Cichorium intybus (chicory)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Witloof chicons forced in the dark

Edward J. Ryder/USDA

Rosette type chicory with narrow, spatulate leaves

Edward J. Ryder/USDA

Radicchio, a red headed form of Italian chicory

Edward J. Ryder/USDA

Infestation

C. intybus infestation in berseem, Egypt.

©Chris Parker/Bristol, UK

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Cichorium intybus L.

Preferred Common Name

chicory

Other Scientific Names

Cichorium intybus var. foliosum Hegi
Cichorium intybus var. sativum (Bisch.) Janch.

International Common Names

English: Belgium endive; French endive; Italian chicory; succory; witloof chicory
Spanish: achicoria (de Bruselas); achicorias
French: chicorée; chicorée de Bruxelles; chicorée sauvage
Portuguese: almeirao

Local Common Names

France: chicorée
Germany: Cicorie; Kaffeezichorie; Salat- Zichorie; Wegwarte; Wurzelzichorie
Italy: cicoria amara; cicoria da taglio; cicorias; radicchio; treviso
Netherlands: witloof
Sweden: sikorisallad

EPPO code

CICIF (Cichorium intybus var. foliosum)
CICIN (Cichorium intybus)
CICIS (Cichorium intybus var. sativum)

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Cichorium
Species: Cichorium intybus

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Dec 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Reference	Notes
Africa
Cabo Verde	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 920 MT (F)
Congo, Republic of the	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 878 MT (Im)
Djibouti	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 2 MT (F)
Egypt	Present			FAO (2013) Haggag and Singer (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 94,344 MT
Ethiopia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 11,494 MT (Im)
Kenya	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,379 MT
Madagascar	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 218 MT (Im)
Mauritius	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 906 MT
Morocco	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 4,622 MT (Im)
Niger	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 69,235 MT
Réunion	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,214 MT (Im)
South Africa	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 35,978 MT
Tunisia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 21,060 MT (Im)
Zimbabwe	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 184 MT (Im)
Asia
Bahrain	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 699 MT (Im)
Bangladesh	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 40,265 MT (Im)
Bhutan	Present	Introduced	1987	Seebens et al. (2017)
Brunei	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 6 MT (Im)
China	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017) Han et al. (2020)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,343,4100 MT (F)
-Chongqing	Present			Han et al. (2020)
India	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,059,850 MT (Im)
Iran	Present			Behrooz et al. (2017) Namin and Nozari (2015)
Iraq	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 86,218 MT
Israel	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 32,184 MT
Japan	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 543,591 MT (Im)
Jordan	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 40,376 MT
Kuwait	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 12,338 MT (Im)
Kyrgyzstan	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 700 MT (*)
Lebanon	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 55,000 MT (F)
Pakistan	Present			FAO (2013) Shah and Khan (2006) Shah et al. (2014) Fazal Hadi and Muhammad Ibrar (2015)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 278 MT
Philippines	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,519 MT
Qatar	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 399 MT
Saudi Arabia	Present			Pérez-López et al. (2018) Sabir Hussain et al. (2015)
Singapore	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 400 MT (*)
South Korea	Present			Myung et al. (2013)
Syria	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 61,763 MT
Taiwan	Present	Introduced	1976	Seebens et al. (2017)
Thailand	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 29,170 MT
Turkey	Present			FAO (2013) Akyürek et al. (2010) Tunç et al. (2012) Celepcİ et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 424,252 MT
United Arab Emirates	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,108 MT (Im)
Uzbekistan	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,000 MT (*)
Yemen	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,320 MT (Im)
Europe
Albania	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 9,000 MT (F)
Austria	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 47,358 MT
Belgium	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 68,235 MT (Im)
Bulgaria	Present			FAO (2013) Milanova et al. (2007)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 4,886 MT
Croatia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 9,115 MT
Cyprus	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,308 MT
Czechia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,492 MT
Denmark	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 11,080 MT
Estonia	Present	Introduced	1777	Seebens et al. (2017)
Finland	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 14,480 MT
France	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 326,885 MT
Germany	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 340,487 MT
Greece	Present			FAO (2013) Chatzivassiliou et al. (2001) Karantemiris et al. (2015)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 106,500 MT
-Crete	Present			Karantemiris et al. (2015)
Hungary	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 7,627 MT
Ireland	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 6,081 MT (Im)
Italy	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 364,843 MT
Latvia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 348 MT
Luxembourg	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 200 MT
Malta	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 4,199 MT
Netherlands	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 83,500 MT
Norway	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 12,302 MT (Im)
Poland	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 32,204 MT
Portugal	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 94,602 MT (Im)
-Azores	Present	Introduced	1838	Seebens et al. (2017)
Romania	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 2,673 MT
Serbia	Present			Pavlovic et al. (2014)
Slovakia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,124 MT (Im)
Slovenia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 15,683 MT
Spain	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 868,203 MT
Sweden	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 25,830 MT
Switzerland	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 75,652 MT
Ukraine	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 20,000 MT (*)
United Kingdom	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 132,500 MT
North America
Barbados	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 499 MT
Canada	Present			FAO (2013) Stobbs et al. (2009)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 63,049 MT
-Ontario	Present			Stobbs et al. (2009)
Dominica	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 288 MT (Im)
Dominican Republic	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 20,953 MT
Grenada	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 112 MT (Im)
Guadeloupe	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,733 MT (Im)
Guatemala	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 51,764 MT (Im)
Haiti	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 494 MT (Im)
Honduras	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,768 MT (Im)
Jamaica	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 11,185 MT
Martinique	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 7,464 MT (Im)
Mexico	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 370,066 MT
Panama	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 4,704 MT (Im)
Puerto Rico	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 91 MT (Im)
Saint Lucia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 192 MT (Im)
Trinidad and Tobago	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 1,632 MT (Im)
United States	Present			FAO (2013) Koike and Bull (2006) Zhang and Fu (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 3,889,120 MT
-California	Present			Koike and Bull (2006)
-Florida	Present			Zhang and Fu (2013)
Oceania
Australia	Present			FAO (2013) Duffield and Steer (2006) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 144,637 MT
-New South Wales	Present			Duffield and Steer (2006)
French Polynesia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 400 MT (F)
New Zealand	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 28,149 MT (Im)
South America
Argentina	Present			Mier Durante et al. (2012)
Brazil	Present			Borges et al. (2018) Krinski (2013)
-Distrito Federal	Present			Borges et al. (2018)
-Para	Present			Krinski (2013)
Chile	Present			FAO (2013) Seebens et al. (2017)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 101,559 MT (Im)
Colombia	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 56,271 MT
Ecuador	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 12,657 MT (Im)
Peru	Present			FAO (2013)	Lettuce and chicory production (2011) 48,997 MT

References

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Celepcİ, E., Uygur, S., Kaydan, M. B., Uygur, F. N., 2017. Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) species on weeds in Citrus (Rutaceae) plantations in Çukurova Plain, Turkey. Türkiye Entomoloji Bülteni, 7(1), 15-21. http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/315531

De Simone M; Morgante M; Lucchin M; Parrini P; Marocco A, 1997. A first linkage map of Cichorium intybus L. using a one-way pseudo-testcross and PCR-derived markers. Molecular Breeding, 3:415-425.

Desprez BF; Delesalle L; Dhelleme C; Desprez MF, 1994. Genetics and breeding of industrial chicory. Comptes Rendus Academie Agricole Francaise, 80:47-62.

Elzebroek, T.; Wind, K., 2008. Guide to cultivated plants., Guide to cultivated plants:vii-xi + 516 pp.

Eurostat, 1998. Crop production statistics. Brussels, Belgium: Data Shop Eurostat.

FAO, 2013. FAOSTAT database. Rome, Italy: FAO. http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html [2011 data taken in 2013.]

Fazal Hadi, Muhammad Ibrar, 2015. Ecology of weeds in wheat crops of Kalash valley, district Chitral, Hindukush Range, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 21(3), 425-433. http://www.wssp.org.pk/vol-21-3-2015/11.%20PJWSR-06-2015.pdf

Hedrick UP, 1972. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. New York: Dover Publications Incorporated.

Hintum TJL; Boukema IW, 1999. Genetic resources of leafy vegetables. In: Lebeda A, Kriskova E, eds. Eucarpia Leafy Vegetables 99. Olomouc, Czech Republic: Palacky University, 59-72.

Huyskes JA, 1963. Improvement of witloof for forcing without covering soil. Instituut voor Veredeling van Tuinbouwgewassen, Vol. 202.

Kiers AM; Mes THM; van der Meijden R; Bachmann K, 2000. A search for diagnostic AFLP markers in Cichorium species with emphasis on endive and chicory cultivar groups. Genome, 43:470-476.

Milanova, S., Boneva, P., Grigorova, P., Valkova, M., 2007. Weed survey in central north Bulgaria. In: European Weed Research Society, 14th EWRS Symposium, Hamar, Norway, 17-21 June 2007 [European Weed Research Society, 14th EWRS Symposium, Hamar, Norway, 17-21 June 2007], [ed. by Fløistad, E.]. Doorwerth, Netherlands: European Weed Research Society. 217. http://www.ewrs-symposium2007.com

Rick CM, 1953. Hybridization between chicory and endive. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 62:459-466.

Ryder EJ, 1999. Lettuce, endive and chicory. Lettuce, endive and chicory., viii + 208 pp.; [^italic~Crop production science in horticulture^roman~ No. 9]; 27 pp. of ref.

Shah, G. M., Khan, M. A., 2006. Checklist of noxious weeds of district Mansehra, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 12(3), 213-219. http://wssp.org.pk/

Shah, S. M., Asad Ullah, Fazal Hadi, 2014. Ecological characteristics of weed flora in the wheat crop of Mastuj valley, district Chitral, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 20(4), 479-487. http://www.wssp.org.pk/vol-20-4-2014/6.%20PJWSR-22-2014.pdf

Stobbs, L. W., Greig, N., Weaver, S., Shipp, L., Ferguson, G., 2009. The potential role of native weed species and bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) on the epidemiology of Pepino mosaic virus. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 31(2), 254-261. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07060660909507599