Dendroctonus valens (red turpentine beetle)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
- Growth Stages
- Symptoms
- List of Symptoms/Signs
- Biology and Ecology
- Natural enemies
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Pathway Vectors
- Plant Trade
- Wood Packaging
- Impact Summary
- Impact
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Detection and Inspection
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Dendroctonus valens Leconte
Preferred Common Name
- red turpentine beetle
Other Scientific Names
- Dendroctonus beckeri Thatcher
- Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas & Bright
International Common Names
- English: beetle, red turpentine
- French: dendroctone rouge de l'epinette; dendroctone rouge de l'épinette
Local Common Names
- China: hong zhi da xiao du; qiang da xiao du
EPPO code
- DENCVA (Dendroctonus valens)
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pageD. valens was not a known forest pest in China before the outbreak in Shanxi in 1999. However, its pest status in China is steadily increasing due to the beetle's invasive and destructive nature. The State Forestry Administration currently ranks D. valens the second most important forest pest in China and a National Management Project was initiated for the pest in 2000. D. valens continues to spread to new regions near infested areas. In 2001, about 30% of 85,300 ha of Chinese pine forest was infested in eastern Shaanxi with a total of 7% mortality. In 2002, infestation extended into Henan province, but timely response by the State Forestry Administration has decreased D. valens-infested pine stands and mortality overall.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Arthropoda
- Subphylum: Uniramia
- Class: Insecta
- Order: Coleoptera
- Family: Scolytidae
- Genus: Dendroctonus
- Species: Dendroctonus valens
Description
Top of pageThe eggs are shiny, opaque white, ovoid cylindrical, and about 1 mm long. They are often laid in groups of 10-40 or more, along one side of the gallery away from the area of main beetle activity. The egg masses are covered with compacted frass.
Larva
The larva is grub-like, legless and white, except for a brown head capsule and a small brown area at the hind end. A row of small, pale-brown tubercles become evident along each side of the body as the larva grows. The fully-grown larva can be up to 10-12 mm long.
Pupa
The pupa is white and slightly shorter than the larva. The legs and antennae are held against the body in the pupal or resting stage.
Adult
The adult beetles, which are the largest of the Dendroctonus genus, are typically 6-10 mm long and quite stout, 2.1 times as long as wide. At first, the beetle is called a callow adult and is tan, but it rapidly darkens to a reddish-brown. The frons is moderately convex with three elevations, the upper one just below the end of the epicranial suture and the lower two laterally sited on the median frons. The epistomal process is broad, more than 0.55 times as wide as the distance between the eyes. The arms of the epistomal process are oblique about 20° from horizontal and are prominently and roundly elevated. The surface of the epistomal process is longitudinally and broadly concave. The pronotum is 0.73 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as the pronotum. Elytral declivity with all interstriae shining, interstriae 1 not elevated, interstriae 2 neither narrower nor more impressed than interstriae 1 and 3, all declivital interstriae coarsely granulated, granulations distributed sometimes confused and sometimes regularly.
Distribution
Top of page
With the exception of the southern Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast states, D. valens is common in pine and mixed conifer forests in the continental USA, southern Canada, Mexico and Honduras. The native range of the beetle extends roughly from 15°N to north of 60°N latitude and is concentrated between 30°N and 50°N (Song et al., 2000). The altitudinal range of D. valens in central Mexico is under 3000 m, and in Guatemala is between 1500 and 3000 m (Song et al., 2000).
In China, D. valens is widely distributed in Shanxi province and parts of the adjacent provinces Hebei, Henan and Shaanxi. Heavily attacked forests in Shanxi province are located in the Taihang, Lulang and Zhongtiao Mountains, at 35°12'N to 39°16'N latitude (Zhang et al., 2002). The latitudinal range of D. valens in the Americas corresponds well with that of China's national boundaries and the native pines therein. Extensive areas of pine forests are located on mountains and hills below 3000 m in altitude, so the potential range of D. valens in China is far greater than its current distribution (Song et al., 2000).
D. valens has spread rapidly in China since the first outbreak there in 1999 (Li et al., 2001; Miao et al., 2001). To date, it has been found in 62 counties, eight Forestry Bureaux and many plantations in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei and Henan, and infested over half a million hectares of pine stands.
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 13 May 2022Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
China | Present, Localized | Introduced | First reported: early 1980s | ||||
-Beijing | Present | ||||||
-Hebei | Present, Localized | Introduced | First reported: early 1980s | ||||
-Henan | Present, Localized | Introduced | First reported: early 1980s | ||||
-Inner Mongolia | Present | ||||||
-Liaoning | Present | ||||||
-Shaanxi | Present, Widespread | Introduced | First reported: early 1980s | ||||
-Shanxi | Present, Widespread | Introduced | First reported: early 1980s | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Belize | Present | ||||||
Canada | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Alberta | Present | ||||||
-British Columbia | Present | ||||||
-Manitoba | Present | ||||||
-New Brunswick | Present | ||||||
-Newfoundland and Labrador | Present | ||||||
-Northwest Territories | Present | ||||||
-Nova Scotia | Present | ||||||
-Ontario | Present | ||||||
-Quebec | Present | ||||||
-Saskatchewan | Present | ||||||
Guatemala | Present | ||||||
Honduras | Present | ||||||
Mexico | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
Nicaragua | Present | ||||||
United States | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Arizona | Present | ||||||
-California | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Colorado | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Connecticut | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Delaware | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Florida | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | ||||||
-Georgia | Present | ||||||
-Idaho | Present, Localized | Native | Invasive | ||||
-Illinois | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Indiana | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Iowa | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Kansas | Present, Localized | Native | |||||
-Kentucky | Present | ||||||
-Louisiana | Absent, Invalid presence record(s) | ||||||
-Maine | Present | ||||||
-Maryland | Present | ||||||
-Massachusetts | Present | ||||||
-Michigan | Present | ||||||
-Minnesota | Present | ||||||
-Montana | Present | ||||||
-Nebraska | Present | ||||||
-Nevada | Present | ||||||
-New Hampshire | Present | ||||||
-New Jersey | Present | ||||||
-New Mexico | Present | ||||||
-New York | Present | ||||||
-North Carolina | Present | ||||||
-North Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Ohio | Present | ||||||
-Oklahoma | Present | ||||||
-Oregon | Present, Few occurrences | Native | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | ||||||
-Rhode Island | Present | ||||||
-South Carolina | Present | ||||||
-South Dakota | Present | ||||||
-Tennessee | Present | ||||||
-Texas | Present | ||||||
-Utah | Present | ||||||
-Vermont | Present | ||||||
-Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Washington | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-West Virginia | Present | ||||||
-Wisconsin | Present, Widespread | Native | |||||
-Wyoming | Present |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageHabitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | High altitudes, uplands | Present, no further details | |
Terrestrial | Managed | Cultivated / agricultural land | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed forests, plantations and orchards | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Managed grasslands (grazing systems) | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural grasslands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Deserts | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageIn China, D. valens is a new exotic invasive pest that attacks Pinus tabuliformis and P. bungeana, especially P. tabuliformis. Occasionally, it has been found in Pinus armandii and Picea meyeri, but damage on these hosts has not been confirmed (Zhang et al., 2002). The potential range of D. valens in China is huge as P. tabuliformis is planted widely across much of the country (Britton and Sun, 2002).
Host Plants and Other Plants Affected
Top of pagePlant name | Family | Context | References |
---|---|---|---|
Pinus armandii (armand's pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus bungeana (lace bark pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) | Pinaceae | Main | |
Pinus radiata (radiata pine) | Pinaceae | Unknown | |
Pinus resinosa (red pine) | Pinaceae | Unknown | |
Pinus tabuliformis (chinese pine) | Pinaceae | Main |
Symptoms
Top of pageResin flowing from the wood, beetle frass and bark borings are mixed in the beetle's gallery and pushed out of the entrance hole. The mixture either adheres to the bark surface, forming a pitch tube, or falls to the ground in pitch pellets of various sizes. The pitch tubes vary in size, texture and colour, depending on the kind of tree and the time of observation. The resin is usually white to yellowish, then becomes dark red or black.
Attacked trees often show a colour change in the needles, from green to yellowish green, then through shades of yellow and sorrel to red, which indicates that the tree is dying.
List of Symptoms/Signs
Top of pageSign | Life Stages | Type |
---|---|---|
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Leaves / abnormal colours | ||
Leaves / frass visible | ||
Leaves / frass visible | ||
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Leaves / yellowed or dead | ||
Roots / internal feeding | ||
Roots / internal feeding | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / internal feeding | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Stems / visible frass | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / discoloration | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / frass visible | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / internal feeding | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback | ||
Whole plant / plant dead; dieback |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageIn North America, D. valens attacks the tree at ground level burrowing into the bole and root collar (Smith, 1971), forming large, reddish-brown pitch tubes. The galleries of the beetle are short, irregular and usually vertical. Large, fan-shaped galleries are formed by larval feeding. The development time for D. valens can be up to 2 years in cold areas.
The life cycle and behaviour of D. valens are similar in North America and China; however, some notable differences exist. Foremost among these is the beetle's ability to colonize, kill and reproduce in mature P. tabuliformis, resulting in outbreaks occurring in China that have no parallel in the native range of the pest.
In China, D. valens extensively colonizes and overwinters in the roots of trees (Britton and Sun, 2002; Wu et al., 2002). This extensive root colonization, combined with the presence of fungal associates in the roots, may explain the beetle's tree-killing success in China (Owen, 2001). Fungi isolated from D. valens include Leptographium terebrantis, L. procerum, Ophiostoma ips and a species of Graphium (Owen et al., 1987; Klepzig et al., 1991). Of the Ophiostoma fungi carried by Dendroctonus spp. attacking ponderosa pine, L. terebrantis was the most virulent (Owen et al., 1987; Parmeter et al., 1989). This fungus has also been associated with decline and/or mortality of a number of other species of Pinus (Highley and Tattar, 1985; Klepzig et al., 1991; Bannwart et al., 1998). Virtually nothing is known about the fungal complex associated with D. valens in China. However, it appears that the strain introduced into China with D. valens is more virulent than the one associated with the pest in North America, which is a cause of concern as the Chinese D. valens could be re-introduced to North America carrying more virulent fungi with it.
Flight distances of D. valens in North America can exceed 16 km (Smith, 1971). In China, flight distances of up to 35 km have been documented (Zhang et al., 2002). In China, D. valens cannot overwinter at any stage in boles at temperatures below -18°C. Mortality of D. valens larvae and adults is very low in roots, indicating that roots are important for the survival of the pest (Miao et al., 2001) and can serve as a source of beetles in the following year (Wu et al., 2002).
In China, D. valens primarily attacks Pinus tabuliformis and P. bungeana, especially P. tabuliformis. As a major reforestation species in China, P. tabuliformis is widely planted across much of the country, including degraded and marginal sites. Such sites can contribute to tree stress and are therefore likely to favour the activity of the pest (Li et al., 2001). Drought conditions were thought to have contributed greatly to an outbreak of D. valens in China in 1999 (Li et al., 2001). In general, mature and overmature P. tabuliformis forests are infested, whereas younger forests are seldom attacked. D. valens-infested pine forests are also endangered by another beetle, Hylastes parallelus (Wu et al., 2002). The interaction between these two beetle species and the role of H. parallelus in D. valens infestation are unknown.
Natural enemies
Top of pageNatural enemy | Type | Life stages | Specificity | References | Biological control in | Biological control on |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heterobasidion annosum | Pathogen | |||||
Rhizophagus grandis | Predator |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pagePathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Yes | |||
Land vehicles | Yes | |||
Soil, sand and gravel | Soil | Yes |
Plant Trade
Top of pagePlant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Pest stages | Borne internally | Borne externally | Visibility of pest or symptoms |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bark | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye | |
Roots | arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | ||
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches | arthropods/eggs; arthropods/larvae; arthropods/pupae | Yes | Yes | Pest or symptoms usually visible to the naked eye |
Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport |
---|
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx |
Fruits (inc. pods) |
Growing medium accompanying plants |
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants |
True seeds (inc. grain) |
Wood |
Wood Packaging
Top of pageWood Packaging liable to carry the pest in trade/transport | Timber type | Used as packing |
---|---|---|
Solid wood packing material with bark | Pinus ponderosa; P. ayacahuite; P. arizonica; P. douglasiana; P. engelmannii; P. gregii; P. hartwegii; P. herrerai; P. jeffreyi; P. lassoni; P. leiphylla; P. maximinoi; P. michoacana; P. pseudostrobus; P. oocarpa; P. tecote; P. tabulaeformis; P. bungeana; P. armandi | Yes |
Solid wood packing material without bark | Ibid | Yes |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant collections | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Animal/plant products | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Biodiversity (generally) | None |
Crop production | None |
Crop production | None |
Environment (generally) | None |
Environment (generally) | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Fisheries / aquaculture | None |
Forestry production | None |
Forestry production | None |
Human health | None |
Human health | None |
Livestock production | None |
Livestock production | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native fauna | None |
Native flora | None |
Native flora | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Rare/protected species | None |
Tourism | None |
Tourism | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Trade/international relations | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Transport/travel | None |
Impact
Top of pageSince the first outbreak of D. valens in northern China in 1999, this exotic invasive pest has spread rapidly from Shanxi province to three adjacent provinces (Hebei, Henan and Shaanxi) and infested over half of a million hectares of pine forest, causing extensive mortality. More than 6 million Pinus tabuliformis trees have been killed, as well as other species of pine including Pinus bungeana (Li et al., 2001; Miao et al., 2001). D. valens was introduced to China in the early 1980s when unprocessed logs were imported from the west coast of the USA (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, unpublished report). Several consecutive years of drought conditions stressed the primary host (P. tabuliformis) and contributed greatly to the outbreak in 1999 (Li et al., 2001). As pines are a major reforestation species in China, and P. tabuliformis is widely planted across a large portion of the country, the potential range of, and damage by, this invasive bark beetle is overwhelming (Britton and Sun, 2002).
Economic Impact
Top of pageSince the first outbreak of D. valens in northern China in 1999, this exotic invasive pest has spread rapidly from Shanxi province to three adjacent provinces (Hebei, Henan and Shaanxi) and infested over half of a million hectares of pine forest, causing extensive mortality. More than 6 million Pinus tabuliformis trees have been killed, as well as other species of pine including Pinus bungeana (Li et al., 2001; Miao et al., 2001). D. valens was introduced to China in the early 1980s when unprocessed logs were imported from the west coast of the USA (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, unpublished report). Several consecutive years of drought conditions stressed the primary host (P. tabuliformis) and contributed greatly to the outbreak in 1999 (Li et al., 2001). As pines are a major reforestation species in China, and P. tabuliformis is widely planted across a large portion of the country, the potential range of, and damage by, this invasive bark beetle is overwhelming (Britton and Sun, 2002).
Environmental Impact
Top of pageDetection and Inspection
Top of pageThese results provide a new, more effective, single-component lure for use in monitoring and trapping of D. valens in China. This lure is being tested in other parts of the range of D. valens, partly to maximize trapping efficacy in North America and partly to determine the original source(s) of introduction of D. valens from North America to Asia. Such knowledge is often helpful in optimizing biological control and semiochemical control programmes, because they incorporate factors that may vary regionally within a species. It is useful to know that D. valens responds most strongly to 3-carene as an attractant because of the expense of pheromone-grade monoterpenes. The knowledge that the single component lure is three times as effective as the ternary blend will result in considerable savings in large-scale programmes, such as that planned for China in 2002-2004 (Sun et al., 2004).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Monitoring and Prevention
As D. valens is a new exotic invasive beetle in China, effective monitoring is key to effective management. There is an immediate need to slow down or prevent the spread of the beetle in China. Artificial spread is an important means of dispersal in areas where pine stands are widely separated. Restrictions on unauthorized tree harvesting and the movement of infested material must be strictly enforced. Any pine material with intact bark could potentially harbour the red turpentine beetle. Strict quarantine measures must be enforced at ports, along roads, railways and the boundaries of infested areas. Harvesting green trees creates a breeding habitat for D. valens in stumps, potentially initiating or aggravating outbreaks, and harvesting dying, infested trees may facilitate the spread of the beetle.
Long-term solutions must address tree and stand susceptibility to D. valens. Historical records and protected natural areas can, to a certain extent, serve as models for stand rehabilitation, with D. valens considered a significant input into ecological processes. Stand susceptibility is likely to be a driving force behind the management of affected forests for many years to come. A better understanding of the interaction between D. valens and forest stand attributes will enable managers to devise silvicultural treatments that will produce stands more resistant to beetle attack. It is important to recognize that other insect pests and diseases can affect tree susceptibility to D. valens and that the desired stand condition and health will depend upon the response of all potential pests to treatment.
The inherent susceptibility of P. tabuliformis and other Chinese species of Pinus to attack by D. valens requires further investigation. Reforestation efforts could benefit from the use of resistant genotypes and resistant species mixes. The role of fungi in the success of D. valens needs to be determined, including identification of the fungi carried by the beetle in China. It is important to know whether any variability exists among individual trees or between tree species in response to fungal inoculation and, if so, whether this correlates with the success of the pest.
Chemical Control
Fumigation of boles with phosphine under plastic cover, and spraying insecticides (such as cypermethrin, phoxim) onto boles during the flight period are all effective in killing beetles (90-98% mortality) (Shanxi Forestry Bureau, China, unpublished data). However, fumigation is difficult and costly to apply. It has never been proved to be effective in controlling beetle populations over large areas, and can cause environmental contamination and reduce natural enemy populations.
Cultural Control
Manual control, such as felling and digging out dying or recently dead trees and eliminating any exposed roots and stumps, can be used to eliminate beetles but is too labour-intensive for practical management of the pest.
Trapping
The use of semiochemicals to manipulate beetle populations is a promising management tool for D. valens. The use of lure traps with semiochemicals (host volatiles) is a labour-saving and environmentally friendly method that can be used in all seasons of D. valens activity throughout the year. It attracts both male and female beetles, and studies have shown its effectiveness in reducing tree mortality. Mass-trapping programmes have been used over a 2-year period in China with satisfactory results (Sun et al., 2004).
Biological Control
It is not known to what degree natural enemies regulate D. valens populations in its native range and in China. The introduction of exotic natural enemies to China must be carried out with adequate safeguards to prevent unwanted impacts on native fauna and flora. Sub-cortical insects are known to vector a wide range of organisms that could accidentally be introduced with unknown consequences (Owen, 2001). However, the introduction and establishment of exotic natural enemies could potentially provide long-term regulation of D. valens populations and reduce the need for other treatments.
Integrated Pest Management
A combination of chemical and manual control, and the use of semiochemicals decreased the area of Shanxi province infested by D. valens from 255,720 ha in 1999 to 178,000 ha in 2002.
References
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Song ZQ; Liu X; Liang ZQ; Wang Y, 1993. Chemical characteristics of oleoresins from Chinese pine species for oleoresin production. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products 13(Suppl.):27-32 (in Chinese).
Stark RW, 1965. Recent trends in forest entomology. Annual Review of Entomology, 10:303-324.
Stark RW; Miller PR; Cobb FW Jr; Wood DL; Parmerter JR Jr, 1968. Incidence of bark beetle infestation in injured trees. Hilgardia, 59:121-126.
Su Z; Zhai QH; Liang ZQ; Guo CT, 1981. Chemical constituents of oleoresins from nineteen pine tree species and their relationships to species and Matsucoccus matsumurea attack. Chemistry and industry of forest products, 1(3):73-76 (in Chinese).
Sun J; Gillette NE; Miao Z; Kang L; Zhang Z; Owen DR; Stein JD, 2003. Verbenone interrupts attraction to host volatiles and reduces attack on Pinus tabuliformis (Pinaceae) by Dendroctonus valens (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in the People's Republic of China. Canadian Entomologist, 135(5):721-732.
Sun JH; Miao ZW; Zhang Z; Zhang ZN; Gillette N, 2004. Red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), response to host semiochemicals in China. Environmental Entomology, 33(2):206-212.
Sun SQ; Ying M; Ma SJ, 2002. The rotated principle component analysis on the regional features of summer precipitation in North China and their correlation analysis. Climatic and Environmental Research, 7(1):74-86 (in Chinese).
Sun Y; Wang QQ; Qian YF; Zhang YS, 2002. Seasonal precipitation characters in North China and its relations with precipitation in other parts of China. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, 25(4):503-509 (in Chinese).
Tovar DC; Montiel JTM; Bolanos RC; Yates HO III; Lara JEF, 1995. Forest Insects of Mexico. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.
Vité JP; Gara RI; Scheller HDV, 1964. Field observation on the response to attractions of bark beetles infesting Southern pines. Contribution of the Boyce Thompson Institute, 21:461-470.
Werner RA, 1972. Aggregation behavior of the beetle Ips grandicollis in response to (1) host-produced attractants; (2) insect-produced attractants. Journal of Insect Physiology, 18:423-437.
Wu G; Feng ZW, 1994. Study on the social characteristics and biomass of the Pinus tabulaeformis forest systems in China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 14(1):415-422 (in Chinese).
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Distribution References
Anon, 1995. Forest Insects of Mexico. (Insectos Forestales de Mexico)., [ed. by Cibrian-Tovar D, Mendez-Montiel JT, Campos Bolans R, Yates HO III, Flores Lara J]. Chapingo, Mexico: Universidad Autonoma Chapingo. 453 pp.
CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Ross H, Arnett Jr, 2000. American Insects., Boca Raton, Florida, USA: St. Lucie Press, CRC Press.
Tovar DC, Montiel JTM, Bolanos RC, Yates HO III, Lara JEF, 1995. Forest Insects of Mexico., Estado de Mexico, Mexico: Universidad Autonoma Chapingo.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS) | http://griis.org/ | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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