Cymbopogon citratus
(lemongrass)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Habit Caption Cymbopogon citratus (citronella grass or lemon grass); habit. Garden of Eden Keanae, Maui, Hawaii, USA. March, 2011. Copyright ©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Habit	Cymbopogon citratus (citronella grass or lemon grass); habit. Garden of Eden Keanae, Maui, Hawaii, USA. March, 2011.	©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0
Title Leaves Caption Cymbopogon citratus (citronella grass or lemon grass); leaves. Olinda, Maui, Hawaii, USA. January, 2007. Copyright ©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0	Leaves	Cymbopogon citratus (citronella grass or lemon grass); leaves. Olinda, Maui, Hawaii, USA. January, 2007.	©Forest Starr & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Preferred Common Name

• lemongrass

Other Scientific Names

• Andropogon cerifer Hack.
• Andropogon ceriferus Hack.
• Andropogon citratus DC. ex Nees
• Andropogon fragrans C.Cordem.
• Andropogon nardus subsp. ceriferus L. (Hack.) Hack.
• Andropogon roxburghii Nees ex Steud.
• Calamus aromaticus
• Cymbopogon nardus
• Cymbopogon nardus var. citratus (L.) Rendle (DC. ex Nees) Roberty

International Common Names

• English: citron grass; citronella grass; fever grass; lemon grass; West Indian lemongrass
• Spanish: hierba limon; pasto limón; sontol; te limon; yerba luisa; zacate de limón; zacate de té; zacate dete; zacate limón
• French: citronelle; herbe citron; Sitonnèl; verveine des Indes
• Chinese: xiang mao
• Portuguese: cana-cidreira; cana-limão; capim-cidró; capim-santo; erva-cidreira; patchuli-falso

Local Common Names

• Brazil: cana-cidreira; cana-limão; capim-cidró; capim-santo; erva-cidreira; patchuli-falso; yerbaluisa
• Cambodia: slek krey sabou
• Cuba: Caña de limón; Cañita santa; Cañuela; Corta calentura; Hierba de calentura; Hierba de limón; Hierba santa; Yerba de calentura; Yerba de limón; Yerba isleña; Yerba limón; Yerba santa
• Dominican Republic: Citronela, Limoncillo
• Germany: Lemongras; Zitronellgras; Zitronengras
• India: bhustarah; gandhabene; gandhatran; injippullu; khavi; lilacha; majjigehallu; nimmagaddi; vasanapullu
• Indonesia: sereh
• Italy: citronella
• Laos: 'si khai; 'sing khai
• Lesser Antilles: fever grass
• Malaysia: serai; serai dapur; sereh
• Myanmar: sabalin
• Peru: yerba Luisa
• Philippines: balioko; salai; tanglad
• Puerto Rico: Limoncillo; Zorra de limón
• Saint Lucia: sitonnèl
• Sri Lanka: sereh
• Thailand: cha khrai; khrai; soet-kroei
• Vietnam: sa chanh

EPPO code

• CYGCI (Cymbopogon citratus)
• CYGNA (Cymbopogon nardus)

Summary of Invasiveness

Cymbopogon citratus is a perennial grass that has been intentionally introduced in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for the essential oil extracts from its leaves and to be used as a culinary and medicinal herb. It is a tall grass with rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots, which tillers profusely and has the potential to escape from cultivation. Once established it can spread fairly rapidly, becoming weedy and invasive in disturbed areas. Currently it is listed as a weed in Mexico and as an invasive species on the island of St. Lucia. On this island, C. citratus is an invader which, due to its high oil content, has the potential to increase fire risk in areas such as Pigeon Island and Dennery quarry where it forms monotypic stands.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Plantae
•         Phylum: Spermatophyta
•             Subphylum: Angiospermae
•                 Class: Monocotyledonae
•                     Order: Cyperales
•                         Family: Poaceae
•                             Genus: Cymbopogon
•                                 Species: Cymbopogon citratus

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Poaceae is one of the largest Angiosperm families, including 707 genera and about 11,337 species widely distributed in all regions of the world (Stevens, 2016). The genus Cymbopogon comprises 59 species distributed across the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa and Australia (Barkworth et al., 2007; Flora of China, 2016). Several Cymbopogon species (i.e., Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon nardus) are cultivated commercially for the aromatic oils that are distilled from their leaves. Cymbopogon is closely related to Andropogon, Chrysopogon and Hyparrhenia, leading to taxonomic complications and frequent misidentification of species within these genera (Flora of China, 2016).

Description

The following description is adapted from Flora of China (2016):

Cymbopogon citratus is a perennial, shortly rhizomatous grass. Culms tufted, robust, up to 2 m tall, 4 mm in diameter, farinose below nodes. Leaf sheaths glabrous, greenish inside; leaf blades glaucous, 30-90 × 0.5-2 cm, both surfaces scabrid, base gradually narrowed, apex long acuminate; ligule 1 mm. Spathate compound panicle large, lax, up to 50 cm, drooping, branches slender; spatheoles reddish or yellowish brown, 1.5-2 cm; racemes 1.5-2 cm; rachis internodes and pedicels 2.5-4 mm, loosely villous on margins; pedicel of homogenous pair not swollen. Sessile spikelet linear-lanceolate, 5-6 × 0.7 mm; lower glume flat or slightly concave toward base, sharply 2-keeled, keels wingless, scabrid, veinless between keels; upper lemma narrow, entire and awnless, or slightly 2-lobed with 0.2 mm mucro. Pedicelled spikelet 4-5 mm.

Plant Type

Distribution

Cymbopogon citratus is native to India and Sri Lanka (Clayton et al., 2016). It has been introduced and cultivated in Africa, South and Central America, the West Indies, China and South-East Asia (Zuloaga et al., 2003; Clayton et al., 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

After the First World War large-scale cultivation of C. citratus began in South and Central America and later in Africa, Madagascar and nearby islands. Cymbopogon citratus is now found cultivated and often naturalized throughout the tropics and warm subtropics. It is very common throughout South-East Asia where it is cultivated as an industrial crop and as a garden ornamental (Oyen, 1999). In the United States, it has been collected in Florida, across the Miami-Dade County (Wunderlin et al., 2016).

In Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, C. citratus appears in herbarium collections made in 1876 and 1860 respectively. In Puerto Rico this species occurs primarily in cultivation in home gardens but is also found naturalized in humid areas (Más and García-Molinari, 2006).

In St Lucia, C. citratus forms monotypic stands in areas such as Pigeon Island and Dennery and has the potential to spread to dry degraded slopes between Vieux Fort and Micoud (Graveson, 2012).

Risk of Introduction

The risk of introduction of C. citratus is very high. This grass has been intentionally introduced in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its essential oil and as a culinary and medicinal herb and has the potential to escape from cultivation (Oyen, 1999; USDA-ARS, 2016).

Habitat

Cymbopogon citratus can be found cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics and warm subtropics, in warm and humid habitats and along roadsides. However, it is predominantly grown in cultivation (Oyen, 1999).

Biology and Ecology

Genetics

The chromosome number reported for C. citratus is 2n = 40 (Flora of China, 2016).

Reproductive biology

In most places Cymbopogon citratus flowers very rarely or not at all. It mostly reproduces vegetatively (Oyen, 1999).

Physiology and phenology

In China, C. citratus has been recorded flowering and fruiting during summer (Flora of China, 2016).

Longevity

Cymbopogon citratus has a life-span of 4-6 years (Oyen, 1999).

Environmental requirements

Cymbopogon citratus grows best under sunny, warm and humid conditions at elevations below 750 m, with mean annual temperatures ranging from 23°C to 30°C and mean annual rainfall between 2500-3000 mm. It is adapted to grow on a wide variety of soils types, but prefers well-drained soils with pH ranging from 5.5 to 7.5. However, this species has been recorded growing in Australia on clay soils with pH=9.6. It does not tolerate saline soils or frosty conditions (Oyen, 1999)

Climate

Air Temperature

Rainfall

Rainfall Regime

Soil Tolerances

Soil drainage

• free

Soil reaction

• acid
• alkaline
• neutral

Soil texture

• heavy
• light
• medium

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

In Guatemala, Helminthosporium cymbopogi [Cochliobolus cymbopogonis] causes a serious leaf-spot disease in Cymbopogon species resulting in significant damage. Curvularia lunata [Cochliobolus lunatus] causes another leaf disease, starting with elongated, discolored lesions that ultimately become brown with a paler border. Brown-tip disease is a physiological disorder in C. citratus, resulting from a low water content of the leaves at the end of the dry season (Oyen, 1999).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Cymbopogon citratus rarely produces seeds, and it spreads mostly vegetatively by rhizomes and tillers (Oyen, 1999).

Intentional introduction

Cymbopogon citratus has been actively introduced in tropical and subtropical regions around the world where it is cultivated as a culinary and medicinal herb, garden ornamental and as an industrial crop to extract essential oils from its leaves (Oyen, 1999; USDA-ARS, 2016).

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Impact Summary

Environmental Impact

As weedy grass, C. citratus tillers strongly and may quickly invade new habitats, forming monotypic stands that displace native vegetation (Oyen, 1999). It is a tall grass with rhizomes and densely tufted fibrous roots that, once established, is very difficult to remove (Gilman, 1999). 

On the island of St Lucia, C. citratus is listed as invasive species as, due to the high oil content of the leaves, it has the potential to increase the risk of fires in natural areas such as Pigeon Island and Dennery quarry where it forms monotypic stands (Graveson, 2012).

Risk and Impact Factors

• Proved invasive outside its native range
• Highly adaptable to different environments
• Is a habitat generalist
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Highly mobile locally
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Long lived
• Fast growing
• Gregarious
• Reproduces asexually

• Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
• Modification of fire regime
• Modification of successional patterns
• Monoculture formation
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Competition - monopolizing resources
• Rapid growth
• Rooting

• Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
• Difficult/costly to control

Uses

Economic value

Essential oil extracts from Cymbopogon are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and perfumery. C. citratus is commercially cultivated in Africa and Asia, but the leading exporter of this species is Guatemala, trading about 250,000 kg per year (Avoseh et al., 2015).

Social benefit

Cymbopogon citratus is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disturbances, fevers and hypertension. It is commonly used in the form of tea as a “homemade remedy” for cough, flu, gingivitis, digestive problems and stomachache (Avoseh et al., 2015).

Environmental services

Cymbopogon citratus is planted in gardens and on bunds for soil conservation (Oyen, 1999).

Uses List

Environmental

• Amenity
• Erosion control or dune stabilization
• Soil conservation

Human food and beverage

• Beverage base
• Spices and culinary herbs
• Vegetable

Materials

• Essential oils
• Lipids
• Pesticide

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

• Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
• Traditional/folklore

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Contributors

05/12/2016 Updated by:

Dr. Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany, Smithsonian NMNH

Distribution Maps