Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)

Pictures

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Title

Caption

Copyright

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit.

©Mokkie/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit.

©Mokkie/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 3.0

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit, on S63 Road, Pafuri area, Kruger NP, Sout Africa. December 2013.

©Bernard Dupont/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 2.0

Flower

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flower and foliage. Raigarh, Maharashtra, India. April 2007.

©Dinesh Valke/via flickr - CC BY-SA 2.0

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit. Oakwood Lakes, Boynton Beach, Florida, USA. September 2009.

©Forest & Kim Starr - CC BY 4.0

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit, white morph. Mozambique. August 2014.

©Ton Rulkens/via wikipedia - CC BY-SA 2.0

Habit

Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle); flowering habit, in its natural environment. Ihorombe, Isalo National Park, Madagascar.

©Whitney Cranshaw/Colorado State University/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Preferred Common Name

Madagascar periwinkle

Other Scientific Names

Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small
Catharanthus roseus var. albus G. Don
Catharanthus roseus var. roseus
Hottonia littoralis Lour.
Lachnea rosea (L.) Rchb.
Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb.
Lochnera rosea var. alba (G. Don) Hubbard
Lochnera rosea var. flava Tsiang
Pervinca rosea (L.) Gaterau
Pervinca rosea (L.) Moench
Vinca gulielmi-waldemarii Klotzsch
Vinca rosea L.
Vinca rosea var. alba (G. Don) Sweet
Vinca rosea var. albiflora (G. Don) Sweet
Vinca rosea var. albiflora Bertol.

International Common Names

English: bright-eyes; Cape periwinkle; old-maid; old-maid-flower; periwinkle; pink periwinkle; rose periwinkle; rosy periwinkle; white flower
Spanish: adorna patio; cangrejera; catalana; coneja; flor boba; flor de todo el año; jazmín de la mar; rosa catalana
French: fleurs des meres; fleurs des roches; pervenche; pervenche de Madagascar; pervenche du pays
Chinese: chang chun hua
Portuguese: avadeira; boa-noite; boa-tarde; lavadeira; pervinca-rosa; vinca-de-gato; vinca-de-madagascar; vinca-rosea

Local Common Names

Australia: pink periwinkle
Bahamas: old maid; red periwinkle
Cuba: vicaria
Dominican Republic: buenas tardes; cangrejera; libertine; mujer vegana; todo el año; vagabunda vegana
Germany: Immergrün, Madagaskar-
Haiti: pervenche blanche; pervenche rose; petit perbenche rose; san cesse; sans cesse blanche; sans cesse rose
Indonesia: bunga serdadu; kembang tembaga; tapak dara
Jamaica: ram-goat rose
Lesser Antilles: churchyard blosson; doctor dyette; every day flower; pervanche de Madagascar; twelve o'clock
Malaysia: kemunting china; rumput jalang; tahi ayam
Philippines: amnias; chichirica; kantotai
Puerto Rico: cangrejera; desbarata casamiento; flor de todo el año; jazmín del mar; playera
Sweden: Oegonklara
Thailand: nom in; phaengphuai bok; phakpot bok
USA: Madagascar periwinkle; rose periwinkle

EPPO code

CTURO (Catharanthus roseus)

Summary of Invasiveness

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C. roseus has been widely commercialized as an ornamental plant. Endangered in the wild, it is a fast-growing plant that is easy to cultivate. It is grown in gardens and parks worldwide and it has escaped from cultivation and naturalized near houses, in disturbed sites, and in natural habitats in seasonal dry and humid habitats. The species produces numerous small seeds that can be easily dispersed by ants, wind and water, but it can be also propagated vegetatively by cuttings (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999). C. roseus is listed as invasive in numerous countries in Asia, Africa, the Americas and Oceania.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Catharanthus
Species: Catharanthus roseus

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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The family Apocynaceae includes about 415 genera and about 4555 species widely distributed around the world (Stevens, 2012). Members of this family are characterized by the presence of “milky latex” and include trees, shrubs, and vines and rarely subshrubs and herbs (Jussieu, 2011). The genus Catharanthus comprises 8 species, all originating from Madagascar except for the species Catharanthus pusillus, which is restricted to India and Sri Lanka (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015). The genus Catharanthus is closely related to the genus Vinca and the species C. roseus was formerly known as Vinca rosea. This species is a main source of vinca alkaloids, now sometimes called catharanthus alkaloids. The plant produces about 130 of these compounds, including vinblastine and vincristine, two drugs used to treat cancer (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015).

Description

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Perennial subshrub, woody at base, up to 1 m tall, usually with white latex and an unpleasant smell; roots up to 70 cm long; stems narrowly winged, green or red, shortly hairy to glabrous, often woody at base. Leaves decussately opposite, simple and entire; stipules 2–4 at each side of the leaf base; petiole 3–11 mm long, green or red; blade elliptical to obovate or narrowly obovate, 2.5–8.5 cm × 1–4 cm, base cuneate, apex obtuse or acute with a mucronate tip, herbaceous to thinly leathery, glossy green above and pale green below, sparsely shortly hairy to glabrous on both sides. Inflorescence terminal, but apparently lateral, 1–2-flowered. Flowers bisexual, 5-merous, regular, almost sessile; sepals slightly fused at base, (2–)3–5 mm long, erect, green; corolla tube cylindrical, 2–3 cm long, widening near the top at the insertion of the stamens, laxly shortly hairy to glabrous outside, with a ring of hairs in the throat and another lower down the tube, greenish, lobes broadly obovate, 1–2(–3) cm long, apex mucronate, glabrous, spreading, pink, rose-purple or white with a purple, red, pink, pale yellow or white centre; stamens inserted just below the corolla throat, included, filaments very short; ovary superior, consisting of 2 very narrowly oblong carpels, style slender, 15–23 mm long, with a cylindrical pistil head provided at base with a reflexed transparent frill and with rings of woolly hairs at base and apex, stigma glabrous. Fruit composed of 2 free cylindrical follicles 2–4.5 cm long, striate, laxly shortly hairy to glabrous, green, dehiscent, 10–20-seeded. Seeds oblong, 2–3 mm long, grooved at one side, black (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015; PROTA, 2015).

Plant Type

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Perennial
Seed propagated
Shrub

Distribution

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C. roseus is native to Madagascar, where it is now endangered due to habitat destruction. It has been cultivated as an ornamental throughout tropical and subtropical regions and thus it has become naturalized in many regions in Asia, Africa, America, southern Europe and Oceania (see distribution table for details; Govaerts, 2015; PIER, 2015; PROTA, 2015; USDA-ARS, 2015).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 10 Feb 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Africa
Benin	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Botswana	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Burkina Faso	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Cameroon	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Djibouti	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Eritrea	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2015)
Eswatini	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Ethiopia	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2015)
Gabon	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Guinea	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Kenya	Present	Introduced		Invasive	BioNET-EAFRINET (2015)
Madagascar	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2015) CABI (Undated)
Malawi	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Witt and Luke (2017) PROTA (2015)
Mauritius	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
-Rodrigues	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Mozambique	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Namibia	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Réunion	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Rwanda	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Witt and Luke (2017)
Saint Helena	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Senegal	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Seychelles	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
-Aldabra Islands	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Sierra Leone	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
South Africa	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Foxcroft et al. (2003) Seebens et al. (2017)
Tanzania	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Witt and Luke (2017) BioNET-EAFRINET (2015)
Togo	Present	Introduced			PROTA (2015)
Uganda	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Witt and Luke (2017) BioNET-EAFRINET (2015)
Zambia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Witt and Luke (2017) PROTA (2015)
Zimbabwe	Present	Introduced	1932		Seebens et al. (2017) PROTA (2015)
Asia
Bangladesh	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1963		Seebens et al. (2017)
British Indian Ocean Territory
-Chagos Archipelago	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Whistler (1996)
Cambodia	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
China	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weber et al. (2008) Seebens et al. (2017) Tian et al. (2018)
-Chongqing	Present				Tian et al. (2018)
-Fujian	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Guizhou	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)	Cultivated
-Hunan	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Jiangsu	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Jiangxi	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Sichuan	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Yunnan	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
-Zhejiang	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Flora of China Editorial Committee (2015)
Hong Kong	Present	Introduced	1851		Seebens et al. (2017) Wu (2001)
India	Present				Basu and Patro (2007) Sakthivel et al. (2012) Pankaj Sharma et al. (2013) Lokeshwari et al. (2015) Basavaraj et al. (2017) Daimei et al. (2017) Kaomud Tyagi et al. (2017)
-Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
-Assam	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015) Kaomud Tyagi et al. (2017)
-Delhi	Present				Daimei et al. (2017)
-Himachal Pradesh	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
-Karnataka	Present				Lokeshwari et al. (2015)
-Odisha	Present				Basu and Patro (2007)
-Tamil Nadu	Present				Sakthivel et al. (2012)
-West Bengal	Present				Kaomud Tyagi et al. (2017)
Indonesia	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Java	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
-Sumatra	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Japan	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Ryukyu Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Kato (2007)
Malaysia	Present				CABI (Undated a) Nejat et al. (2011)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Maldives	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Myanmar	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Philippines	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Saudi Arabia	Present				Elbeshehy et al. (2017)
Singapore	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Chong et al. (2009) Seebens et al. (2017)
South Korea	Present				Cho et al. (2017) Choi et al. (2014) Kwon JinHyeuk et al. (2014)
Sri Lanka	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2015)
Taiwan	Present				Ann PaoJen (2000)
Thailand	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Turkey	Present				Kaydan et al. (2013)
Vietnam	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015)
Yemen
-Socotra	Present	Introduced	2005		Seebens et al. (2017)
Europe
Greece	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2015)	Cultivated in Crete
Italy	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2015) Garibaldi et al. (2006)
Spain	Present	Introduced			DAISIE (2015) Moralejo et al. (2009)
-Balearic Islands	Present				Moralejo et al. (2009)
-Canary Islands	Present	Introduced			Seebens et al. (2017) DAISIE (2015)	First reported: 1980's
North America
Anguilla	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Aruba	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Bahamas	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Barbados	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Belize	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Balick et al. (2000)
British Virgin Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez (2015)	Guana, Tortola, Virgin Gorda
Canada	Present				Sun and Hsiang (2016)
-Ontario	Present				Sun and Hsiang (2016)
Cayman Islands	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Costa Rica	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Chacón and Saborío (2012) Villalobos et al. (2019)
Cuba	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Oviedo Prieto et al. (2012)
Curaçao	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Dominica	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Dominican Republic	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
El Salvador	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Davidse et al. (2009)	Cultivated and naturalized
Guadeloupe	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Guatemala	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Davidse et al. (2009)	Cultivated and naturalized
Haiti	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Honduras	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Davidse et al. (2009)	Cultivated and naturalized
Jamaica	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
Martinique	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Mexico	Present	Introduced			Govaerts (2015) Alvarez-Rodriguez et al. (2013)
Montserrat	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Netherlands Antilles	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Nicaragua	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Davidse et al. (2009)	Cultivated and naturalized
Panama	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Davidse et al. (2009)	Cultivated and naturalized
Puerto Rico	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez (2015)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Saint Lucia	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Present	Introduced			Broome et al. (2007)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present	Introduced			Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong (2012)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Rojas-Sandoval and Acevedo-Rodríguez (2015)	St Croix, St John, St Thomas
United States	Present				CABI (Undated a) Holcomb (2000) Holcomb and Carling (2002) Olson and Benson (2011) Romberg et al. (2014) Warfield et al. (2015) Lin et al. (2018)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Alabama	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015)
-California	Present	Introduced		Invasive	USDA-NRCS (2015)
-Florida	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015) Warfield et al. (2015)
-Georgia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Wagner et al. (1999) Romberg et al. (2014) Seebens et al. (2017)
-Louisiana	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015) Holcomb (2000) Holcomb and Carling (2002)
-Mississippi	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015)
-North Carolina	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015) Olson and Benson (2011)
-Ohio	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015) Lin et al. (2018)
-South Carolina	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015)
-Texas	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2015)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Whistler (1996)
Australia	Present				CABI (Undated a) Seebens et al. (2017)	Present based on regional distribution.
-New South Wales	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Queensland	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
-Western Australia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Weeds of Australia (2015)
Christmas Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Swarbrick (1997)
Cook Islands	Present	Introduced			McCormack (2013)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	Introduced			Herrera et al. (2010)
Fiji	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Smith (1988)
French Polynesia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Florence et al. (2013)
Guam	Present	Introduced			PIER (2015)
Kiribati	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Space and Imada (2004)
Marshall Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2015)
Nauru	Present	Introduced			Thaman et al. (1994)
New Caledonia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	MacKee (1994)
New Zealand	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Webb et al. (1988)
-Kermadec Islands	Present	Introduced	1908		Seebens et al. (2017)
Niue	Present	Introduced		Invasive	CABI (Undated)	Original citation: Space et al. (2004)
Northern Mariana Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2015)
Palau	Present	Introduced			PIER (2015)
Pitcairn	Present	Introduced			PIER (2015)
Solomon Islands	Present	Introduced			Hancock and Henderson (1988)
United States Minor Outlying Islands
-Wake Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive	PIER (2015)
Vanuatu	Present	Introduced			PIER (2015)
Wallis and Futuna	Present	Introduced			PIER (2015)
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Zuloaga et al. (2008)	Cultivated and naturalized
Bolivia	Present	Introduced			Jørgensen et al. (2014)
Brazil	Present				CABI (Undated a) Duarte et al. (2013) Gobatto et al. (2019)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Alagoas	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Amazonas	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Bahia	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Ceara	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Espirito Santo	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Goias	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Maranhao	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Mato Grosso	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Mato Grosso do Sul	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Minas Gerais	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Para	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Paraiba	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Parana	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Pernambuco	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Piaui	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Rio Grande do Norte	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Rio Grande do Sul	Present	Introduced			Koch et al. (2015)
-Rondonia	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Santa Catarina	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Sao Paulo	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015) Duarte et al. (2013) Gobatto et al. (2019)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Sergipe	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
-Tocantins	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Koch et al. (2015)	Cultivated and naturalized
Chile	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Easter Island	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Meyer (2008)
Colombia	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Idárraga-Piedrahita et al. (2011)
Ecuador	Present				CABI (Undated a)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Galapagos Islands	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
French Guiana	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Funk et al. (2007)	Naturalized
Guyana	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Funk et al. (2007)	Naturalized
Paraguay	Present	Introduced			Zuloaga et al. (2008)
Peru	Present	Introduced			USDA-ARS (2015)	Cultivated
Suriname	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Funk et al. (2007)	Naturalized
Uruguay	Present	Introduced			Zuloaga et al. (2008)
Venezuela	Present	Introduced		Naturalized	Funk et al. (2007)	Naturalized

History of Introduction and Spread

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C. roseus has been introduced into new habitats worldwide mostly to be used as an ornamental and a medicinal plant. It was brought into cultivation in the first half of the 18^th century in Paris from seeds collected in Madagascar, and was later distributed from European botanical gardens to the tropics as an ornamental. In the West Indies, it appears in herbarium collections made in 1882 in the Virgin Islands, in 1885 in Puerto Rico, and in 1910 in the Dominican Republic (US National Herbarium).

Risk of Introduction

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The risk of introduction of C. roseus is very high. Because this species has been widely introduced as ornamental and because it spreads by seeds and cuttings, there is a high probability for this species to escape from cultivation and become naturalized into natural areas, principally in areas near cultivation (Webb et al., 1988).

Habitat

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C. roseus is commonly associated with coastal habitats and sandy locations along the coast, but is also found inland on riverbanks, savanna vegetation, dry waste places, roadsides, open forest and scrubland, usually on sandy soils, but sometimes also on rocky soils. It is a common garden plant and frequently escapes to near roadsides, disturbed sites, abandoned gardens, and farmland (Weeds of Australia, 2015; BioNET-EAFRINET, 2015; PROTA, 2015). In the Galápagos Islands, it grows in arid lowlands (McMullen, 1999).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Productive/non-natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural grasslands	Present, no further details	Natural
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Natural
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Littoral		Coastal areas	Present, no further details	Natural

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context	References
Chrysanthemum (daisy)	Asteraceae	Unknown	Gobatto et al. (2019)

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

The chromosome number reported for C. roseus is 2n = 16 (Chen et al., 2003). About 50 cultivars have been developed. Although hybrids are only occasionally found in nature, in cultivation many usually fertile hybrids can be made between the different Catharanthus species, which have the same chromosome numbers (PROTA, 2015).

Reproductive Biology

C. roseus is usually self-compatible, and intra-flower self-pollination is common, because the stigma may come into contact with the anthers, even after anthesis. The degree of outcrossing may vary with environmental conditions and the presence of seasonal pollinating butterflies. Self-incompatible strains of C. roseus exist and can be locally common (PROTA, 2015).

Physiology and Phenology

C. roseus is a fast-growing perennial plant that spreads principally by seed. Seed may remain dormant for several weeks after maturity. The optimum temperature for germination is 20–25°C, and the germination rate is in general over 95%. The seeds remain viable for 3–5 years (PROTA, 2015).

In warmer climates, C. roseus will flower and fruit the whole year round. Within 6–8 weeks after germination the first flowers will appear. In China, it has been recorded flowering in spring-autumn (Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2015).

Environmental Requirements

C. roseus grows naturally on sandy locations in coastal areas, but occasionally grows in sites up to 1500 m altitude. It is very salt-tolerant and it can tolerate drought well, but not severe heat (PROTA, 2015). Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred.

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
Am - Tropical monsoon climate	Preferred	Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25]))
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
BS - Steppe climate	Tolerated	> 430mm and < 860mm annual precipitation

Air Temperature

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Absolute minimum temperature (ºC)	-1.1
Mean annual temperature (ºC)	11	35

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Mean annual rainfall	800	1400	mm; lower/upper limits

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free

Soil reaction

acid
alkaline
neutral

Soil texture

light
medium

Notes on Natural Enemies

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In Malaysia, C. roseus has been reported to be infected with “Malaysian periwinkle yellow”. Symptoms of this infection include excessive yellowing of foliage, bunchy top and stunted flowers and leaves, suggesting infection by a mycoplasma-like organism. Similar diseases have been reported from China, Taiwan, North America and Europe. Mycoplasma-like organisms can be transferred to C. roseus by parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta, and perhaps also by leafhoppers. In the USA, C. roseus plants cultivated as ornamentals have been reported susceptible to Phytophthora parasitica that causes root- and stem rot. When plants grow in glasshouses they are susceptible to red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) (PROTA, 2015).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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C. roseus spreads sexually by seed and vegetatively by greenwood or semi-ripe cuttings (PROTA, 2015). Seeds usually fall close to the mother plant, but they can also be dispersed longer distances by ants, wind and water (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999).

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Breeding and propagation	Often commercialized as ornamental	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2015)
Disturbance	Escaped and naturalized in disturbed sites	Yes	Yes	PIER (2015)
Escape from confinement or garden escape	Escaped from cultivation	Yes	Yes	PIER (2015)
Garden waste disposal	Often commercialized as ornamental	Yes	Yes	PIER (2015)
Horticulture	Often commercialized as ornamental	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2015)
Nursery trade	Often commercialized as ornamental	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2015)
Ornamental purposes		Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2015)

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Long Distance	Local	References
Debris and waste associated with human activities	Yes	Yes	USDA-ARS (2015)
Soil, sand and gravel	Yes	Yes	PROTA (2015)
Water	Yes	Yes	PROTA (2015)
Wind	Yes	Yes	PROTA (2015)

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Economic/livelihood	Positive and negative
Environment (generally)	Positive and negative
Human health	Positive and negative

Environmental Impact

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C. roseus has repeatedly escaped from cultivation and become naturalized in natural areas where it grows creating monospecific stands and displacing native vegetation. It is regarded as an environmental weed and as an invasive plant species impacting principally coastal habitats and habitats on sandy soils (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015). It is listed among the 100 most invasive plants in south-eastern Queensland (Weeds of Australia, 2015).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Is a habitat generalist
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Pioneering in disturbed areas
Highly mobile locally
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Long lived
Fast growing
Has high reproductive potential
Gregarious
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Reproduces asexually

Impact outcomes

Conflict
Ecosystem change/ habitat alteration
Loss of medicinal resources
Modification of successional patterns
Monoculture formation
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources
Competition - smothering
Hybridization
Rapid growth
Rooting

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

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C. roseus is widely cultivated as an ornamental, but it is also grown for medicinal purposes. The aerial parts of the plant are used for the extraction of the medicinal alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine. The alkaloids are prescribed in anticancer therapy, usually as part of complex chemotherapy protocols.

The dried root is an industrial source of ajmalicine, which increases the blood flow in the brain and peripheral parts of the body. Preparations of ajmalicine are used to treat the psychological and behavioural problems of senility, sensory problems (dizziness, tinnitus), cranial traumas and their neurological complications (Sutarno and Rudjiman, 1999; PROTA, 2015).

Economic Value

The world market consumed 5–10 kg of vincristine and vinblastine in the early 1990s, with a total value of US$25-50 million. In 2005 the market was estimated at US$150-300 million. In 1991 the world market consumed 3–5 t of ajmalicine, with a total value of US$4.5–7.5 million. Two anticancer medicines, Oncovin® and Velban®, derived from C. roseus, are sold for a total of US$100 million per year (PROTA, 2015).

Uses List

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General

Ornamental

Genetic importance

Gene source
Test organisms (for pests and diseases)

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Source of medicine/pharmaceutical
Traditional/folklore

Ornamental

Potted plant
Seed trade

References

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30/04/15 Original text by:

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH, Washington DC, USA

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Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)

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