Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly)

Pictures

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Picture

Title

Caption

Copyright

Adult

©Georg Goergen/IITA Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin

Identity

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Preferred Scientific Name

Ceratitis rosa Karsch

Preferred Common Name

Natal fruit fly

Other Scientific Names

Pterandrus rosa (Karsch)

International Common Names

Spanish: mosca de la fruta de Natal
French: mouche des fruits de Natal

EPPO code

CERTRO (Ceratitis rosa)

Summary of Invasiveness

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C. rosa is a polyphagous African species. Its known distribution is mainly southern and eastern Africa. It is considered to be a major pest of a number of commercial fruits, including fruits that are grown in subtropical or more temperate environments (but see remark under host plants). It has similar environmental requirements to Ceratitis capitata except that it can withstand less dry conditions. It should be considered as a potential invasive species in other parts of Africa, outside its current range, and in other parts of the world (Tanga et al., 2018). The most likely pathway of dispersal and introduction is as larvae in infested fruits with commercial shipments or in the luggage of travellers. C. rosa is of quarantine significance for EPPO, JUNAC and OIRSA.

Taxonomic Tree

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Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Metazoa
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Uniramia
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Family: Tephritidae
Genus: Ceratitis
Species: Ceratitis rosa

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

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C. rosa belongs to subgenus Pterandrus and may alternatively be cited as Ceratitis (Pterandrus) rosa Karsch. Earlier this species comprised fasciventris, but De Meyer (2001) considered both taxa as separate species.

C. rosa belongs to a species complex (Barr et al., 2006), referred to as the FAR complex and comprising Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae and C. rosa. Male specimens can be readily differentiated by sexual secondary characters of the legs (De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006), but females are difficult to differentiate. Molecular separation based on DNA barcodes remains difficult or impossible (Barr et al., 2006). Recent research using microsatellite polymorphism indicated the existence of five entities (Virgilio et al., 2013). An integrative approach provided evidence that the two entities, formerly under C. rosa, actually consist of two different biological species (De Meyer et al., 2015). The second entity was formerly described as C.quilicii (see De Meyer et al., 2016). Most information regarding C. rosa in the literature prior to 2016 can, therefore, refer to either or both of these two species.

Description

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C. rosa, like other Ceratitis spp., has banded wings, and a swollen scutellum which is marked yellow and black. The pattern of grey flecks in the basal wing cells distinguishes Ceratitis spp. from most other genera of tephritids.

Larvae

The larvae of C. rosa have been illustrated by Orian and Moutia (1960). The third-instar larvae have been described in detail and illustrated by Carroll (1998). Steck and Ekesi (2015) review the consistency of larval characters used to differentiate C. rosa from other species within the FAR complex and from C. capitata.

Adults (after De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006 and De Meyer et al., 2016)

Male head: antenna yellow. First flagellomere two to three times as long as pedicel. Arista with short to moderately long rays; ventral rays shorter and sparser than dorsal rays, especially basally. Frons yellow; with short scattered setulae distinctly darker than frons. Frontal setae well-developed. Face yellowish-white. Genal seta and setulae dark, well-developed.

Thorax: postpronotal lobe yellowish-white, without spot, although sometimes darker yellow around postpronotal seta. Scutal pattern: ground colour greyish-brown with orange tinge; with streaks and darker markings but without distinct spots except prescutellar white markings separate, usually with paler area in between. Scapular setae dark. Scutellum yellowish-white, basally usually with two separate dark spots, sometimes less distinct; apically with three separate black spots, extending to basal 0.33. Anepisternum on ventral half darker yellowish-brown; setulae pale.

Legs: yellow except where otherwise noted; setation mainly pale. Foreleg: femur without bushy feathering posteriorly, only dispersed rows of long black setulae posterodorsally, posteroventrally shorter and pale; ventral setae black. Midleg: femur with few dispersed pale setulae ventrally; tibia moderately broadened; anteriorly black with conspicuous silvery shine when viewed from certain angle on distal 0.66 to 0.75 (black colour sometimes inconspicuous in teneral specimens but silvery shine is always present) and reaching ventral and dorsal margins of tibia throughout the full length; with black feathering dorsally along distal 0.75 and ventrally along distal 0.66, occasionally to distal 0.75. Hindleg: femur at apical 0.25 with longer setulae dorsally and ventrally.

Wing: bands yellowish-brown. Interruption between marginal and discal bands near vein R₁ clear and complete; cubital band free; medial band absent; crossvein R-M opposite middle of discal cell. Apex of vein R₁distal to level of crossvein R-M. Crossvein DM-Cu oblique anterobasally.

Abdomen: mostly yellow. Tergites 2 and 4 with pale-grey band on posterior half, anterior margin sometimes with narrowly brownish colour, especially laterally. Tergite 3 with posterior half patchily brownish colour, anterior half yellowish-brown, both parts not clearly demarcated; sometimes more complete brown. Tergite 5 with basal half brownish, sometimes divided medially into two spots.

Female: as the male except as follows: first flagellomere yellowish-orange. Crossvein DM-Cu oblique posterobasally. Anepisternum on ventral part rarely with darker setulae. Legs without feathering; forefemur posteroventrally with pale pilosity, at least in basal part, distally sometimes dark setulae. Oviscape shorter than preabdomen. Aculeus at most six times longer than wide; tip with distinct apical indentation and lateral margin slightly sinuous.

Body length: 4.96 (4.25-5.30) mm; wing length: 5.34 (4.50-5.75) mm

Distribution

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C. rosa s.s. is restricted to eastern and southern Africa. Records of C. rosa from central, western or southwestern Africa, refer to Ceratitis fasciventris. Both species have a largely allopatric distribution (De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006). The northernmost limit observed so far is in the coastal areas of Kenya. The records from Ethiopia, therefore, seem unreliable because all specimens studied by the author from Ethiopia belong to C. fasciventris. However, because the actual specimens on which these records are based could not be observed, and the proximity of Ethiopia to Kenya, these are currently considered as unreliable records that need confirmation. Records of C. rosa from southernmost part of South Africa and from the Mascarene Islands Mauritius and Réunion, refer to C. quilicii. For further discussion of the distribution of C. rosa, refer to De Meyer et al. (2015). See also UK CAB International (1985) and Smith et al. (1997b).

Distribution Table

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The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

Last updated: 25 Feb 2021

Continent/Country/Region	Distribution	Origin	Reference	Notes
Africa
Angola	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Cameroon	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)		EPPO (2020)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Eswatini	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)		EPPO (2020) Magagula and Nzima (2013)
Ethiopia	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)		EPPO (2020) Esayas Mendesil (2005) EPPO (2014)
Ghana	Present		Badii et al. (2015)
Guinea	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Kenya	Present, Localized	Native	Meyer (2001) Wharton et al. (2000) Meyer et al. (2002) Copeland et al. (2006) EPPO (2020)	Originally restricted to coastal region. Central Highlands records probably due to confusion with Ceratitis quilicii.
Lesotho	Present	Native	CABI (Undated)	Not confirmed; possible confusion with Ceratitis quilicii; Original citation: De and Meyer Freidberg (2006)
Malawi	Present, Widespread	Native	Meyer (2001) Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)
Mali	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Mauritius	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis quilicii.
Mozambique	Present, Widespread	Native	Meyer (2001) Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)
Nigeria	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Réunion	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) Duyck and Quilici (2002) Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis quilicii.
Rwanda	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Seychelles	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		White et al. (2000) Meyer et al. (2002)
South Africa	Present, Localized	Native	Meyer (2001) Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)	See De Meyer et al. (2015) for distribution map in South Africa.
Tanzania	Present	Native	Meyer et al. (2002) Mwatawala et al. (2009) EPPO (2020)
-Zanzibar Island	Present	Native	Schotman (1989)
Uganda	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer (2001) EPPO (2020)	Probably confusion with Ceratitis fasciventris
Zambia	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)		EPPO (2020)
Zimbabwe	Absent, Invalid presence record(s)		Meyer et al. (2002) EPPO (2020)	So far, there are no records of C. rosa from Zimbabwe, only C. quilicii.
Asia
Syria	Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s)		EPPO (2020)
Europe
Belgium	Absent		EPPO (2020)
Netherlands	Absent, Confirmed absent by survey		EPPO (2020)
Slovenia	Absent, Confirmed absent by survey		EPPO (2020)
Oceania
New Zealand	Absent, Confirmed absent by survey		EPPO (2020)

History of Introduction and Spread

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C. rosa is a species restricted to the African mainland.

Historical records of introduction to the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean (White et al., 2000), Mauritius and La Réunion, and to the Central Highlands of Kenya (Copeland and Wharton, 2006), actually refer to C. quilicii (see De Meyer et al., 2015).

Risk of Introduction

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C. rosa is of quarantine significance for EPPO, JUNAC and OIRSA. This has to be reviewed in view of the confusion with C. quilicii. Based on risk prediction by Tanga et al. (2018), C. rosa has the potential to become established in different tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Habitat List

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Category	Sub-Category	Habitat	Presence	Status
Terrestrial	Managed	Cultivated / agricultural land	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Managed	Managed forests, plantations and orchards	Present, no further details	Harmful (pest or invasive)
Terrestrial	Natural / Semi-natural	Natural forests	Present, no further details	Natural

Hosts/Species Affected

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C. rosa is a polyphagous species. The list of known host plants for C. rosa as given by De Meyer et al. (2002) and at http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html is based on records of C. rosa s.l. and thus can refer to either C. rosa, C. quilicii, or both. Detailed analysis, based on rearing experiments, is required to establish the exact host range of C. rosa. Transport of any of the host fruits could result in dispersal and distribution, if infested with fruit fly larvae.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

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Plant name	Family	Context	References
Acca sellowiana	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Grové et al. (2019); Isabirye et al. (2016); Duyck et al. (2008); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Allophylus pervillei	Sapindaceae	Unknown
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Angylocalyx braunii	Fabaceae	Unknown
Annona cherimola (cherimoya)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Annona muricata (soursop)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Geurts et al. (2014); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart)	Annonaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mukiama and Muraya (1994); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Annona senegalensis (wild custard apple)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Annona squamosa (sugar apple)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Asimina triloba (Pawpaw-apple)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Mukiama and Muraya (1994)
Averrhoa bilimbi (bilimbi)	Oxalidaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Averrhoa carambola (carambola)	Oxalidaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Calophyllum tacamahaca	Clusiaceae	Unknown	Duyck et al. (2008)
Calycosiphonia spathicalyx	Rubiaceae	Unknown
Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)	Annonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Capsicum frutescens (chilli)	Solanaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Carica cauliflora	Caricaceae	Unknown
Carica papaya (pawpaw)	Caricaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Carissa carandas (caranda (plum))	Apocynaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Carissa macrocarpa (Natal plum)	Apocynaceae	Other	Clausen et al. (1965); Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Grové et al. (2017)
Cereus peruvianus	Cactaceae	Unknown
Chrysophyllum albidum	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Isabirye et al. (2016)
Chrysophyllum cainito (caimito)	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Chrysophyllum carpussum	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Chrysophyllum natalense	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Citrus	Rutaceae	Main	Manrakhan and Addison (2007)
Citrus aurantium (sour orange)	Rutaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Citrus nobilis (tangor)	Rutaceae	Unknown
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	Rutaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Citrus sinensis (navel orange)	Rutaceae	Other	Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Citrus x paradisi (grapefruit)	Rutaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Coccoloba uvifera (sea grape)	Polygonaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Coffea (coffee)	Rubiaceae	Main
Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)	Rubiaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Wharton et al. (2000)
Coffea canephora (robusta coffee)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Greathead (1972); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mukiama and Muraya (1994)
Cola natalensis	Sterculiaceae	Unknown
Cucurbita (pumpkin)	Cucurbitaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Cydonia oblonga (quince)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Dictyophleba lucida	Apocynaceae	Unknown
Dimocarpus longan (longan tree)	Sapindaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Diospyros kabuyeana	Ebenaceae	Unknown
Diospyros kaki (persimmon)	Ebenaceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015); Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Dovyalis caffra (kei apple)	Flacourtiaceae	Unknown	Clausen et al. (1965); Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Grové et al. (2017)
Dovyalis hebecarpa (ketembilla)	Flacourtiaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Dovyalis longispina		Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Dovyalis zeyheri		Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Drypetes battiscombei	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown
Drypetes natalensis	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Isabirye et al. (2016)
Drypetes natalensis var. leiogyna	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown
Ehretia cymosa	Boraginaceae	Unknown
Ekebergia capensis	Meliaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Englerophytum magalismontanum	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Englerophytum natalense	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Eriobotrya japonica (loquat)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Mukiama and Muraya (1994); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry)	Myrtaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Feijoa sellowiana (Horn of plenty)	Myrtaceae	Unknown
Ficus	Moraceae	Unknown	Isabirye et al. (2016)
Ficus carica (common fig)	Moraceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Ficus racemosa (cluster tree)	Moraceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015)
Flacourtia indica (governor's plum)	Flacourtiaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Fortunella japonica (round kumquat)	Rutaceae	Unknown	Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Garcinia livingstonei (african mangosteen)	Clusiaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen)	Clusiaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Harpephyllum caffrum	Anacardiaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Grové et al. (2017)
Hylocereus undatus (dragon fruit)	Cactaceae	Unknown
Icacina senegalensis	Icacinaceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015)
Inga laurina (Spanish oak)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Lettowianthus stellatus	Annonaceae	Unknown
Litchi chinensis (lichi)	Sapindaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Ludia mauritiana	Salicaceae	Unknown
Malus domestica (apple)	Rosaceae	Other	Duyck et al. (2008); Copeland et al. (2006); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Mangifera indica (mango)	Anacardiaceae	Other	Badii et al. (2015); Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mukiama and Muraya (1994); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)	Sapotaceae	Other	Orian and Moutia (1960); Copeland et al. (2006); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Mimusops elengi (spanish cherry)	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Monanthotaxis fornicata	Annonaceae	Other
Monodora grandidieri	Annonaceae	Unknown
Murraya paniculata (orange jessamine)	Rutaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Musa acuminata (wild banana)	Musaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Myrianthus arboreus	Cecropiaceae	Unknown
Nauclea latifolia (pin cushion tree)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015)
Opilia amentacea		Unknown
Opuntia ficus-indica (prickly pear)	Cactaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Pachystela excelsa	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Parinari curatellifolia	Chrysobalanaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017)
Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima (banana passionfruit)	Passifloraceae	Unknown	Duyck et al. (2008)
Persea americana (avocado)	Lauraceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Phyllanthus acidus (star gooseberry)	Euphorbiaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Pithecellobium dulce (Manila tamarind)	Fabaceae	Unknown	Duyck et al. (2008)
Pouteria campechiana (canistel)	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Pouteria usambarensis	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Prunus (stone fruit)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015); Isabirye et al. (2016); Manrakhan and Addison (2007)
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006)
Prunus domestica (plum)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Manrakhan and Addison (2014)
Prunus persica (peach)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Geurts et al. (2014); Manrakhan and Addison (2014); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Prunus persica var. nucipersica (nectarine)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Villiers et al. (2013)
Prunus persica var. persica		Unknown	Villiers et al. (2013)
Prunus salicina (Japanese plum)	Rosaceae	Other
Psidium (guava)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Clausen et al. (1965)
Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Duyck et al. (2008); Grové et al. (2019); Copeland et al. (2006)
Psidium friedrichsthalianum (wild guava)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Grové et al. (2019)
Psidium guajava (guava)	Myrtaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Geurts et al. (2014); Grové et al. (2019); Isabirye et al. (2016); Mukiama and Muraya (1994); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Psidium guineense (Guinea guava)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Duyck et al. (2008)
Psidium japonicum	Myrtaceae	Unknown
Pyrus (pears)	Rosaceae	Unknown	Manrakhan and Addison (2007)
Pyrus communis (European pear)	Rosaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Rawsonia lucida	Flacourtiaceae	Unknown
Salacia elegans	Salacia	Unknown
Solanum giganteum	Solanaceae	Unknown
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)	Solanaceae	Other	Isabirye et al. (2016); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Solanum mauritianum (tobacco tree)	Solanaceae	Unknown	Clausen et al. (1965); Duyck et al. (2008)
Sphaerocoryne gracilis	Annonaceae	Unknown
Strombosiopsis		Unknown
Strychnos henningsii	Loganiaceae	Unknown
Strychnos spinosa	Loganiaceae	Unknown
Synsepalum brevipes	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Synsepalum dulcificum	Sapotaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006)
Synsepalum subvertillatum	Sapotaceae	Unknown
Syzygium aqueum (watery rose-apple)	Myrtaceae	Other	Orian and Moutia (1960)
Syzygium cordatum	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017); Grové et al. (2019)
Syzygium cumini (black plum)	Myrtaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Mwatawala et al. (2009); Mwatawala et al. (2009)
Syzygium guineense (woodland waterberry)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Grové et al. (2017); Grové et al. (2019)
Syzygium jambos (rose apple)	Myrtaceae	Other	Orian and Moutia (1960); Copeland et al. (2006); Villiers et al. (2013); Duyck et al. (2008); Grové et al. (2019)
Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple)	Myrtaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Syzygium samarangense (water apple)	Myrtaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Grové et al. (2019)
Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond)	Combretaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)	Malvaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008); Isabirye et al. (2016)
Toddalia asiatica	Rutaceae	Unknown
Tricalysia pallens	Rubiaceae	Unknown
Uvaria acuminata	Annonaceae	Unknown
Uvaria lucida	Annonaceae	Unknown
Vangueria infausta (African medlar)	Rubiaceae	Unknown	Theron et al. (2017)
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)	Vitaceae	Other	Isabirye et al. (2016)
Xylotheca kraussiana	Flacourtiaceae	Unknown	Theron et al. (2017)
Ziziphus jujuba (common jujube)	Rhamnaceae	Other	Copeland et al. (2006); Orian and Moutia (1960)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)	Rhamnaceae	Unknown	Copeland et al. (2006); Duyck et al. (2008)
Ziziphus mucronata	Rhamnaceae	Unknown	Badii et al. (2015)

Growth Stages

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Fruiting stage, Post-harvest

Symptoms

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Attacked fruit usually shows signs of oviposition punctures and very sweet fruits may produce a sugary exudate.

List of Symptoms/Signs

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Sign	Life Stages	Type
Fruit / internal feeding
Fruit / obvious exit hole

Biology and Ecology

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Detailed biological data on C. rosa are given by Tanga et al. (2015). Predictive ecological niche models by De Meyer et al. (2008)are based on data from both C. rosa and C. quilicii and are therefore unreliable. Tanga et al. (2018) provide a comparative ILCYM (Insect Life Cycle Modelling) model prediction for C. rosa, compared to C. quilicii. Tanga et al. (2015) provided evidence that immature stages of C. rosa are less adapted to lower temperatures than C. quilicii.

Environmental Requirements

Tanga et al. (2018) proved an ILCYM model prediction for establishment risk of C. rosa, showing the potential risk of establishment in many tropical and subtropical areas in Africa, Latin America, and Asia.

Climate

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Climate	Status	Description
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate	Preferred	< 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25])
Cfa - Humid subtropical climate	Preferred	Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year, warmest month average temp. > 22°C
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter	Preferred	Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters)

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

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Latitude North (°N)	Latitude South (°S)	Altitude Lower (m)	Altitude Upper (m)
	34

Rainfall Regime

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Bimodal
Summer
Uniform

Natural enemies

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Natural enemy	Type	Life stages
Dirhinus giffardii	Parasite
Opius perproximus	Parasite	Larvae
Opius tephritivorus	Parasite	Larvae
Tetrastichus	Parasite	Larvae/Pupae

Notes on Natural Enemies

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Very little information is available on the natural enemies of C. rosa. Clausen et al. (1965) reared parasitoids from samples taken in Kenya, but all in low numbers. The braconid, Fopius ceratitivorus was described from a.o. C. rosa, from Kenya (Wharton, 1999). Recently, several hymenopteran parasitoids (Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia cosyrae, Tetrastichus giffardii) were tested in Kenya for their effectiveness in population control of C. rosa, but in most cases usually encapsulation of the eggs was observed (Mohamed et al., 2003, 2006, 2007). Limited survival rate was observed for Fopius arisanus in Réunion (Rousse et al., 2006). These data need to be reviewed in view of the confusion with C. quilicii.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

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Natural Dispersal

Adults tend to remain in the area of emergence, flight is rarely more than a few hundred metres.

Accidental introduction

C. rosa is a fruit-infesting species. Eggs are laid within fruits and the larvae develop inside the fruit. When mature, larvae leave the fruits and pupate in the soil. Introduction is usually accidental through transport and import of infested fruits. This can be through commercial shipments or in luggage of individual passengers. Introduction through soil that includes puparia could theoretically be possible, but there are no records or such introductions for this or similar fruit fly species.

Pathway Causes

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Cause	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Crop production	Possible introduction through infested agricultural produce	Yes	Yes	White and Elson-Harris (1994)
Food	Possible introduction through infested fruits	Yes	Yes	White and Elson-Harris (1994)

Pathway Vectors

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Vector	Notes	Long Distance	Local	References
Consumables	Possible if consumable include infested fruits.Probably high frequency for accidental introductions	Yes	Yes	White and Elson-Harris (1994)
Luggage	Possible if luggage contains fruits.Probably high frequency for accidental introductions	Yes	Yes	White and Elson-Harris (1994)
Soil, sand and gravel	Not reported but possible if soil contains puparia	Yes	Yes	White and Elson-Harris (1994)

Plant Trade

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Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport	Pest stages	Borne internally	Borne externally	Visibility of pest or symptoms
Fruits (inc. pods)	eggs; larvae	Yes		Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope
Growing medium accompanying plants	pupae	Yes		Pest or symptoms not visible to the naked eye but usually visible under light microscope

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
Bark
Bulbs/Tubers/Corms/Rhizomes
Flowers/Inflorescences/Cones/Calyx
Leaves
Roots
Seedlings/Micropropagated plants
Stems (above ground)/Shoots/Trunks/Branches
True seeds (inc. grain)
Wood

Impact Summary

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Category	Impact
Economic/livelihood	Negative
Environment (generally)	Negative
Human health	Negative

Economic Impact

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C. rosa is a polyphagous species attacking a wide variety of unrelated fruits, including several commercial fruits. It can cause severe damage to commercial fruit crops, resulting in heavy losses. This indicates that it can be a serious pest species with high economic impact.

Threatened Species

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Threatened Species	Conservation Status	Where Threatened	Mechanism	References	Notes
Ceratitis catoirii	No details	Mauritius; Réunion	Competition - monopolizing resources	Duyck et al. (2004)

Social Impact

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Although the impact of C. rosa is mainly economic, it has some social consequences in Africa. A large part of the fruit cultivation in Africa is by small-holder farms (Lux, 1999). Because of the high infestation rate and the consequent loss of production, this has an impact on the income of these farmer communities. It is also anticipated that the loss of fruit crops might have an impact on fruit consumption, hence the health of the local population.

Risk and Impact Factors

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Invasiveness

Has a broad native range
Abundant in its native range
Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
Has high reproductive potential

Impact outcomes

Conflict
Host damage
Negatively impacts agriculture
Negatively impacts human health
Negatively impacts livelihoods
Reduced native biodiversity
Threat to/ loss of endangered species
Threat to/ loss of native species

Impact mechanisms

Causes allergic responses
Interaction with other invasive species

Likelihood of entry/control

Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Difficult to identify/detect in the field
Difficult/costly to control

Detection and Inspection

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C. rosa can be monitored by traps baited with male lures. Like Ceratitis capitata, and members of subgenera Ceratitis and Pterandrus in general, it is attracted to trimedlure and terpinyl acetate, but not methyl eugenol or cue lure. It is also very sensitive to enriched ginger oil (EGO) lure (Mwatawala et al., 2015; Manrakhan et al., 2017). The responses to baits of 16 Ceratitis species were tabulated by Hancock (1987).

Trimedlure (t-butyl 4(or 5) chloro-2-methyl cyclohexane carboxylate) is the most widely used lure for C. capitata and the following information could also be relevant for C. rosa. The history of trimedlure development and the problems of isolating the best of the eight possible isomers was discussed by Cunningham (1989). The lure is usually placed on a cottonwool wick suspended in the middle of a plastic trap that has small openings at both ends. Suitable traps were described by White and Elson-Harris (1994). Lure can either be mixed with an insecticide or a piece of paper dipped in insecticide can be placed in the trap. Traps are usually placed in fruit trees at a height of ca. 2 m above ground and should be emptied regularly as it is possible to catch hundreds of flies in a single trap left for just a few days, although the lure may remain effective for a few weeks.

A detailed study of trap position effects was carried out by Israely et al. (1997). A review of the biological aspects of male lures was presented by Cunningham (1989) and the use of lures was described more fully by Drew (1982). A trapping system used to monitor for possible introductions of C. capitata into New Zealand has been described by Somerfield (1989) and should also be effective for C. rosa. The possibility of the development of pheromone based trapping systems was discussed by Landolt and Heath (1996) and it may be possible to extend that approach to C. rosa. Trapping efficiency of C. capitata is also enhanced by the use of fluorescent colours, particularly light green (Epsky et al., 1996). This may also apply to C. rosa.

Recent comparative research on attraction sensitivity of C. rosa by using different lures, has shown that enriched ginger oil (EGO) lure is an effective attractant for C. rosa (Manrakhan et al., 2017) and can actually be a more sensitive attractant than trimedlure (Mwatawala et al., 2015).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

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The males of most species of subgenus Pterandrus have rows of stout setae on both the anterior and posterior edges of each mid-tibia, giving a feathered appearance. The males lack the spatulate head appendages of subgenus Ceratitis or the shiny frons and spotted abdomen of subgenus Pardalaspis. They can be differentiated from representatives of other subgenera within the genus Ceratitis by the presence of a dark band on the abdomen. C. rosa can be separated from most other members of this subgenus by having the feathering confined to slightly more than the distal half of the tibia and by lacking stout setae on the underside of the mid-femur. The closely related Ceratitis fasciventris has similar feathering on the mid tibia. It can be separated by the fact that in C. fasciventris the feathering is confined to less than the distal half of the tibia. These features are illustrated in De Meyer and Freidberg (2006) who also provide an identification key for both sexes of representatives of the subgenus Pterandrus. C. rosa is very similar to C. quilicii and male specimens can be differentiated only based on subtle morphological differences in the ornamentation and shape of the mid tibia. Illustrations depicting the main differentiating characters can be consulted in De Meyer et al. (2015) and at http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html.

There is no simple method of recognizing females of C. rosa from either C. quilicii or C. fasciventris on morphological grounds. Virgilio et al. (2018) provide an ID decision map combining morphological and molecular identification tools to separate all life stages and sexes of representatives of the FAR complex.

Prevention and Control

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Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.

Very little specific information has been written about the control of C. rosa. Most of the information given here is general information applicable to a large number of fruit fly species. When detected, it is important to gather all fallen and infected host fruits and destroy them. Traps containing male lures should be used to monitor population size and spread continuously (Ramsamy, 1989). Insecticidal protection is possible by using a cover spray or a bait spray (Schwartz, 1993). A bait spray consists of a suitable insecticide (for example, malathion) mixed with a protein bait. Both male and female fruit flies are attracted to protein sources emanating ammonia. Insecticides can therefore be applied to just a few spots in an orchard and the flies will be attracted to these spots. The protein most widely used is hydrolysed protein, but some supplies of this are acid hydrolysed and are highly phytotoxic.

Smith and Nannan (1988) have developed a system using autolysed protein; in Malaysia this has been developed into a very effective commercial product derived from brewery waste (developed for Bactrocera spp.).

Phytosanitary Measures

Consignments of potential host fruits from countries where C. rosa occurs should be inspected for symptoms of infestation and those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae. It is recommended that such fruits should come from an area where C. rosa does not occur, or from a place of production found free from the pest by regular inspection for 3 months before harvest. By analogy with C. capitata, fruits may also be treated in transit by cold treatment or, for certain types of fruits, by vapour heat.

Plants of host species transported with roots from countries where C. rosa occurs should be free from soil, or the soil should be treated against puparia. The plants should not carry fruits. The importation of such plants may be prohibited.

Biological Control

Parasitoids for biological control of C. rosa and other fruit flies were introduced in Mauritius in 1939 and 1957 (Greathead, 1971) and in Réunion during the 1960s and 1970s (Greathead, 1971; OPIE, 1986), but none became established.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

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Limited information is available on climatic thresholds, based on rearing experiments. There is some indication that C. rosa can withstand colder temperatures and/or wetter environments than its current distribution would indicate which is important for determining the risk of establishment in new regions.

In order to fully understand the impact of individual polyphagous pest species, a detailed study of interspecific competition and resource partitioning between the different species (both natural and invasive) is needed. Copeland et al. (2006) is an example of such study, which should be repeated in other parts of the geographic range of C. rosa.

References

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Wharton RA, Gilstrap FE, 1983. Key to and status of opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids used in biological control of Ceratitis and Dacus s.l. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76(4):721-742

Wharton, R. A., Trostle, M. K., Messing, R. H., Copeland, R. S., Kimani-Njogu, S. W., Lux, S., Overholt, W. A., Mohamed, S., Sivinski, J., 2000. Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a predominantly koinobiont assemblage. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 90(6), 517-526. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300000638

White IM, Elson-Harris MM, 1994. Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Reprint with addendum

White IM, Meyer Mde, Stonehouse J, 2000. A review of native and introduced fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, RTunion, Rodrigues and Seychelles. Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Commission, Regional Fruit Fly Symposium, Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 5th-9th June, 2000, 15-21; 22 ref

Distribution References

Badii K B, Billah M K, Afreh-Nuamah K, Obeng-Ofori D, 2015. Species composition and host range of fruit-infesting flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in northern Ghana. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 35 (3), 137-151. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=JTI

CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI

CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI

Copeland R S, Wharton R A, Luke Q, Meyer M de, Lux S, Zenz N, Machera P, Okumu M, 2006. Geographic distribution, host fruit, and parasitoids of African fruit fly pests Ceratitis anonae, Ceratitis cosyra, Ceratitis fasciventris, and Ceratitis rosa (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Kenya. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 99 (2), 261-278. http://docserver.esa.catchword.org/deliver/cw/pdf/esa/freepdfs/00138746/v99n2s8.pdf DOI:10.1603/0013-8746(2006)099[0261:GDHFAP]2.0.CO;2

Duyck P F, Quilici S, 2002. Survival and development of different life stages of three Ceratitis spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared at five constant temperatures. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 92 (6), 461-469. DOI:10.1079/BER2002188

EPPO, 2014. EPPO Global database (available online). Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/

EPPO, 2020. EPPO Global database. In: EPPO Global database, Paris, France: EPPO. https://gd.eppo.int/

Esayas Mendesil, 2005. Fruit flies infesting Arabica coffee in Tepi, southwestern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Biological Sciences. 4 (2), 207-213.

Magagula C N, Nzima B A, 2013. Diversity and distribution of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) across agroecological zones in Swaziland: on the lookout for the invasive fruit fly Bactrocera invadens. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture. 8 (2), 100-109. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jdsa/8/2/8_100/_pdf

Meyer M de, 2001. On the identity of the Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie. 55-62.

Meyer M De, Copeland R S, Lux S A, Mansell M, Quilici S, Wharton R, White I M, Zenz N J, 2002. Annotated check list of host plants for afrotropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the genus Ceratitis. Documentation Zoologique, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale. 1-91.

Mwatawala M W, Meyer M de, Makundi R H, Maerere A P, 2009. Host range and distribution of fruit-infesting pestiferous fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in selected areas of Central Tanzania. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99 (6), 629-641. DOI:10.1017/S0007485309006695

Schotman C Y L, 1989. Plant pests of quarantine importance to the Caribbean. In: RLAC-PROVEG, 80 pp.

Wharton R A, Trostle M K, Messing R H, Copeland R S, Kimani-Njogu S W, Lux S, Overholt W A, Mohamed S, Sivinski J, 2000. Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a predominantly koinobiont assemblage. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 90 (6), 517-526. DOI:10.1017/S0007485300000638

White I M, Meyer M de, Stonehouse J, 2000. A review of native and introduced fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues and Seychelles. In: Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Commission, Regional Fruit Fly Symposium, Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 5th-9th June, 2000. [ed. by Price N S, Seewooruthun I]. Quatre Bornes, Mauritius: Indian Ocean Commission. 15-21.

Links to Websites

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Website	URL	Comment
Tephritid Workers Database	http://www.tephritid.org/twd/srv/en/home
True Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Afrotropical Region	http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html

Organizations

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Kenya: International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, http://www.icipe.org/

Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, http://www.suanet.ac.tz/

Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, http://www.africamuseum.be

Contributors

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22/10/18; 11/12/07 Updated by:

Marc De Meyer, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Invertebrates Section and JEMU, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B3080 Tervuren, Belgium

Distribution Maps

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Datasheet

Ceratitis rosa (Natal fruit fly)

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