Ceratitis rosa
(Natal fruit fly)

Pictures

Picture	Title	Caption	Copyright
Title Adult Caption Copyright ©Georg Goergen/IITA Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin	Adult		©Georg Goergen/IITA Insect Museum, Cotonou, Benin

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name

• Ceratitis rosa Karsch

Preferred Common Name

• Natal fruit fly

Other Scientific Names

• Pterandrus rosa (Karsch)

International Common Names

• Spanish: mosca de la fruta de Natal
• French: mouche des fruits de Natal

EPPO code

• CERTRO (Ceratitis rosa)

Summary of Invasiveness

C. rosa is a polyphagous African species. Its known distribution is mainly southern and eastern Africa. It is considered to be a major pest of a number of commercial fruits, including fruits that are grown in subtropical or more temperate environments (but see remark under host plants). It has similar environmental requirements to Ceratitis capitata except that it can withstand less dry conditions. It should be considered as a potential invasive species in other parts of Africa, outside its current range, and in other parts of the world (Tanga et al., 2018). The most likely pathway of dispersal and introduction is as larvae in infested fruits with commercial shipments or in the luggage of travellers. C. rosa is of quarantine significance for EPPO, JUNAC and OIRSA.

Taxonomic Tree

• Domain: Eukaryota
•     Kingdom: Metazoa
•         Phylum: Arthropoda
•             Subphylum: Uniramia
•                 Class: Insecta
•                     Order: Diptera
•                         Family: Tephritidae
•                             Genus: Ceratitis
•                                 Species: Ceratitis rosa

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

C. rosa belongs to subgenus Pterandrus and may alternatively be cited as Ceratitis (Pterandrus) rosa Karsch. Earlier this species comprised fasciventris, but De Meyer (2001) considered both taxa as separate species.

C. rosa belongs to a species complex (Barr et al., 2006), referred to as the FAR complex and comprising Ceratitis fasciventris, Ceratitis anonae and C. rosa. Male specimens can be readily differentiated by sexual secondary characters of the legs (De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006), but females are difficult to differentiate. Molecular separation based on DNA barcodes remains difficult or impossible (Barr et al., 2006). Recent research using microsatellite polymorphism indicated the existence of five entities (Virgilio et al., 2013). An integrative approach provided evidence that the two entities, formerly under C. rosa, actually consist of two different biological species (De Meyer et al., 2015). The second entity was formerly described as C.quilicii (see De Meyer et al., 2016). Most information regarding C. rosa in the literature prior to 2016 can, therefore, refer to either or both of these two species.

Description

C. rosa, like other Ceratitis spp., has banded wings, and a swollen scutellum which is marked yellow and black. The pattern of grey flecks in the basal wing cells distinguishes Ceratitis spp. from most other genera of tephritids.

Larvae

The larvae of C. rosa have been illustrated by Orian and Moutia (1960). The third-instar larvae have been described in detail and illustrated by Carroll (1998). Steck and Ekesi (2015) review the consistency of larval characters used to differentiate C. rosa from other species within the FAR complex and from C. capitata. 

Adults (after De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006 and De Meyer et al., 2016)

Male head: antenna yellow. First flagellomere two to three times as long as pedicel. Arista with short to moderately long rays; ventral rays shorter and sparser than dorsal rays, especially basally. Frons yellow; with short scattered setulae distinctly darker than frons. Frontal setae well-developed. Face yellowish-white. Genal seta and setulae dark, well-developed.

Thorax: postpronotal lobe yellowish-white, without spot, although sometimes darker yellow around postpronotal seta. Scutal pattern: ground colour greyish-brown with orange tinge; with streaks and darker markings but without distinct spots except prescutellar white markings separate, usually with paler area in between. Scapular setae dark. Scutellum yellowish-white, basally usually with two separate dark spots, sometimes less distinct; apically with three separate black spots, extending to basal 0.33. Anepisternum on ventral half darker yellowish-brown; setulae pale.

Legs: yellow except where otherwise noted; setation mainly pale. Foreleg: femur without bushy feathering posteriorly, only dispersed rows of long black setulae posterodorsally, posteroventrally shorter and pale; ventral setae black. Midleg: femur with few dispersed pale setulae ventrally; tibia moderately broadened; anteriorly black with conspicuous silvery shine when viewed from certain angle on distal 0.66 to 0.75 (black colour sometimes inconspicuous in teneral specimens but silvery shine is always present) and reaching ventral and dorsal margins of tibia throughout the full length; with black feathering dorsally along distal 0.75 and ventrally along distal 0.66, occasionally to distal 0.75. Hindleg: femur at apical 0.25 with longer setulae dorsally and ventrally.

Wing: bands yellowish-brown. Interruption between marginal and discal bands near vein R₁ clear and complete; cubital band free; medial band absent; crossvein R-M opposite middle of discal cell. Apex of vein R₁ distal to level of crossvein R-M. Crossvein DM-Cu oblique anterobasally.

Abdomen: mostly yellow. Tergites 2 and 4 with pale-grey band on posterior half, anterior margin sometimes with narrowly brownish colour, especially laterally. Tergite 3 with posterior half patchily brownish colour, anterior half yellowish-brown, both parts not clearly demarcated; sometimes more complete brown. Tergite 5 with basal half brownish, sometimes divided medially into two spots.

Female: as the male except as follows: first flagellomere yellowish-orange. Crossvein DM-Cu oblique posterobasally. Anepisternum on ventral part rarely with darker setulae. Legs without feathering; forefemur posteroventrally with pale pilosity, at least in basal part, distally sometimes dark setulae. Oviscape shorter than preabdomen. Aculeus at most six times longer than wide; tip with distinct apical indentation and lateral margin slightly sinuous.

Body length: 4.96 (4.25-5.30) mm; wing length: 5.34 (4.50-5.75) mm

Distribution

C. rosa s.s. is restricted to eastern and southern Africa. Records of C. rosa from central, western or southwestern Africa, refer to Ceratitis fasciventris. Both species have a largely allopatric distribution (De Meyer and Freidberg, 2006). The northernmost limit observed so far is in the coastal areas of Kenya. The records from Ethiopia, therefore, seem unreliable because all specimens studied by the author from Ethiopia belong to C. fasciventris. However, because the actual specimens on which these records are based could not be observed, and the proximity of Ethiopia to Kenya, these are currently considered as unreliable records that need confirmation. Records of C. rosa from southernmost part of South Africa and from the Mascarene Islands Mauritius and Réunion, refer to C. quilicii. For further discussion of the distribution of C. rosa, refer to De Meyer et al. (2015). See also UK CAB International (1985) and Smith et al. (1997b).

Distribution Table

The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.

History of Introduction and Spread

C. rosa is a species restricted to the African mainland.

Historical records of introduction to the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean (White et al., 2000), Mauritius and La Réunion, and to the Central Highlands of Kenya (Copeland and Wharton, 2006), actually refer to C. quilicii (see De Meyer et al., 2015).

Risk of Introduction

C. rosa is of quarantine significance for EPPO, JUNAC and OIRSA. This has to be reviewed in view of the confusion with C. quilicii. Based on risk prediction by Tanga et al. (2018), C. rosa has the potential to become established in different tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia.

Habitat List

Hosts/Species Affected

C. rosa is a polyphagous species. The list of known host plants for C. rosa as given by De Meyer et al. (2002) and at http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html is based on records of C. rosa s.l. and thus can refer to either C. rosa, C. quilicii, or both. Detailed analysis, based on rearing experiments, is required to establish the exact host range of C. rosa. Transport of any of the host fruits could result in dispersal and distribution, if infested with fruit fly larvae.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

Growth Stages

Symptoms

List of Symptoms/Signs

Biology and Ecology

Detailed biological data on C. rosa are given by Tanga et al. (2015). Predictive ecological niche models by De Meyer et al. (2008)are based on data from both C. rosa and C. quilicii and are therefore unreliable. Tanga et al. (2018) provide a comparative ILCYM (Insect Life Cycle Modelling) model prediction for C. rosa, compared to C. quilicii. Tanga et al. (2015) provided evidence that immature stages of C. rosa are less adapted to lower temperatures than C. quilicii. 

Environmental Requirements

Tanga et al. (2018) proved an ILCYM model prediction for establishment risk of C. rosa, showing the potential risk of establishment in many tropical and subtropical areas in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. 

Climate

Latitude/Altitude Ranges

Rainfall Regime

Natural enemies

Notes on Natural Enemies

Very little information is available on the natural enemies of C. rosa. Clausen et al. (1965) reared parasitoids from samples taken in Kenya, but all in low numbers. The braconid, Fopius ceratitivorus was described from a.o. C. rosa, from Kenya (Wharton, 1999). Recently, several hymenopteran parasitoids (Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia cosyrae, Tetrastichus giffardii) were tested in Kenya for their effectiveness in population control of C. rosa, but in most cases usually encapsulation of the eggs was observed (Mohamed et al., 2003, 2006, 2007). Limited survival rate was observed for Fopius arisanus in Réunion (Rousse et al., 2006). These data need to be reviewed in view of the confusion with C. quilicii.

Means of Movement and Dispersal

Natural Dispersal

Adults tend to remain in the area of emergence, flight is rarely more than a few hundred metres.

Accidental introduction

C. rosa is a fruit-infesting species. Eggs are laid within fruits and the larvae develop inside the fruit. When mature, larvae leave the fruits and pupate in the soil. Introduction is usually accidental through transport and import of infested fruits. This can be through commercial shipments or in luggage of individual passengers. Introduction through soil that includes puparia could theoretically be possible, but there are no records or such introductions for this or similar fruit fly species.

Pathway Causes

Pathway Vectors

Plant Trade

Impact Summary

Economic Impact

C. rosa is a polyphagous species attacking a wide variety of unrelated fruits, including several commercial fruits. It can cause severe damage to commercial fruit crops, resulting in heavy losses. This indicates that it can be a serious pest species with high economic impact.

Threatened Species

Social Impact

Although the impact of C. rosa is mainly economic, it has some social consequences in Africa. A large part of the fruit cultivation in Africa is by small-holder farms (Lux, 1999). Because of the high infestation rate and the consequent loss of production, this has an impact on the income of these farmer communities. It is also anticipated that the loss of fruit crops might have an impact on fruit consumption, hence the health of the local population.

Risk and Impact Factors

• Has a broad native range
• Abundant in its native range
• Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
• Capable of securing and ingesting a wide range of food
• Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
• Has high reproductive potential

• Conflict
• Host damage
• Negatively impacts agriculture
• Negatively impacts human health
• Negatively impacts livelihoods
• Reduced native biodiversity
• Threat to/ loss of endangered species
• Threat to/ loss of native species

• Causes allergic responses
• Interaction with other invasive species

• Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
• Highly likely to be transported internationally illegally
• Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
• Difficult to identify/detect in the field
• Difficult/costly to control

Detection and Inspection

C. rosa can be monitored by traps baited with male lures. Like Ceratitis capitata, and members of subgenera Ceratitis and Pterandrus in general, it is attracted to trimedlure and terpinyl acetate, but not methyl eugenol or cue lure. It is also very sensitive to enriched ginger oil (EGO) lure (Mwatawala et al., 2015; Manrakhan et al., 2017). The responses to baits of 16 Ceratitis species were tabulated by Hancock (1987).

Trimedlure (t-butyl 4(or 5) chloro-2-methyl cyclohexane carboxylate) is the most widely used lure for C. capitata and the following information could also be relevant for C. rosa. The history of trimedlure development and the problems of isolating the best of the eight possible isomers was discussed by Cunningham (1989). The lure is usually placed on a cottonwool wick suspended in the middle of a plastic trap that has small openings at both ends. Suitable traps were described by White and Elson-Harris (1994). Lure can either be mixed with an insecticide or a piece of paper dipped in insecticide can be placed in the trap. Traps are usually placed in fruit trees at a height of ca. 2 m above ground and should be emptied regularly as it is possible to catch hundreds of flies in a single trap left for just a few days, although the lure may remain effective for a few weeks.

A detailed study of trap position effects was carried out by Israely et al. (1997). A review of the biological aspects of male lures was presented by Cunningham (1989) and the use of lures was described more fully by Drew (1982). A trapping system used to monitor for possible introductions of C. capitata into New Zealand has been described by Somerfield (1989) and should also be effective for C. rosa. The possibility of the development of pheromone based trapping systems was discussed by Landolt and Heath (1996) and it may be possible to extend that approach to C. rosa. Trapping efficiency of C. capitata is also enhanced by the use of fluorescent colours, particularly light green (Epsky et al., 1996). This may also apply to C. rosa.

Recent comparative research on attraction sensitivity of C. rosa by using different lures, has shown that enriched ginger oil (EGO) lure is an effective attractant for C. rosa (Manrakhan et al., 2017) and can actually be a more sensitive attractant than trimedlure (Mwatawala et al., 2015).

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

The males of most species of subgenus Pterandrus have rows of stout setae on both the anterior and posterior edges of each mid-tibia, giving a feathered appearance. The males lack the spatulate head appendages of subgenus Ceratitis or the shiny frons and spotted abdomen of subgenus Pardalaspis. They can be differentiated from representatives of other subgenera within the genus Ceratitis by the presence of a dark band on the abdomen. C. rosa can be separated from most other members of this subgenus by having the feathering confined to slightly more than the distal half of the tibia and by lacking stout setae on the underside of the mid-femur. The closely related Ceratitis fasciventris has similar feathering on the mid tibia. It can be separated by the fact that in C. fasciventris the feathering is confined to less than the distal half of the tibia. These features are illustrated in De Meyer and Freidberg (2006) who also provide an identification key for both sexes of representatives of the subgenus Pterandrus. C. rosa is very similar to C. quilicii and male specimens can be differentiated only based on subtle morphological differences in the ornamentation and shape of the mid tibia. Illustrations depicting the main differentiating characters can be consulted in De Meyer et al. (2015) and at http://projects.bebif.be/fruitfly/index.html.

There is no simple method of recognizing females of C. rosa from either C. quilicii or C. fasciventris on morphological grounds. Virgilio et al. (2018) provide an ID decision map combining morphological and molecular identification tools to separate all life stages and sexes of representatives of the FAR complex.

Prevention and Control

Very little specific information has been written about the control of C. rosa. Most of the information given here is general information applicable to a large number of fruit fly species. When detected, it is important to gather all fallen and infected host fruits and destroy them. Traps containing male lures should be used to monitor population size and spread continuously (Ramsamy, 1989). Insecticidal protection is possible by using a cover spray or a bait spray (Schwartz, 1993). A bait spray consists of a suitable insecticide (for example, malathion) mixed with a protein bait. Both male and female fruit flies are attracted to protein sources emanating ammonia. Insecticides can therefore be applied to just a few spots in an orchard and the flies will be attracted to these spots. The protein most widely used is hydrolysed protein, but some supplies of this are acid hydrolysed and are highly phytotoxic.

Smith and Nannan (1988) have developed a system using autolysed protein; in Malaysia this has been developed into a very effective commercial product derived from brewery waste (developed for Bactrocera spp.).

Phytosanitary Measures

Consignments of potential host fruits from countries where C. rosa occurs should be inspected for symptoms of infestation and those suspected should be cut open in order to look for larvae. It is recommended that such fruits should come from an area where C. rosa does not occur, or from a place of production found free from the pest by regular inspection for 3 months before harvest. By analogy with C. capitata, fruits may also be treated in transit by cold treatment or, for certain types of fruits, by vapour heat.

Plants of host species transported with roots from countries where C. rosa occurs should be free from soil, or the soil should be treated against puparia. The plants should not carry fruits. The importation of such plants may be prohibited.

Biological Control

Parasitoids for biological control of C. rosa and other fruit flies were introduced in Mauritius in 1939 and 1957 (Greathead, 1971) and in Réunion during the 1960s and 1970s (Greathead, 1971; OPIE, 1986), but none became established.

Gaps in Knowledge/Research Needs

Limited information is available on climatic thresholds, based on rearing experiments. There is some indication that C. rosa can withstand colder temperatures and/or wetter environments than its current distribution would indicate which is important for determining the risk of establishment in new regions.

In order to fully understand the impact of individual polyphagous pest species, a detailed study of interspecific competition and resource partitioning between the different species (both natural and invasive) is needed. Copeland et al. (2006) is an example of such study, which should be repeated in other parts of the geographic range of C. rosa.

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Virgilio, M., Daneel, J.-H., Manrakhan, A., Delatte, H., Meganck, K., De Meyer, M., 2018. An integrated diagnostic setup for the morphological and molecular identification of the Ceratitis FAR complex (C. anonae, C. fasciventris, C. rosa, C. quilicii, Diptera, Tephritidae). In: Bulletin of Entomological Research,doi: 10.1017/S0007485318000615

Virgilio, M., Delatte, H., Quilici, S., Backeljau, T., Meyer, M. de, 2013. Cryptic diversity and gene flow among three African agricultural pests: Ceratitis rosa, Ceratitis fasciventris and Ceratitis anonae (Diptera, Tephritidae). Molecular Ecology, 22(9), 2526. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-294X doi: 10.1111/mec.12278

Wharton RA, 1999. A review of the Old World genus Fopius Wharton (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae), with description of two new species reared from fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 8(1):48-64; 33 ref

Wharton RA, Gilstrap FE, 1983. Key to and status of opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoids used in biological control of Ceratitis and Dacus s.l. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 76(4):721-742

White IM, Elson-Harris MM, 1994. Fruit flies of economic significance: their identification and bionomics. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. Reprint with addendum

White IM, Meyer Mde, Stonehouse J, 2000. A review of native and introduced fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) in the Indian Ocean islands of Mauritius, RTunion, Rodrigues and Seychelles. Proceedings of the Indian Ocean Commission, Regional Fruit Fly Symposium, Flic en Flac, Mauritius, 5th-9th June, 2000, 15-21; 22 ref

Links to Websites

Organizations

Kenya: International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, http://www.icipe.org/

Tanzania: Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3000 Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, http://www.suanet.ac.tz/

Belgium: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080 Tervuren, http://www.africamuseum.be

Contributors

22/10/18; 11/12/07 Updated by:

Marc De Meyer, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Invertebrates Section and JEMU, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B3080 Tervuren, Belgium

Distribution Maps