Coccus viridis (soft green scale)

Pictures

Top of page

Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Scale infestation

Coccus viridis, sooty mould due to scale infestation.

©S.D. Sawant

Natural enemy

Coccus viridis infected by entomopathogenic fungus Verticillium lecanii on citrus.

©S.D. Sawant

Identity

Top of page

Preferred Scientific Name

Coccus viridis (Green)

Preferred Common Name

soft green scale

Other Scientific Names

Eulecanium viridis
Lecanium viride
Lecanium viridis

International Common Names

English: coffee, scale, green; green coffee scale; green scale; green shield scale; soft scale, green
Spanish: cochinilla verde del caffe; escama verde; escama verde blanda; escama verde de los cítricos; escama verde del cafeto; escamas del cafe
French: cochenille verte du cafeier; cochenille verte du caféier
Portuguese: cochonilha verde; escama verde

Local Common Names

Germany: Schildlaus, Gruene Kaffee-
Netherlands: Dopluis, groene; Koffieluis, groene

EPPO code

COCCVI (Coccus viridis)

Taxonomic Tree

Top of page

Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyncha
Unknown: Coccoidea
Family: Coccidae
Genus: Coccus
Species: Coccus viridis

Distribution Table

Top of page

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 21 Jul 2022

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Reference
Africa
Angola	Present	EPPO (2022)
Benin	Present	EPPO (2022)
Burkina Faso	Present	EPPO (2022)
Cabo Verde	Present	EPPO (2022)
Cameroon	Present	EPPO (2022)
Comoros	Present	EPPO (2022)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Present	EPPO (2022)
Côte d'Ivoire	Present	EPPO (2022)
Eritrea	Present	Brhane et al. (2018)
Ethiopia	Present	EPPO (2022)
Ghana	Present	EPPO (2022)
Guinea	Present	EPPO (2022)
Kenya	Present	EPPO (2022) Murphy (1991)
Madagascar	Present	EPPO (2022)
Mali	Present	EPPO (2022)
Mauritius	Present	EPPO (2022)
Niger	Present	EPPO (2022)
Nigeria	Present	EPPO (2022)
Réunion	Present	EPPO (2022)
São Tomé and Príncipe	Present	EPPO (2022)
Senegal	Present	EPPO (2022)
Seychelles	Present	EPPO (2022) Germain et al. (2008)
Sierra Leone	Present	EPPO (2022)
South Africa	Present	EPPO (2022) Prinsloo (1985)
Tanzania	Present	Bohlen (1973) EPPO (2022)
Togo	Present	EPPO (2022)
Uganda	Present	EPPO (2022) Karungi et al. (2015)
Zambia	Present	EPPO (2022)
Asia
Bangladesh	Present	EPPO (2022)
Brunei	Present	Waterhouse (1993)
Cambodia	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)	Waterhouse (1993) EPPO (2022)
China	Present	EPPO (2022)
Hong Kong	Present	EPPO (2022)
India	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022) Kannan (1918) Easwaramoorthy and Jayaraj (1978) Easwaramoorthy et al. (1978) Mani et al. (2008) Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar (2010) Reddy and Ruchi Sharma (2015) Sunil Joshi and Sangma (2015)
-Assam	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Bihar	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Himachal Pradesh	Present	Reddy and Ruchi Sharma (2015)
-Karnataka	Present	EPPO (2022) Kannan (1918) Mani et al. (2008)
-Kerala	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Sikkim	Present	Sunil Joshi and Sangma (2015)
-Tamil Nadu	Present	EPPO (2022) Easwaramoorthy et al. (1978) Manickavasagam and Rameshkumar (2010)
-Uttar Pradesh	Present	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
Indonesia	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990) Zare et al. (1999) Kouvelis et al. (2008) Gavrilov-Zimin (2013)
-Irian Jaya	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Java	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Sumatra	Present	EPPO (2022)
Laos	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)	Waterhouse (1993) Suh SooJung and Bombay (2015) EPPO (2022)
Malaysia	Present, Widespread	EPPO (2022)
-Peninsular Malaysia	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Sabah	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Sarawak	Present	EPPO (2022)
Myanmar	Present	Waterhouse (1993) EPPO (2022)
Pakistan	Present	EPPO (2022) Muhammad Sarwar (2006)
Philippines	Present	EPPO (2022)
Singapore	Present	Waterhouse (1993)
Sri Lanka	Present	EPPO (2022) Jun et al. (1991) Zare et al. (1999) Kouvelis et al. (2008)
Taiwan	Present	EPPO (2022) Song SingYing et al. (2012) Lin YenPo et al. (2013)
Thailand	Present	Nakao et al. (1977) Waterhouse (1993) Kondo and Hardy (2008) Saengyot (2016) EPPO (2022)
Turkey	Present	Japoshvili and Celik (2010)
Vietnam	Present	Waterhouse (1993) Nguyen Thi Thuy et al. (2011) EPPO (2022)
Europe
Portugal	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022)
-Azores	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Madeira	Present	EPPO (2022)
United Kingdom	Present	Malumphy and Treseder (2012)
North America
Antigua and Barbuda	Present	EPPO (2022)
Bahamas	Present	EPPO (2022)
Barbados	Present	EPPO (2022)
Belize	Present	Maes (2004)
Bermuda	Present	EPPO (2022)
British Virgin Islands	Present	EPPO (2022)
Cayman Islands	Present	EPPO (2022)
Costa Rica	Present	Maes (2004)
Cuba	Present	EPPO (2022) Camp and Wilmot (1932) Maes (2004)
Dominica	Present	EPPO (2022) Lopez et al. (2009)
Dominican Republic	Present	EPPO (2022)
El Salvador	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Grenada	Present, Widespread	EPPO (2022)
Guadeloupe	Present	EPPO (2022) Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Guatemala	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Haiti	Present	EPPO (2022)
Honduras	Present	Maes (2004)
Jamaica	Present	EPPO (2022)
Martinique	Present	EPPO (2022) Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Mexico	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004) Perfecto and Vandermeer (2006) Perfecto and Vandermeer (2008) Vandermeer et al. (2009) Jackson et al. (2012) Arriola Padilla et al. (2016) Vandenberg et al. (2018)
Montserrat	Present	EPPO (2022)
Nicaragua	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Panama	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Puerto Rico	Present	EPPO (2022) Smith (1942) Martorell (1945)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Present	EPPO (2022)
Saint Lucia	Present	EPPO (2022) Malumphy (2014)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Present	EPPO (2022)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present	EPPO (2022) Jutsum et al. (1981)
U.S. Virgin Islands	Present	EPPO (2022)
United States	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022) Fredrick (1943) Tamburo and Butcher (1955) Charanasri and Nishida (1973) Bach (1991) Hara et al. (1994) Maes (2004)
-Florida	Present	EPPO (2022) Fredrick (1943) Tamburo and Butcher (1955)
-Hawaii	Present	EPPO (2022) Charanasri and Nishida (1973) Bach (1991) Reimer and Beardsley (1992) Reimer et al. (1993) Hara et al. (1994)
Oceania
American Samoa	Present	EPPO (2022)
Australia
-Queensland	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022)
Cook Islands	Present	Williams and Watson (1990)
Federated States of Micronesia	Present	EPPO (2022)
Fiji	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
French Polynesia	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Guam	Present	APPPC (1987) EPPO (2022)
Kiribati	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Nauru	Present	CABI Data Mining (Undated)
New Caledonia	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Niue	Present	APPPC (1987) Williams and Watson (1990)
Northern Mariana Islands	Present	EPPO (2022)
Palau	Present	EPPO (2022)
Papua New Guinea	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Samoa	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Solomon Islands	Present	Williams and Watson (1990)
Tonga	Present	EPPO (2022) Williams and Watson (1990)
Tuvalu	Present	Williams and Watson (1990)
United States Minor Outlying Islands
-Midway Islands	Present	Suehiro (1960)
Vanuatu	Present	APPPC (1987) Williams and Watson (1990)
South America
Bolivia	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Brazil	Present, Localized	EPPO (2022) Murakami et al. (1984) Maes (2004) Culik et al. (2007) Kondo and Hardy (2008) Granara de Willink et al. (2010) Fernandes et al. (2011) Fernandes et al. (2012) Wolff et al. (2016) Fornazier et al. (2017) Almeida et al. (2018)
-Bahia	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Distrito Federal	Present	Murakami et al. (1984)
-Espirito Santo	Present	Culik et al. (2009) Culik et al. (2007) Fornazier et al. (2017) EPPO (2022)
-Minas Gerais	Present	EPPO (2022) Granara de Willink et al. (2010) Fernandes et al. (2011) Fernandes et al. (2012)
-Para	Present	EPPO (2022) Wolff et al. (2016)
-Rio de Janeiro	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Rio Grande do Norte	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Santa Catarina	Present	EPPO (2022)
-Sao Paulo	Present	EPPO (2022) Almeida et al. (2018)
Colombia	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004) Dix-Luna et al. (2018)
French Guiana	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Guyana	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Peru	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Suriname	Present	EPPO (2022) Maes (2004)
Uruguay	Present	Maes (2004)
Venezuela	Present	EPPO (2022) Hanks and Sadof (1990) Maes (2004)

Growth Stages

Top of page

Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Vegetative growing stage

List of Symptoms/Signs

Top of page

Sign	Life Stages	Type
Fruit / external feeding
Leaves / honeydew or sooty mould
Leaves / honeydew or sooty mould
Stems / external feeding

Natural enemies

Top of page

Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Biological control in	Biological control on
Anicetus annulatus	Parasite		India; Karnataka; India; Tamil Nadu	coffee; Vallaris solanacea
Aschersonia aleyrodes	Pathogen	Arthropods\|Nymphs
Aschersonia placenta	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Azya luteipes	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Azya orbigera	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Camponotus rufipes	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Cerapteroceroides similis	Parasite
Chilocorus cacti	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Chilocorus melanophthalmus	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Chilocorus nigrita	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Chilocorus politus	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Coccophagus bogoriensis	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Coccophagus caridei	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Puerto Rico
Coccophagus ceroplastae	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	India; Karnataka	Manilkara zapota; Vallaris solanacea
Coccophagus cowperi	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	India; Karnataka	Manilkara zapota; Vallaris solanacea
Coccophagus fallax	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Puerto Rico
Coelophora atrolineata	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Hawaii
Coelophora quadrivittata	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Creobota proleucella	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Australia; Queensland; India; Tamil Nadu	Citrus; Plumeria rubra
Decadiomus hughesi	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Diversinervus stramineus	Parasite
Dorymyrmex insanus	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Encyrtus lecaniorum	Parasite		India; Karnataka	coffee
Entomophthora lecanii	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Eublemma costimacula	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Eublemma vacillans	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Exochomus quadripustulatus	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Cape Verde	Citrus
Halmus chalybeus	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Hypocrella javanica	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Hypocrella raciborskii	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Hypocrella reieckiana	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Jauravia pallidula	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Lecanicillium lecanii	Pathogen	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	India
Marietta leopardina	Parasite	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Metaphycus baruensis	Parasite		Papua New Guinea	coffee
Metaphycus helvolus	Parasite		India; Karnataka	coffee
Metaphycus lichtensiae	Parasite		India; Karnataka	Nerium oleander
Metaphycus luteolus	Parasite		Hawaii
Metaphycus maculatus	Parasite		India; Karnataka	Citrus; Nerium oleander
Metaphycus stanleyi	Parasite
Microterys flavus	Parasite		India; Karnataka	coffee
Miletus boisduvali	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs
Praleurocerus viridis	Parasite
Pseudoazya luteipes	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Hawaii
Rhyzobius forestieri	Predator	Adults; Arthropods\|Nymphs	Cape Verde	Citrus

References

Top of page

Almeida, L. F. V., Peronti, A. L. B. G., Martinelli, N. M., Wolff, V. R. S., 2018. A survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Florida Entomologist, 101(3), 353-363. doi: 10.1653/024.101.0324

Anon, 1923. Horticultural Inspection Notes. Journal of Economic Entomology, 16(2), 236-239 pp.

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. Technical Document No. 135. Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Arriola Padilla VJ; Estrada Martínez E; Romero Nápoles J; González Hernández H; Pérez Miranda R, 2016. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on ornamental plants in greenhouses from the central zone of the Morelos state, Mexico. (Insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) en plantas ornamentales en viveros de la zona centro del estado de Morelos, México.) Interciencia, 41(8):552-560. http://www.interciencia.org/v41_08/indexe.html

Bach, C. E., 1991. Direct and indirect interactions between ants (Pheidole megacephala), scales (Coccus viridis) and plants (Pluchea indica). Oecologia, 87(2), 233-239. doi: 10.1007/BF00325261

Bohlen E, 1973. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey.

Brhane, D., Girmay, M., Debru, H., Hayelom, M., Tekie, M. H. M., Sharma, V. K., Naqvi, S. D. Y., 2018. Survey on insect-pests of guava and management practices around Hamelmalo sub-zoba. Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture, 13(1), 69-71. http://ecoagrijournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Full-paper131.pdf

Camp, A. F. , Wilmot, R. J. , 1932. The Relation of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Concentration to the Kill of various Stages of the Blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby). Journal of Economic Entomology, 25(3), 476-483 pp. doi: 10.1093/jee/25.3.476

Charanasri, V., Nishida, T., 1973. Relative abundance of three Coccinellid predators of the green scale, Coccus viridis (Green) on Plumeria trees. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 22(1), 27-32.

Culik MP; Ventura JA; Martins Ddos S, 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) of pineapple in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae [Proceedings of the Sixth International Pineapple Symposium, Joao Pessoa, Brazil, 18-23 November 2007.], No.822:215-218. http://www.actahort.org

Culik, M. P., Martins, D. dos S., Ventura, J. A., Peronti, A. L. B. G., Gullan, P. J., Kondo, T., 2007. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 7(3), 61-65. doi: 10.1590/S1676-06032007000300006

Easwaramoorthy, S., Jayaraj, S., 1978. Effectiveness of the white halo fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, against field populations of coffee green bug, Coccus viridis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 32(1), 88-96. doi: 10.1016/0022-2011(78)90178-7

Easwaramoorthy, S., Regupathy, A., Santharam, G., Jayaraj, S., 1978. The effect of subnormal concentrations of insecticides in combination with the fungal pathogen, Cephalosporium lecanii Zimm. in the control of coffee green scale, Coccus viridis Green. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 86(2), 161-166.

EPPO, 2014. PQR database. Paris, France: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. http://www.eppo.int/DATABASES/pqr/pqr.htm

Fornazier, M. J., Martins, D. S., Willink, M. C. G. de, Pirovani, V. D., Ferreira, P. S. F., Zanuncio, J. C., 2017. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) associated with arabica coffee and geographical distribution in the neotropical region. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 89(4), 3083-3092. doi: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160689

Granara de Willink, M. C., Pirovani, V. D., Ferreira, P. S. F., 2010. Coccus species affecting Coffea arabica in Brazil (Coccoideae: Coccidae) and the redescription of two species. (Las especies de Coccus que afectan Coffea arabica en Brasil (Coccoidea: Coccidae) y redescripcion de dos especies). Neotropical Entomology, 39(3), 391-399. doi: 10.1590/S1519-566X2010000300013

Hanks, L. M., Sadof, C. S., 1990. The effect of ants on nymphal survivorship of Coccus viridis (Homoptera: Coccidae). Biotropica, 22(2), 210-213. doi: 10.2307/2388415

Hansen, J. D., Hara, A. H., Chan, H. T., Jr., Tenbrink, V. L., 1991. Efficacy of hydrogen cyanide fumigation as a treatment for pests of Hawaiian cut flowers and foliage after harvest. Journal of Economic Entomology, 84(2), 532-536. doi: 10.1093/jee/84.2.532

Hara, A. H., Hata, T. Y., Hu, B. K. S., Kaneko, T., Tenbrink, V. L., 1994. Hot-water immersion of cape jasmine cuttings for disinfestation of green scale (Homoptera: Coccidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 87(6), 1569-1573. doi: 10.1093/jee/87.6.1569

Hara, A. H., Yalemar, J. A., Jang, E. B., Moy, J. H., 2002. Irradiation as a possible quarantine treatment for green scale Coccus viridis (Green) (Homoptera: Coccidae). Postharvest Biology and Technology, 25(3), 349-358. doi: 10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00187-9

Jackson, D., Skillman, J., Vandermeer, J., 2012. Indirect biological control of the coffee leaf rust, Hemileia vastatrix, by the entomogenous fungus Lecanicillium lecanii in a complex coffee agroecosystem. Biological Control, 61(1), 89-97. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2012.01.004

Jutsum, A. R., Cherrett, J. M., Fisher, M., 1981. Interactions between the fauna of citrus trees in Trinidad and the ants Atta cephalotes and Azteca sp. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18(1), 187-195. doi: 10.2307/2402488

Kohler G, 1976. Contribution to knowledge of the male of the green coffee coccid, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae). (Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Mannchens der Grunen Kaffeeschildlaus, Coccus viridis (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccinea - Coccidae).) Beitrage zur Entomologie, 26(2):471-477.

Kondo, T., Hardy, N. B., 2008. Synonymy of Etiennea Matile-Ferrero with Hemilecanium Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccidae), based on morphology of adult females, adult males and first-instar nymphs, and description of a new potential pest species from the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. Entomological Science, 11(2), 189-213. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00268.x

Lin YenPo, Kondo, T., Gullan, P., Cook, L. G., 2013. Delimiting genera of scale insects: molecular and morphological evidence for synonymising Taiwansaissetia Tao, Wong and Chang with Coccus Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae). Systematic Entomology, 38(2), 249-264. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00664.x

Lopez, V. F., Kairo, M. T. K., Pollard, G. V., Pierre, C., Commodore, N., Dominique, D., 2009. Post-release survey to assess impact and potential host range expansion by Amitus hesperidum and Encarsia perplexa, two parasitoids introduced for the biological control of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi in Dominica. BioControl, 54(4), 497-503. doi: 10.1007/s10526-008-9207-4

Malumphy C; Treseder K, 2012. Green coffee scale Coccus viridis (Hemiptera: Coccidae), new to Britain. British Journal of Entomology and Natural History, 25(4):217-223. http://www.benhs.org.uk

Malumphy, C., 2014. An annotated checklist of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles. Zootaxa, 3846(1), 69-86. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3846.1.3

Mani, M., Visalakshy, P. N. G., Krishnamoorthy, A., Venugopalan, R., 2008. Role of Coccophagus sp. in the suppression of the soft green scale Coccus viridis (Green) (Hompoptera: Coccidae) on sapota. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18(7), 721-725. doi: 10.1080/09583150802298769

Manickavasagam, S., Rameshkumar, A., 2010. New records of genera and species of encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Tamil Nadu, India. Madras Agricultural Journal, 97(10/12), 402-407. http://5150276320642793027-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/majmasu/archive/vol-97-no-10-12/9710-12-402-407.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cp0bngJ0Gs4KwgODVOsORZCEve1Dfoi5taepJb8U9P4kNa-vtsOvhlPmqOdZZ2xgeT0Ku0vovMEKUUxOLsdeYgDKAl_mHag2kwpwKASCOK8T-CUpOPBMhA3EDl0hJY42ikeqYxXyREyTzEAWBUWeyiDavIpDSNjopUiNuk2BkdWzSHDQ1Oscq5KhsJHVbvJKxgg0lQl8q5Vv-i7AsQ-fBVewi-MJiz-g6x4l_G4IySjAw6l4z8%3D&attredirects=0

Martorell, L. F., 1945. A survey of the forest insects of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 29(3; 4), 70-608.

Matile-Ferrero, D., Étienne, J., 2006. Scale insects from the French Antilles and some other Caribbean islands [Hemiptera, Coccoidea]. (Cochenilles des antilles françaises et de quelques autres îles des caraïbes [Hemiptera, Coccoidea]). Revue Française d'Entomologie, 28(4), 161-190.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería Servicio Fitosanitario del Estado (Costa Rica), 2009. Listado de Plagas (insectos y ácaros) en cultivos de importancia económica en Costa Rica (C). http://www.protecnet.go.cr/laboratorios/plagcul/cultivoc.htm

Muhammad Sarwar, 2006. Occurrence of insect pests on guava (Psidium guajava) tree. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 38(3), 197-200.

Murphy, S. T., 1991. Insect natural enemies of coffee green scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Kenya and their potential for biological control of Coccus celatus and C. viridis in Papua New Guinea. Entomophaga, 36(4), 519-529. doi: 10.1007/BF02374434

Nakao, S. I., Takagi, S., Tachikawa, T., Wongsiri, T., 1977. Scale insects collected on citrus and other plants and their hymenopterous parasites in Thailand. Insecta Matsumurana, 11, 61-72.

Pellizzari, G., Porcelli, F., 2014. Alien scale insects (Hemiptera Coccoidea) in European and Mediterranean countries: the fate of new and old introductions. Phytoparasitica, 42(5), 713-721. doi: 10.1007/s12600-014-0414-5

Prinsloo, G. L., 1985. On the southern African species of Diversinervus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), with descriptions of two new species. Entomophaga, 30(2), 133-142. doi: 10.1007/BF02372246

Reddy SGE; Ruchi Sharma, 2015. First report of scale insects as pests of Kangra tea in Himachal Pradesh, India. Current Biotica, 9(3):289-292. http://www.currentbiotica.com/CB/Journals9-Issue-III/CB-9-3-Short-notes-4.pdf

Saengyot, S., 2016. Predatory thrips species composition, their prey and host plant association in Northern Thailand. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 50(5), 380-387. doi: 10.1016/j.anres.2015.10.002

Sasscer, E. R. , 1923. Important Foreign Insects collected on Imported Nursery Stock in 1922. Journal of Economic Entomology, 16(2), 152-158 pp. doi: 10.1093/jee/16.2.152

Smith, M. R. , 1942. The relationship of ants and other organisms to certain scale insects on Coffee in Porto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico, 26(2), 21-27 pp.

Song SingYing, Tan ChingWen, Hwang ShawYhi, 2012. Host range of Cybocephalus flavocapitis and Cybocephalus nipponicus, two potential biological control agents for the cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 15(4), 595-599. doi: 10.1016/j.aspen.2012.06.001

Suh SooJung, Bombay, K., 2015. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) found on dracaena and ficus plants (Asparagales: Asparagaceae, Rosales: Moraceae) from southeastern Asia. Insecta Mundi, (No.0448), 1-10. http://centerforsystematicentomology.org/default.asp?action=insectamundi&id=insecta_new&year=2015

Suh SooJung, Yu HyeMi, Hong KiJeong, 2013. List of intercepted scale insects at Korean ports of entry and potential invasive species of scale insects to Korea (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 52(2), 141-160. http://ocean.kisti.re.kr/is/mv/showPDF_ocean.jsp?method=download&pYear=2013&koi=KISTI1.1003%2FJNL.JAKO201321365238861&sp=141&CN1=JAKO201321365238861&poid=entomo&kojic=OOGCBV&sVnc=v52n2&sFree=

Sunil Joshi, Sangma, R. H. Ch., 2015. Natural enemies associated with aphids and coccids from Sikkim, India. Journal of Biological Control, 29(1), 3-7. http://journalofbiologicalcontrol.com/index.php/jbc/article/view/75778/59026

Tamburo, S. E., Butcher, F. G., 1955. Biological studies of the Florida dusky wing skipper, and a preliminary survey of other insects on Barbados cherry. 38(2), 65-69. doi: 10.2307/3492819

Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.

Williams, D. J., Watson, G. W., 1990. The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families. In: The scale insects of the tropical South Pacific region. Part 3: the soft scales (Coccidae) and other families . Wallingford, UK: CAB International.267 pp.

Wolff, V. R. S., Kondo, T., Peronti, A. L. B. G., Noronha, A. C. S., 2016. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) on Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) in Brazil. Neotropical Entomology, 45(3), 274-279. doi: 10.1007/s13744-016-0365-2

Distribution References

Almeida L F V, Peronti A L B G, Martinelli N M, Wolff V R S, 2018. A survey of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in citrus orchards in São Paulo, Brazil. Florida Entomologist. 101 (3), 353-363. DOI:10.1653/024.101.0324

APPPC, 1987. Insect pests of economic significance affecting major crops of the countries in Asia and the Pacific region. In: Technical Document No. 135, Bangkok, Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific region (RAPA).

Arriola Padilla V J, Estrada Martínez E, Romero Nápoles J, González Hernández H, Pérez Miranda R, 2016. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) on ornamental plants in greenhouses from the central zone of the Morelos state, Mexico. (Insectos escama (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) en plantas ornamentales en viveros de la zona centro del estado de Morelos, México.). Interciencia. 41 (8), 552-560. http://www.interciencia.org/v41_08/indexe.html

Bach C E, 1991. Direct and indirect interactions between ants (Pheidole megacephala), scales (Coccus viridis) and plants (Pluchea indica). Oecologia. 87 (2), 233-239. DOI:10.1007/BF00325261

Bohlen E, 1973. Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. In: Crop pests in Tanzania and their control. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Paul Parey. 142pp.

Brhane D, Girmay M, Debru H, Hayelom M, Tekie M H M, Sharma V K, Naqvi S D Y, 2018. Survey on insect-pests of guava and management practices around Hamelmalo sub-zoba. Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture. 13 (1), 69-71. http://ecoagrijournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Full-paper131.pdf

CABI Data Mining, Undated. CAB Abstracts Data Mining.,

CABI, Undated. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Camp A F , Wilmot R J, 1932. The Relation of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Concentration to the Kill of various Stages of the Blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby). Journal of Economic Entomology. 25 (3), 476-483 pp. DOI:10.1093/jee/25.3.476

Charanasri V, Nishida T, 1973. Relative abundance of three Coccinellid predators of the green scale, Coccus viridis (Green) on Plumeria trees. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 22 (1), 27-32.

Culik M P, Martins D dos S, Ventura J A, Peronti A L B G, Gullan P J, Kondo T, 2007. Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Ortheziidae, and Monophlebidae(Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Biota Neotropica. 7 (3), 61-65. http://www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v7n3/en/fullpaper?bn00507032007+en DOI:10.1590/S1676-06032007000300006

Culik M P, Ventura J A, Martins D dos S, 2009. Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccidae) of pineapple in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae. 215-218. http://www.actahort.org

Dix-Luna O J, Montes-Rodríguez J M, Kulikowski A J, Kondo T, 2018. Alecanochiton marquesi (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae), a new record for Colombia and Costa Rica, and description of its first-instar nymph. Caldasia. 40 (2), 246-254. DOI:10.15446/caldasia.v40n2.69451

Easwaramoorthy S, Jayaraj S, 1978. Effectiveness of the white halo fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, against field populations of coffee green bug, Coccus viridis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 32 (1), 88-96. DOI:10.1016/0022-2011(78)90178-7