Screening Aids, USDA APHIS PPQ/via Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 |
Datasheet
Dendrolimus superans sibiricus (Siberian silk moth)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Dendrolimus superans sibiricus Tschetv.
Preferred Common Name
- Siberian silk moth
Other Scientific Names
- Dendrolimus sibiricus Chetverikov
International Common Names
- English: larch caterpillar; Siberian coniferous silk moth; Siberian lasiocampid; Siberian moth
- Russian: Sibirskiy shelkopryad
Local Common Names
- Germany: Spinner, Sibirischer Arven-
EPPO code
- DENDSI (Dendrolimus sibiricus)
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Lepidoptera
- Family: Lasiocampidae
- Genus: Dendrolimus
- Species: Dendrolimus superans sibiricus
Description
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Eggs
The eggs are brown-yellow-green. They are oval, about 0.5-0.6 in length, sligthly flattened dorso-ventrally,1.5-2.0 mm. They are laid in masses on branches and twigs and needles.
Larva
Just after emergence the caterpillar is 5-7 mm long, but just before pupation it is 50-80 mm long.
Pupa
After the end of feeding, caterpillars pupate on the branches or on the bark. The pupation period is very long, from May to July. The pupation takes place in a cocoon. Pupa is brown, 25-45 mm.
Adult
The male wingspan is 40-60 mm, the female wingspan is 60-80 mm, sometimes up to 100 mm. The front wings are brown-violet with one characteristic white spot.
The eggs are brown-yellow-green. They are oval, about 0.5-0.6 in length, sligthly flattened dorso-ventrally,1.5-2.0 mm. They are laid in masses on branches and twigs and needles.
Larva
Just after emergence the caterpillar is 5-7 mm long, but just before pupation it is 50-80 mm long.
Pupa
After the end of feeding, caterpillars pupate on the branches or on the bark. The pupation period is very long, from May to July. The pupation takes place in a cocoon. Pupa is brown, 25-45 mm.
Adult
The male wingspan is 40-60 mm, the female wingspan is 60-80 mm, sometimes up to 100 mm. The front wings are brown-violet with one characteristic white spot.
Distribution
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D. superans sibiricus is widespread in the coniferous forests of Siberia, northern-east China, northern Mongolia and North Korea. The expansion of this species into coniferous forests to the west of the Urals (Peterson, 1904) was noticed at the beginning of the 20th century. In recent years it has been found in the central regions of the European part of Russia (Gninenko, 2000).
Outbreaks of this pest occur most frequently in coniferous forests connected with the mountain system of Sayan in East Siberia.
Outbreaks of this pest occur most frequently in coniferous forests connected with the mountain system of Sayan in East Siberia.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 12 May 2022| Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
| China | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Heilongjiang | Present | ||||||
| -Inner Mongolia | Present | ||||||
| -Jilin | Present | ||||||
| -Liaoning | Present | ||||||
| Kazakhstan | Present, Localized | ||||||
| Mongolia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| North Korea | Present | ||||||
| South Korea | Present, Localized | ||||||
Europe |
|||||||
| Belgium | Absent | ||||||
| Estonia | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
| Lithuania | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
| Russia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Central Russia | Present, Localized | ||||||
| -Eastern Siberia | Present | ||||||
| -Russian Far East | Present | ||||||
| -Siberia | Present | ||||||
| -Western Siberia | Present | ||||||
| Slovenia | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
| Sweden | Absent, Confirmed absent by survey | ||||||
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe range of D. superans sibiricus covers an area from the coasts of the Okhotsk and the Japanese Seas to the Ural Mountains (see map in Kononov et al. (2016)). Whether the pest's presence in the western part of this area is a consequence of recent spread from the east and whether it is likely that it will spread to regions further west is debated in the literature (Gninenko, 2001; Baranchikov et al., 2007; Mikkola and Ståhls, 2008; Kononov et al., 2016; Wilstermann et al., 2020).
Hosts/Species Affected
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Caterpillars of D. superans sibiricus feed on many coniferous tree species. In the forests of the Sayan mountain system in East Siberia, Russia, the main host is Pinus sibirica. In Tyva, Northern Mongolia, and most parts of Transbaikalia, Evenkia and Yakutia, Russia, the main hosts are Larix sibirica and L. gmelinii. In the mountain forests of Altai, West Siberia, Russia, Kazakhstan and China, the main hosts are Abies sibirica, L. sibirica, Picea obovata and Pinus sibirica. In the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Russia and North Korea, the main hosts are Pinus koraiensis, L. gmelinii and an Abies sp.
In forests of the Russian Plain the preferred tree species of D. superans sibiricus are unknown. However after the expansion of this pest into the forests situated to the west of the Urals in Bashkiria, Russia, it preferred to feed on needles of L. sibirica.
In Udmurtiya, Russia, D. superans sibiricus outbreaks that took place in the middle of the twentieth century covered spruce-fir forests (Okunev, 1955; Talman, 1957).
In forests of the Russian Plain the preferred tree species of D. superans sibiricus are unknown. However after the expansion of this pest into the forests situated to the west of the Urals in Bashkiria, Russia, it preferred to feed on needles of L. sibirica.
In Udmurtiya, Russia, D. superans sibiricus outbreaks that took place in the middle of the twentieth century covered spruce-fir forests (Okunev, 1955; Talman, 1957).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of page| Plant name | Family | Context | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abies nephrolepis (Khingan fir) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Abies sachalinensis (Sakhalin fir) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Abies sibirica (Siberian fir) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Larix gmelinii (Dahurian larch) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Larix sibirica (Siberian larch) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Picea jezoensis (Yeddo spruce) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Picea obovata (Siberian spruce) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Pinus koraiensis (fruit pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
| Pinus sibirica (Siberian stone pine) | Pinaceae | Main |
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of page| Sign | Life Stages | Type |
|---|---|---|
| Leaves / external feeding | ||
| Leaves / frass visible | ||
| Whole plant / external feeding | ||
| Whole plant / frass visible |
Biology and Ecology
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The development period of D. superans sibiricus usually lasts 2 years. Adults fly from the end of May to the beginning of June. After mating, females lay small groups of eggs on needles, branches and sometimes on the trunk (see Pictures). The prolificacy of females is usually about 200-250 eggs. The embryo development in an egg lasts about 10-15 days, caterpillars appear in June-July. They feed until late autumn and spend the first winter in forest litter. In spring, after most of the snow has thawed, caterpillars climb up to the crown and feed for the entire summer. In autumn they return to the forest litter where they spend their second winter. In spring they begin to feed intensively and pupate in May-June in cocoons made from crude web, which are placed in crowns, on branches or stems. In the warmest years some of the population of D. superans sibiricus can develop in just one year. Such years cause an outbreak to start.
D. superans sibiricus prefers coniferous forests on the southern slopes of mountain ranges (Matusevich, 1999) but it also occurs in coniferous forests of West Siberia and the eastern part of the Russian Plain.
The outbreaks occur routinely and sometimes cover large territories (Rozhkov, 1963, 1965; Boldaruyev, 1969; Gninenko, 2003; Gninenko, Orlinski, 2002).
D. superans sibiricus prefers coniferous forests on the southern slopes of mountain ranges (Matusevich, 1999) but it also occurs in coniferous forests of West Siberia and the eastern part of the Russian Plain.
The outbreaks occur routinely and sometimes cover large territories (Rozhkov, 1963, 1965; Boldaruyev, 1969; Gninenko, 2003; Gninenko, Orlinski, 2002).
Natural enemies
Top of page| Natural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacillus thuringiensis | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | USSR | |||
| Bacillus thuringiensis caucasicus | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. dendrolimus | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Blepharipa pratensis | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Blepharipa schineri | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Cotesia ordinaria | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Exorista fasciata | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Exorista larvarum | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Granulosis virus | Pathogen | Arthropods|Larvae | USSR | |||
| Masicera sphingivora | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Mikia tepens | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Pales pavida | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Rogas dendrolimi | Parasite | Arthropods|Larvae | ||||
| Telenomus gracilis | Parasite | |||||
| Trichogramma dendrolimi | Parasite | Eggs |
Notes on Natural Enemies
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The fullest report on parasites of this pest was given by Kolomiets (1962). There are 36 known species, which parasitize on different stages of the pest.
Telenomus gracillis very likely plays the most important role in the population dynamics of D. superans sibiricus. In different locations of outbreaks, T. gracillis destroyed up to 100% of its eggs (Kolomiets, 1962; Boldaruyev, 1969). In these locations, parasites such as Masicera zimini, Rhogas dendrolimi and Apanteles ordinarious were of great importance as well.
There are many pathogenic organisms that affect D. superans sibiricus (Golosova, 2003).
Telenomus gracillis very likely plays the most important role in the population dynamics of D. superans sibiricus. In different locations of outbreaks, T. gracillis destroyed up to 100% of its eggs (Kolomiets, 1962; Boldaruyev, 1969). In these locations, parasites such as Masicera zimini, Rhogas dendrolimi and Apanteles ordinarious were of great importance as well.
There are many pathogenic organisms that affect D. superans sibiricus (Golosova, 2003).
Plant Trade
Top of page| Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leaves | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
| Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Impact Summary
Top of page| Category | Impact |
|---|---|
| Animal/plant collections | Negative |
| Animal/plant products | None |
| Biodiversity (generally) | None |
| Crop production | Negative |
| Environment (generally) | Negative |
| Fisheries / aquaculture | Negative |
| Forestry production | Negative |
| Human health | None |
| Livestock production | None |
| Native fauna | Negative |
| Native flora | Negative |
| Rare/protected species | None |
| Tourism | None |
| Trade/international relations | Negative |
| Transport/travel | Negative |
Impact
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Outbreaks of D. superans sibiricus often cover vast areas and cause massive destruction of forests. According to Rozhkov (1965), between 1870 and 1952 in the Irkutsk region D. superans sibiricus destroyed an area of 1.1 million ha. Between 1931 and 1941 in the Chita region alone 1.5 million ha of larch forests were destroyed. In the first half of the twentieth century 2 million ha of forests perished as a result of damage caused by D. superans sibiricus in the Far East (Ivliev, 1966).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
At present the most used chemical preparations in Russia are some pyrethroid preparations as well as Bacillus thuringinesis, which is sometimes applied with the addition of dimilin (Gninenko and Sergeyeva, 2003; Kuteyev, 2000).Monitoring of population number is carried out by different methods (Ilinsky and Tropin, 1965) including pheromone traps (Pletnev et al., 1999; Baranchikov et al., 1999).
An area no less than 1-2 million ha is annually involved in special inspections in different regions of Russia.
References
Top of pageBaranchikov Yu N, Pet'ko VM, Klun DA, Mastro VK, Radzhenovich AA, 2000. Polovoj attractant i feromonnye lovushki klya monitoringa sibirskogo shelkopryada. Zashtita lesov Rossii i perspektivy ee razvitiya. MPR, Pushkino, s.7-8 (in Russian)
Boldaruyev VO, 1969. Dinamika chislennossti sibirskogo shelkopryada i ego parazitov . AN SSSR, Ulan-Ude (in Russian)
EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm
Gninenko Yu I, 2003. Vspyshki massovogo razmnozheniya klesnych nasekomych v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke v poslednej chetverti XX veka . Lesochozyajstvennaya informaciya, N1, s. 46-57 (in Russian)
Gninenko Yu I, Sergeeva Yu A, 2003. Opyt ispol'zovaniya bakterial'nych preparatov dlya zashtity lesa v Rossii. Inf. Bull. N2. Biologiceskaya zashtita lesa i lesopatologicheskij monitoring. Pushkino, s.51-61 (in Russian)
Golosova MA, 2003. Biologicheskaya zashtita lesa . MGUL, Moscow (in Russian)
Ilijnsky AI, Tropin IV, ed. , 1965. Nadzor, uchjet i prognoz massovych razmnozhenij chvoe- listogryzyshtich nasekomych . Ltsnaya promyshlennost' Moscow (in Russian)
Ivliev LA, 1966. Sibirskij shelkopryad v lesach Dal'nego Vostoka . Avtoref. Kand. Dissert. Vladivostok (in Russian)
Kolomietc NG, 1962. Parazity i khishtniki sibirskogo shelkopryada. SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk (in Russian)
Kuteev FS, 1999. Opyt biologicheskoj bor'by s sibirskim shelkopryadom . Zashtita tajozhnych lesov Sibiri ot sibirskogo shelkopryada. Gorno-Altajsk, s. 22-23 (in Russian)
Matusevich LS, 1999. Sibirskij shelkopryad v lesach Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka v XX veke .Zashtita tajozhnych lesov Sibiri ot sibirskogo shelkopryada. Gorno-Altajsk, s. 35-38 (in Russian)
Okunev PP, 1955. Mery bor'by s sibirskim shelkopryadom. Lesnoe khozyajstvo, 1955, N 3 (in Russian)
Petersen W, 1904. Uber Dendrolimus pini und D. segregatus. Bull. Russian Ent. Rev., 4
Pletnev VA, Vendilo NV, Ponomarev VL, Mitroshin DB, Lebedeva KV, 1999. Poisk feromona sibirskogo shelkopryada Dendrolimus sibiricus . Zashtita tajozhnych lesov Sibiri ot sibirskogo shelkopryada. Gorno-Altajsk, 56-57 (in Russian)
Rozhkov AS, 1963. Sibirskij shelkopryad. Moscow, AN SSSR (in Russian)
Rozhkov AS, 1965. Massovoe razmnnozhenie sibirskogo shelkopryada i mery bor'by s nim . Moscow, AN SSSR (in Russian)
Tal'man PN, 1957. Vliyanie sredy i preobrazuyushtei eje roli cheloveka v svyazi s razmnozheniem sibirskogo shelkopryada. Tr. Leningadskoj LTA, vyp. 81, ch.3, 57-68 (in Russian)
Tur'yanov RA, 1999. Massovye razmnnozheniya sibirskogo shelkopryada (Dendrolimus sibiricus) na Yuzhnom Urale. Zashtita tajozhnych lesov Sibiri ot sibirskogo shelkopryada. Gorno-Altajsk, s. 69-74 (in Russian)
Vasil'ev IV, 1900. Shelkopryad v lesach Irkutskoj gubernii . Lesopromyshlennyj vestnik, N 4-5 (in Russian)
Distribution References
Greathead DJ, Undated. BIOCAT Database (unpublished)., Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
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