Tanacetum vulgare (tansy)

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Habit and habitat

Tanacetum vulgare as an element of a natural Tanaceto-Artemisietum society (e.g. associated species: Artemisia vulgaris, Arctium lappa) on the bank of the Ahr river, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Gregor Schmitz

Different phenological stages

Different phenological stages of tansy inflorescences.

Gregor Schmitz

Natural enemy

Colony of Uroleucon tanaceti (Hom., Aphididae) on the under-side of a tansy stem leaf.

Gregor Schmitz

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Tanacetum vulgare L.

Preferred Common Name

tansy

Other Scientific Names

Chrysanthemum asiaticum Vorosch.
Chrysanthemum tanacetum (Vis.) E.H.L.Krause
Chrysanthemum vulgare var. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Makino ex Makino & Nemoto
Dendranthema lavandulifolium var. tomentellum (Hand.-Mazz.) Y.Ling & C.Shih
Pyrethrum vulgare (L.) Boiss.
Tanacetum boreale Fisch. ex DC.
Tanacetum crispum Steud.
Tanacetum vulgare f. vulgare
Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) A
Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve
Tanacetum vulgare subsp. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Kuvaev
Tanacetum vulgare subsp. vulgare
Tanacetum vulgare var. boreale (Fisch. ex DC.) Trautv. & C.A.Mey.
Tanacetum vulgare var. crispum DC.
Tanacetum vulgare var. vulgare

International Common Names

English: common tansy; English fern; golden buttons; hindheal; parsley fern; scented fern
Spanish: tanaceto; tanarida
French: tanaisie; tanaisie commune
Portuguese: erva-de-San-Marcos

Local Common Names

France: tanacée
Germany: Rainfarn; Wurmkraut
Italy: tanaceto
Netherlands: boerenwormkruid
Sweden: renfana
UK: bitter buttons

EPPO code

CHYVU (Tanacetum vulgare)

Summary of Invasiveness

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T. vulgare is an aromatic perennial herb native to much of Europe and parts of Asia. It has been introduced into Argentina, Australia, Canada, Chile, Guadeloupe, Martinique, New Zealand, Peru and the USA. In many parts of its exotic range, T. vulgare is neither an ecological nor an economical problem. In the northern temperate zone of North America (in particular in Canada), T. vulgare has become a noxious dominant weed in pastures, hay fields, riparian habitats and wastelands. Here, the perennial competes with both biennial and perennial herbs, as well as with grasses. It can displace native habitats and reduce the diversity of plants and insects. Due to its toxicity to livestock, particularly cattle, positive selection can be observed when T. vulgare grows under the conditions of grazing.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tanacetum
Species: Tanacetum vulgare

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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T. vulgare is part of the subtribe Tanacetinae within the tribe Anthemideae in the family Asteraceae. The Tanacetinae comprise Tanacetum and a number of genera apparently closely related to it and possibly having their sister groups within the genus. Resolution of the Tanacetum phylogeny requires extensive studies on the Asian taxa. There is no synapomorphy for the Tanacetinae. The subtribe is a provisional unit; it is paraphyletic and represents an unresolved and poorly understood complex within the Anthemideae (Bremer, 1995). A currently widespread hypothesis states that Tanacetum is closely related to Ophistopappus (sister group) and related to Tanacetopsis and others. Depending on taxonomic opinion, the genus Tanacetum comprises about 50 to 150 herbaceous plants and subshrubs, both annual and perennial (Mitich, 1992; Bremer and Humphries, 1993). Due to ongoing taxonomic revisions within the Asteraceae (e.g., Arriagada. 2003), the Tanacetinae may be subject to changes in the future.

In Corsica (France), Sardinia and Sicily (Italy), plants occur with finely dissected leaves that are sometimes regarded as separate species or varieties. The real status of these plants is unknown (Heywood, 1976). Hegi (1923) distinguishes forma typicum Beck (= forma latisectum Pospichal), forma tenuisectum Beck and forma crispum DC. for the European flora. According to Iwatsuki (1995), the plants in Japan are smaller than those in Central Europe. Lee (1996) states the same for Korea.

T. vulgare was first named in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus, and renamed Chrysanthemum vulgare in 1800 by Bernhardi. Today, both names are widespread, although there is extensive evidence of considerable differences between Tanacetum and Chrysanthemum. The common name 'tansy' is derived from the Greek 'athanasia' meaning immortality (Haughton, 1978; Quattrocchi, 2000). The English common names 'parsley fern' and 'scented fern' refer to the strong scent of the herb and its fern-like appearance. The name 'hindheal' indicates the use as a medicinal herb for various complaints. In the USA, T. vulgare is often named 'English fern' due to its introduction from the UK in the early sixteenth century. 'Tansy' is quite often confused with 'tansy ragwort' (Senecio jacobaea), even though there are significant differences between the two Asteraceae.

Description

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T. vulgare is an aromatic perennial hemicryptophyte, patch-forming herb (30-)40-120(-160) cm high. The deep green leaves are 15-25 cm long, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect, glabrous to sparsely hairy and glandular-punctate. The lower cauline leaves are more than 5 cm long, petiolate, oblong to oblong-ovate and the segments pinnatisect to pinnatilobed. They are linear-lanceolate to oblong-elliptical. The upper cauline leaves are similar but sessile. The (5-)10-70(-l00) capitula, each showing an involucre of 5-8 mm in diameter, are arranged in dense, compound corymbs. In the outer ring, the florets are tubular, mostly female and zygomorphic, bright yellow. They are 3-toothed, rarely shortly ligulate, or actinomorphic (some flowers are 5-toothed and hermaphroditic). The inner florets are tubular and 5-toothed. The achenes are 1.2-1.8 mm long, 5-ribbed, possessing scattered epicarpic, sessile, transparent, non-mucilaginous glands; the pappus is a short unevenly toothed membranous cup, 0.2-0.4 mm wide (Clapham et al., 1952; Heywood, 1976).

In Corsica (France), Sardinia and Sicily (Italy), plants occur with finely dissected leaves; these are regarded by some as separate species or varieties.

Plant Type

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Herbaceous
Perennial

Distribution

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T. vulgare is native to Eastern and Central Europe, as far as temperate Asia and was introduced by humans throughout America, Australia and New Zealand.

Except for the Mediterranean Islands and Greenland, T. vulgare occurs in every European country. Whether it is truly native to Western Europe is a subject of debate. While some botanists assume it was introduced prior to the Middle Ages (i.e. archeophyte) (Kopecky, 1978; Ellenberg et al., 1992; Lohmeyer and Sukopp, 1992), others believe that it grew naturally in wide parts of Europe (Sebald, 1996).

The distribution in Asia is localised in the boreal zone, encompassing Russia, the Northern Provinces of China (Heilongjiang and Xinjiang), Mongolia, Japan and Korea. T. vulgare is not listed in the diverse floras of the Near East (Rechinger and Aellen, 1964; Abu-Irmaileh, 1979; Davis, 1988; Wood 1997), the Middle East/India (Kitamura 1960; Koba et al., 1994; Hajra et al., 1995) or tropical Southeast Asia (Merrill, 1912; Martin, 1971; Kress et al., 2003).

In Canada, the USA, Australia and New Zealand, the plant escaped from garden cultivation and now grows wild in the natural and secondary vegetation. Only a few records of naturalization exist for parts of South America, where the plant is cultivated for medicinal and ornamental uses. There are no records for Central America (Standley, 1928; Seymour, 1980) the Caribbean Islands (Alain and Leon, 1957; Liogier, 1997) or the tropical parts of South America (Gentry 1993; Jørgensen and Leon-Yanez 1999; Mori, 2002).

T. vulgare is not present in Africa or the countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea (Humbert 1960; Hepper, 1963; Arnold and de Wet, 1993; Leistner, 2000; Beentje, 2002).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 17 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	First Reported	Invasive	Reference	Notes
Asia
Armenia	Present	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
Azerbaijan	Present	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
China	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Heilongjiang	Present	Native			Shi et al. (1983)
-Xinjiang	Present	Native			Shi et al. (1983)
Georgia	Present	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
Japan	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Hokkaido	Present	Native			Ohwi (1965) Iwatsuki et al. (1995)
Kazakhstan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2016)
Kyrgyzstan	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2016)
Mongolia	Present, Widespread	Native			Grubov (2001)
North Korea	Present	Native			Ohwi (1965)
South Korea	Present	Native			Ohwi (1965)
Turkey	Present	Native			USDA-ARS (2016)
Europe
Albania	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Andorra	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Austria	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Belarus	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Belgium	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Bulgaria	Present	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Croatia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Cyprus	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Czechia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976) Svoboda and Polák (2002)
Denmark	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Estonia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Faroe Islands	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Finland	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
France	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
-Corsica	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Germany	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Gibraltar	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Greece	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Hungary	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Iceland	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Ireland	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Italy	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Latvia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Liechtenstein	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Lithuania	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Luxembourg	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Malta	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Moldova	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Monaco	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Netherlands	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
North Macedonia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976) Pacanoski and Saliji (2014)
Norway	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976) Olsen et al. (2017)
Poland	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Portugal	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
-Madeira	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Romania	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Russia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
-Central Russia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
-Eastern Siberia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
-Northern Russia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
-Russian Far East	Present, Widespread	Introduced			Czerepanov (1995)
-Southern Russia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
-Western Siberia	Present, Widespread	Native			Czerepanov (1995)
San Marino	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Serbia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Slovakia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Slovenia	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Spain	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Sweden	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Switzerland	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
Ukraine	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
United Kingdom	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
-Channel Islands	Present, Widespread	Native			Tutin et al. (1976)
North America
Bermuda	Absent, Formerly present				Britton (1918)
Canada	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-Alberta	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Crompton et al. (1988)
-British Columbia	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Manitoba	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Crompton et al. (1988)
-New Brunswick	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Newfoundland and Labrador	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Nova Scotia	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Ontario	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Prince Edward Island	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Quebec	Present	Introduced			Crompton et al. (1988)
-Saskatchewan	Present	Introduced		Invasive	Crompton et al. (1988)
Guadeloupe	Absent, Formerly present				Fournet (1978) Howard and Bornstein (1989)
Martinique	Absent, Formerly present				Fournet (1978) Howard and Bornstein (1989)
United States	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)	First reported: pre-1600
-Alaska	Present	Introduced			Hulten (1968) USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Arizona	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Arkansas	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-California	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Colorado	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Connecticut	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Hawaii	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Idaho	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Illinois	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Indiana	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Iowa	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Kansas	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Kentucky	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Louisiana	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Maine	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Maryland	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Massachusetts	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Michigan	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Minnesota	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Missouri	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Montana	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Nebraska	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Nevada	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-New Hampshire	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-New Jersey	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-New Mexico	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-New York	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-North Carolina	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-North Dakota	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Ohio	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Oklahoma	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Oregon	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Pennsylvania	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Rhode Island	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-South Dakota	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Tennessee	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Utah	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Vermont	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Virginia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Washington	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-West Virginia	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Wisconsin	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
-Wyoming	Present	Introduced			USDA-NRCS (2016)
Oceania
Australia	Present				CABI (Undated)	Present based on regional distribution.
-New South Wales	Present, Few occurrences	Introduced			Harden (1990)
-Queensland	Present, Few occurrences	Introduced			Harden (1990)
-South Australia	Present, Few occurrences	Introduced			Harden (1990)
-Tasmania	Present, Few occurrences	Introduced			Walsh and Entwisle (1999)
-Victoria	Present, Few occurrences	Introduced			Harden (1990)
New Zealand	Present	Introduced	1883		Webb et al. (1988)
South America
Argentina	Present	Introduced			Zuloaga and Morrone (1999)
Chile	Present	Introduced			Pizarro (1966)
Peru	Present	Introduced			Dillon (1981)

History of Introduction and Spread

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As mentioned above, it is not clear in which parts of Europe Tanacetum is truly indigenous. By the fifteenth century, T. vulgare was commonly used as a medicinal herb in France and England. Consequently, it had been introduced into the English colonies even before the seventeenth century, like so many other plant species. By 1785, T. vulgare was listed as a naturalized plant throughout the north eastern USA (Mitich, 1992), where it spread along roadsides, fences and hedgerows (Sievers, 1930). In 1912, T. vulgare was known as far west as Iowa and Kansas (Mitich,1992). Robbins et al. (1951) report the first occurrence in California. Today, T. vulgare can be found in almost all states and provinces of the USA and Canada, except Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Texas, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (USDA-NRCS, 2004).

In the late sixteenth century, T. vulgare was introduced into South America by the Spanish conquerors. Today, it is commonly grown in parts of Peru and Argentina (Dillon, 1981; Zuloaga and Morrone, 1999).

As in North America, T. vulgare was brought to Australia and New Zealand as an ornamental and medicinal herb. According to Webb et al. (1988), the plant was introduced into New Zealand for the first time in 1883, by which time it had already naturalized in Australia.

Risk of Introduction

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T. vulgare is still sold as an ornamental plant in the USA and many parts of the world, so that further spread is likely. Its broad ecological amplitude may support further spread.

Habitat

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In Europe and North America, T. vulgare commonly grows along roadsides, on grassy areas, rough ground, meadows, urban areas, riverside gravel banks and wastelands. Grubov (2001) states that, in Mongolia, T. vulgare occurs in larch forests and their fringes, dwarf birch and willow thickets, birch and pine groves, forest meadows in forest belts, meadow plots and soddy rock fields in alpine belts. This may indicate a difference in habitat choice between eastern and western populations of T. vulgare. In Scandinavia, T. vulgare occurs from the coast all the way up to the birch zone and 70°N (Korsmo, 1930). As an ornamental plant, this species can be found as far north as Gamvik, Norway, 71°03'N (Jalas, 1991). In the northern hemispheric temperate zone T. vulgare can be found up to an altitude of 1500 m whereas in South America, it is grown up to 3580 m (Dillon, 1981).

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed grasslands (grazing systems)	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Disturbed areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Rail / roadsides	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Urban / peri-urban areas	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Riverbanks	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Wetlands	Present, no further details

Biology and Ecology

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Genetics

T. vulgare has a chromosome number of 2n=18 (Tischler, 1950) which is stable (Heywood and Humphries, 1977), even though cytomictic disturbances occur (Virrankoski and Sorsa, 1968) and a wide variation in the content of nuclear DNA has been reported (Keskitalo et al., 1998).

Physiology and Phenology

At least 50 different chemotypes exist (Berberich, 1961) which probably differ also in physiological features. Fresh T. vulgare contains 0.12-0.18% volatile oil of highly variable chemical composition. Some races contain the ketone beta-thujone as the major constituent (to 95%) of the poisonous essential oil; others are devoid of it. Artemisia ketone, borneol, camphor, 18-cineole, cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, isopinocamphone, isothujone, piperitone, gamma-terpinene, umbellulone and some unidentified terpenes have also been reported as major ingredients of the essential oil. Citric acid, tartaric acid, gallic acid, gum, mucilage, resin and tannins are also reported (Duke, 1987). Appendino et al. (1982) report a hydroperoxysesquiterpene lactone, crispolide. Amines were sought but undetected in the flowers. Dry seeds contain 28.9% protein and 26.5% fat (Duke, 1987).

Reproductive Biology

T. vulgare usually germinates in the spring, developing a single rosette in the first vegetation period. The plant starts flowering and fruiting in late summer of the second year. In Central Europe, the flowering period usually takes place in August and September (Korsmo, 1930). According to White (2002), a small percentage of plants flowering in July produce viable seed, with a germination rate of 10-20% by mid-August. Overwintering seeds germinate at a rate of 70-90%. If the plant is cut off from a water supply, the biomass reduces up to 62% and flowering ceases (Cornelius and Haug, 1991).

T. vulgare reproduces sexually as well as vegetatively. According to Korsmo (1930), an individual plant produces 12,500 achenes (10 million per kg). Due to the elasticity of the dry stems, the fruits are catapulted by wind or animals (Düll and Kutzelnigg, 1988). The seeds need open soil for germination. Once established, the plant spreads by rhizomes (blastautochore) and can outcompete other herbs. Under optimum growing conditions, polycormones build up dense stands that can persist for many years. Seed banks in the soil persist for only a limited time (Oberdorfer, 2001).

The flowers are visited by numerous, mostly unspecialised insects, including Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. In Central Europe, some Colletes spp. (Hymenoptera, Colletidae) are somewhat specialised visitors of flowers of T. vulgare (Westrich, 1990).

Environmental Requirements

In the Northern Hemisphere, T. vulgare mainly grows under planar to colline conditions and does not normally occur above 1500 m (in Austria, some cultivated forms are found above 1700 m). In Cuzco, Peru, however, cultivated plants grow up to 3580 m (Dillon, 1981).

T. vulgare is photophillic (Ellenberg et al., 1992) and prefers sandy, moderately moist, neutral to slightly basic, loamy soils (Oberdorfer, 2001). The plant is sensitive to salt (Ellenberg et al., 1992).

Air Temperature

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit
Mean maximum temperature of hottest month (ºC)	10	25
Mean minimum temperature of coldest month (ºC)	0	-30

Rainfall

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Parameter	Lower limit	Upper limit	Description
Dry season duration	0	6	number of consecutive months with <40 mm rainfall
Mean annual rainfall	300	3200	mm; lower/upper limits

Rainfall Regime

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Summer
Uniform

Soil Tolerances

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Soil drainage

free
impeded
seasonally waterlogged

Soil reaction

alkaline
neutral

Soil texture

heavy
light
medium

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages	Specificity
Aceria calathinus	Herbivore	Inflorescence
Aceria tuberculata	Herbivore	Inflorescence
Cassida stigmatica	Herbivore	Leaves	not specific
Chrysolina eurina	Herbivore	Leaves/Roots	to genus
Depressaria emiritella	Herbivore	Leaves
Dichrorampha	Herbivore	Roots/Stems
Gillmeria tetradactyla	Herbivore	Growing point/Roots	to species
Isophrictis striatella	Herbivore	Inflorescence/Stems	to species
Longitarsus noricus	Herbivore	Leaves/Roots	not specific
Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria	Herbivore	Leaves/Stems
Microplontus millefolii	Herbivore	Stems	to genus
Ozirhincus tanaceti	Herbivore	Fruits/pods
Phytoecia nigricornis julii	Herbivore	Stems	to genus
Puccinia tanaceti	Pathogen	Leaves
Rhopalomyia tanaceticola	Herbivore	Inflorescence/Leaves/Stems	to genus
Uroleucon tanaceti	Herbivore	Leaves

Notes on Natural Enemies

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The phytophagous arthropod complex of Central Europe is thought to consist of 143 species, of which 13% are believed to be monophagous (restricted to the genus Tanacetum) and 45% oligophagous (restricted to the family Asteraceae). Larval development has been recorded for 135 species (Schmitz, 1998). The phytophagous fauna of T. vulgare in Alberta, Canada, includes only one monophagous species, Aceria calathinus, which is an introduced gall mite from Europe (White, 1997). The species mentioned as 'monophagous' are reported to live exclusively on T. vulgare. However, some of these species may also occur on other Tanacetum species. For instance, the second Tanacetum species indigenous to Central Europe, T. corymbosum, is rare, and data on its natural enemies are insufficient.

Potential biocontrol agents have been selected on their potential host specificity, damage to the target plant and availability in their native European area. A number of potentially monophagous herbivore species considered for biological control of T. vulgare are the flower and seed-feeding moths Coleophora bornicensis and C. tanaceti (Coleophoridae), the flower gall midge Contarinia tanaceti (Cecidomyiidae), the flower feeding mite Aceria tuberculata (Eriophyiidae), the sap sucking bug Megalocoleus chrysotricus (Miridae) and the root and stem boring weevil Meliboeus graminoides (Buprestidae). A dozen of root-boring moths in the genus Dichrorampha have been recorded on T. vulgare of which Dicrorampha ambrosiana appears to be also potentially host specific.

Brandenburger (1985) reports of 23 fungal species on Tanacetum. One of the most appropriate candidates for biological control of T. vulgare is Puccinia tanaceti (Gäumann, 1959; Newcombe, 2003). This pathogen was recently recorded for the first time from the USA (Idaho: Newcombe, 2003).

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Natural Dispersal

Wind and flowing water disperse the fruits of T. vulgare. Rhizomes may also be transported by water and as such T. vulgare is often found along rivers (Oberdorfer, 2001).

Vector Transmission

Animals can be responsible for catapulting the fruit which assists dispersal and cattle may carry seeds on their legs.

Intentional Introduction

T. vulgare is grown as an ornamental plant in gardens from which it may escape. The attractive flowers may also be transported as cut flowers.

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Soil, sand and gravel	Tansy is often found along rivers.	Yes

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Pest stages	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
Fruits (inc. pods)

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes
Growing medium accompanying plants
Leaves
Roots
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Animal/plant collections	None
Animal/plant products	None
Biodiversity (generally)	Negative
Crop production	None
Environment (generally)	None
Fisheries / aquaculture	None
Forestry production	None
Human health	None
Livestock production	None
Native fauna	None
Native flora	Negative
Rare/protected species	None
Tourism	None
Trade/international relations	None
Transport/travel	None

Economic Impact

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T. vulgare has almost no impact as a weed of field or plantation crops. It occasionally has negative effects on meadows due to avoidance by cattle. The north-central region of Canada is heavily infested by T. vulgare. A 1993 survey estimated that 26,384 ha, in 58 municipal districts were infested and that the total estimated annual cost to municipalities and private landowners for controlling tansy was CAN$ 256,617 (= CAN$ 9.70/ha; White, 1997).

Environmental Impact

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The spreading of T. vulgare in areas where the plant is introduced affects the diversity of herbaceous plants and, consequently, the entomofauna. In North America (especially Quebec, Manitoba, British Columbia, Alberta), T. vulgare may compete with the native flora in pastures, hay fields, riparian habitats, roadsides and waste areas (McClay, 1989; White, 2002). Thus, plant diversity may be reduced in places were T. vulgare becomes dominant.

By outcompeting native plants with a rich entomofauna, T. vulgare may reduce the phytophagous insect diversity on a local level. On the other hand, the flowers may serve as an important nectar source for pollinating insects however the corresponding investigations are so far not available.

Threatened Species

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Threatened Species	Conservation Status	Where Threatened	Mechanism	References	Notes
Centrocercus minimus (Gunnison sage-grouse)	USA ESA listing as threatened species	Colorado; Utah	Ecosystem change / habitat alteration	US Fish and Wildlife Service (2013)

Social Impact

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The possibility of T. vulgare causing health problems cannot be ruled out, e.g. poisoning, contact dermatitis, allergic reactions, including anaphylactic shock, and others.

T. vulgare can become a problem in pastures due to its toxicity for livestock, especially cattle (Roth, 1987; McClay, 1989; White, 2002).

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Proved invasive outside its native range
Highly adaptable to different environments
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Has high reproductive potential

Impact outcomes

Negatively impacts agriculture
Negatively impacts animal health
Negatively impacts tourism
Reduced amenity values
Reduced native biodiversity

Impact mechanisms

Competition - monopolizing resources

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately

Uses

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Social Benefit

The attractive flowers of T. vulgare are grown in gardens and often cut for ornamental purposes (cut flowers).

In Central Europe, T. vulgare plays an important role as a reserve for aphidophagous insect fauna in agricultural landscapes (Aphidiidae, Coccinellidae, Syrphidae, etc.; e.g. Klausnitzer, 1968). The oil of T. vulgare may be rubbed on the skin and used as an insect-repellent (against flies and mosquitoes); in Russia, powdered T. vulgare is used as an insecticide. An extract of T. vulgare in distilled water supposedly deters the feeding of some Lepidoptera larvae, and T. vulgare grown under fruit trees is believed to repel insects such as flies and ants (Duke, 1987).

Although T. vulgare is quite poisonous, it found its way into omelettes, puddings, salads, pot-herbs, cheeses, dressings and especially herbal teas (Ranson, 1949; Mabey, 1996). Fresh young leaves are used to spice omelettes, fish or meat pies. Teas made of T. vulgare are bitter beverages brewed from fresh or dried leaves and tops. The tea is said to have a calming effect.

Leaf tips are still used today in the preparation of cosmetics and ointments. The essential oil is used in perfumery.

Medicinally, leaves and flowers of T. vulgare have stimulating and tonic properties. An oil obtained from the flowers is used primarily as an anthelmintic. The unguent made from the leaves is said to be a folk remedy for tumours in the tendons; it has shown some effect in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) cancer programme in the USA. T. vulgare may be used to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers, ague (leaves put into the shoes), amenorrhoea, bruises, burns, cholecystosis, cold, dropsy, epilepsy, fever, freckles, gout, hepatosis, hysteria, kidney problems, nerves, rheumatism, sores, spasms, sprains, swellings, tuberculosis; it is considered to be abortifacient, antibiotic, anthelmintic, antioxidant, antiseptic, ascaricide, bactericide, cordial, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, narcotic, nervine, pediculicide, poison, pulicide, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge and vulnerary. Hot fomentations are recommended for bruises, freckles, inflammation, leucorrhea, palpitations, sciatica, stomach ache, sunburn, swellings, toothache and tumours. Homeopathic doctors prescribe tinctures for abortion, amenorrhoea, chorea, dysmenorrhoea, epilepsy, eyes, hydrophobia, labial abscess, paralysis, strabismus and worms (Duke, 1987).

Mordujovich-Buschiazzo et al. (1996) report a rather strong anti-inflammatory effect that leads to significant reduction of oedema in rats. But they indicate the high toxicity, the LD50-ratio (for rats) is approximately 285 mg/kg body weight. Oil from T. vulgare is much more toxic and should be used only with extreme caution. Ten drops of the oil are supposed to be lethal (Duke, 1987). Symptoms of poisoning include rapid and feeble pulse, severe gastritis, violent spasms and convulsions (Duke, 1987). Keindorf and Keindorf (1978) report hyperoestrogenism in cattle. Holetz et al. (2002) stated activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but no significant antifungal activity against yeasts.

Uses List

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General

Ornamental

Human food and beverage

Spices and culinary herbs

Materials

Essential oils
Poisonous to mammals

Medicinal, pharmaceutical

Traditional/folklore

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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Similarities to common species are not known. T. vulgare may be confused with some of the Asian species, but their distribution is so localised that it is most unlikely to encounter them in the field.

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Cultural Control

While extensive grazing may promote seedling establishment on bare ground, heavy grazing results in a reduction in population of T. vulgare (White, 1997).

Mechanical Control

T. vulgare is sensitive to cutting and root-extraction (Korsmo, 1930; Briemle and Ellenberg, 1994).

Chemical Control

In comparative experiments on the efficacy of different herbicides/combinations (using metsulfuron, tribenuron, clopyralid, glyphosate, dicamba, 2,4-D, picloram), metsulfuron was found to be the most effective (Lass et al., 1987, 1988; Miller and Callihan, 1992).

Biological Control

Despite a biological control programme, no agent has been released for the control of T. vulgare (Winston et al., 2014). Host-specificity tests have indicated that the host range of the shoot-boring beetle Phytoecia nigricornis is not restricted to the target plant. Another potential candidate, the root-feeding beetle Longitarsus noricus, was found to be oligophagous on several genera in the tribe Anthemideae. The leaf-feeding beetle Cassida stigmatica and the flower, stem and leaf galling midge Rhopalomyia tanaceticola also seems to lack specificity on a few critical plant species in different genera. In addition, the efficacy of the flower-feeding moth Isophrictis striatella is questionable. None of the above species are therefore further considered for the biological control of T. vulgare. The following European herbivore species are currently being studied as candidate biocontrol agents: the shoot and root mining Plume moth Platyptilia ochrodactyla [Gillmeria tetradactyla], the stem mining weevil Microplontus millefolii and the leaf feeding chrysomelid beetle Chrysolina eurina (Gassmann et al., 2016).

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Walsh NG, Entwisle TJ, 1999. Flora of Victoria: Dicotyledons, Cornaceae to Asteraceae., 4 Melbourne, Australia: Inkata Press.

Webb CJ, Sykes WR, Garnock-Jones PJ, 1988. Flora of New Zealand. Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons., IV Christchurch, New Zealand: DSIR Botany Division. 1365 pp. http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Book.aspx?fileName=Flora%204.xml

Zuloaga FO, Morrone O, 1999. (Catálogo de las plantas vasculares de la República Argentina)., St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden.

Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway	https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.
Global register of Introduced and Invasive species (GRIIS)	http://griis.org/	Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list.

Contributors

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13/12/2016 Updated by:

André Gassmann, CABI-CH, Switzerland

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Tanacetum vulgare (tansy)

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