Poa nemoralis (wood bluegrass)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Introductions
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Soil Tolerances
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
- Prevention and Control
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
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Top of pageIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Poa nemoralis L.
Preferred Common Name
- wood bluegrass
Other Scientific Names
- Agrostis alba L.
- Agrostis stolonifera f. alba (L.) Schur
- Agrostis vulgaris var. alba (L.) Gatt.
- Aira elodes Brign.
- Catabrosa elodes (Brign.) Roem. & Schult.
- Catabrosa helodes Roem. & Schult.
- Decandolia alba (L.) T. Bastard
- Eragrostis tenuis Steud.
- Festuca capitata Balb. ex Spreng.
- Festuca depauperata Bertol.
- Milium album (L.) Lag.
- Paneion nemorale (L.) Lunell
- Paneion nemorale L.
- Poa acmocalyx Keng f. & L.Liu
- Poa adjarica (Sommier & Levier) A.P.Khokhr.
- Poa alexeenkoi (Tzvelev) Czerep.
- Poa angustifolia var. nemoralis (L.) Huds.
- Poa asperula Steud.
- Poa balbisii Parl.
- Poa balfourii auct.
- Poa balfourii auct.
- Poa caespitosa Poir.
- Poa cinerea Vill.
- Poa coarctata Haller f. ex Gaudich.
- Poa debilis Thuill.
- Poa firmula (Gaudich.) Gray
- Poa glauca subsp. glaucantha (Gaudich.) Lindm.
- Poa glaucantha Schleich. ex Gaudin
- Poa glaucescens Roth
- Poa gracilescens Schrad.
- Poa hypanica Prokudin
- Poa juncea Suter
- Poa juncoides Gaudich.
- Poa korshunensis Golosk.
- Poa lapponica Prokudin
- Poa muralis Honck.
- Poa parnellii Bab.
- Poa pilipes Keng f. ex Shan Chen
- Poa polymorpha Wibel
- Poa pratensis var. cinerea (Vill.) Mathieu
- Poa pratensis var. fagetorum Rech. & T.C.Scheff.
- Poa scheuchzeri Suter
- Poa scopulorum Butters & Abbe
- Poa subpolaris Kuvaev
- Poa tenuis Clairv.
- Vilfa alba (L.) P.Beauv.
International Common Names
- English: woodland bluegrass
Local Common Names
- Canada: foin à vaches; forest bluegrass; pâturin des bois; woods bluegrass
- China: lin di zao shu he
- France: pâturin des bois
- Germany: Hainrispengras
- Italy: fienarola dei boschi
- Japan: tachi-ichigo-tsunagi
- Korea, Republic of: seonpoapul
- Russian Federation: mjatlik lesnoj
- Sweden: lundgröe
- UK: wood meadow grass
- USA: inland bluegrass
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pagePoa nemoralis, commonly known as wood bluegrass, is a perennial, densely-tufted grass which often grows in shaded places such as woodland. It is native to Eurasia and has been introduced to North America where it has become naturalized in some states and is considered invasive in Maine and potentially invasive in some forests in Wisconsin. Facilitating its spread is its ability to produce asexual seeds via apomixis, like other meadow grasses, and its use as a lawn grass.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Monocotyledonae
- Order: Cyperales
- Family: Poaceae
- Genus: Poa
- Species: Poa nemoralis
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pagePoa nemoralis L. is a grass species from the family Poaceae. Poa is Greek for fodder and nemoralis is Latin for growing in the woods. Hence its common name wood bluegrass. The Plant List (2013) lists 104 synonyms for this species.
In the PLANTS Database (USDA-NRCS, 2016) two subspecies are documented: inland bluegrass (P. nemoralis subsp. interior (Rydb.) W.A. Weber) which is considered native to North America, and wood bluegrass (P. nemoralis subsp. nemoralis) which is introduced. However, this datasheet follows other treatments that accept P. interior Rydb. as a separate valid species (e.g. The Plant List, 2013).
There has been much debate over the boundary between mountain forms of P. nemoralis and non-glaucous forms of Poa glauca Vahl.. The form sometimes known as Poa balfourii Parn. is now included in P. glauca, not in P. nemoralis (Farmer, 2004).
Description
Top of pageThe following description is from Utah State University (2016):
Plants perennial; green or glaucous; densely tufted, not stoloniferous, not rhizomatous. Basal branching all or mostly extravaginal.
Culms 30-80 cm, mostly erect, smooth below the panicles; nodes slightly com-pressed, 2-5 exserted, top node at 1/2-3/4 the culm length.
Sheaths closed for 1/10-1/5 their length, terete, bases of basal sheaths glabrous, distal sheath lengths 0.45-1 (1.1) times blade lengths; ligules 0.2-0.8(1) mm, sparsely to densely scabrous, apices truncate, minutely ciliolate; blades 0.8-3 mm wide, mostly flat, appressed, abruptly ascending to spreading, straight or somewhat lax, apices narrowly prow-shaped.
Panicles 7-16(20) cm, lengths usually 2.5-4 times widths at maturity, usually erect, lax in shade forms, narrowly lanceoloid to ovoid, slightly to moderately congested; nodes with 2-5 b-anches; branches ascending to widely spreading, fairly straight, slender to moderately stout, angled, angles moderately to densely scabrous.
Spikelets 3-8 mm, lengths 2.5-3.5 times widths, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, laterally compressed, usually not glaucous; florets (1)2-5; rachilla internodes usually shorter than 1 mm, smooth, muriculate, or scabrous, usually puberulent, infrequently hispidulous or glabrous.
Glumes subulate to narrowly lanceolate, distinctly keeled, keels smooth or sparsely scabrous, apices sharply acute to acuminate; lower glumes 3-veined, long-tapered to a slender point, lengths 6.4-11 times widths; upper glumes shorter than or subequal to the lowest lemmas; calluses webbed, hairs sparse, often short; lemmas 2.4-4 mm, proximal lemma widths less than 1/5 times lengths, narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, distinctly keeled, keels and marginal veins short-villous, lateral veins glabrous, obscure, intercostal regions smooth or muriculate, glabrous, margins glabrous, apices acute, usually partially bronze-colored; palea keels scabrous, intercostal regions glabrous; anthers 0.8-1.9 mm. Caryopses 1.5 mm long.
A description of P. nemoralis, along with photographs, is also given by Lind (2013).
Distribution
Top of pageP. nemoralis is native to Eurasia (Gray, 1908; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016). It is widespread across Europe, from Portugal to Bulgaria (Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016), and across Asia, from Iran to Japan (USDA-ARS, 2016). It is now common in southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States (USDA-NRCS, 2016). It has also been reported as naturalized in Australia and New Zealand (Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria, 2016; USDA-ARS, 2016).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa |
|||||||
Algeria | Present | Native | |||||
Morocco | Present | Native | |||||
Réunion | Present | Introduced | 2000 | ||||
Asia |
|||||||
Afghanistan | Present | Native | |||||
Armenia | Present | Native | |||||
Azerbaijan | Present | Native | |||||
China | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Tibet | Present | Native | Inner Plateau (Chang Tang) | ||||
-Xinjiang | Present | Native | North of Tianshan | ||||
Georgia | Present | Native | |||||
India | Present | Native | |||||
Iran | Present | Native | |||||
Israel | Present | Native | |||||
Japan | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Honshu | Present | Native | |||||
Kazakhstan | Present | Native | |||||
Lebanon | Present | Native | |||||
Mongolia | Present | Native | |||||
Nepal | Present | Native | |||||
Pakistan | Present | Native | |||||
Tajikistan | Present | Native | |||||
Turkey | Present | Native | |||||
Turkmenistan | Present | Native | |||||
Uzbekistan | Present | Native | |||||
Europe |
|||||||
Albania | Present | Native | |||||
Austria | Present | Native | |||||
Belarus | Present | Native | |||||
Belgium | Present | Native | |||||
Bulgaria | Present | Native | |||||
Croatia | Present | Native | |||||
Czechia | Present | Native | |||||
Czechoslovakia | Present | Native | |||||
Denmark | Present | Native | |||||
Estonia | Present | Native | |||||
Finland | Present | Native | |||||
France | Present | Native | |||||
Germany | Present | Native | |||||
Greece | Present | Native | |||||
Hungary | Present | Native | |||||
Iceland | Present | Native | |||||
Ireland | Present | Native | |||||
Italy | Present | Native | |||||
Latvia | Present | Native | |||||
Lithuania | Present | Native | |||||
Moldova | Present | Native | |||||
Netherlands | Present | Native | Near Wageningen | ||||
Norway | Present | Native | |||||
Poland | Present | Native | |||||
Portugal | Present | Native | |||||
Romania | Present | Native | |||||
Russia | Present | Native | Near St. Petersburg; Dagestan; Ciscaucasia; European part | ||||
-Eastern Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
-Russian Far East | Present | Native | |||||
-Western Siberia | Present | Native | |||||
Serbia | Present | Native | |||||
Slovakia | Present | Native | |||||
Slovenia | Present | Native | |||||
Spain | Present | Native | |||||
Sweden | Present | Native | |||||
Switzerland | Present | Native | |||||
Ukraine | Present | Native | |||||
United Kingdom | Present | Native | Scotland: West Highlands; Sgùrr na Lapaich | ||||
North America |
|||||||
Canada | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alberta | Present | Introduced | |||||
-British Columbia | Present | Introduced | Infrequently in SW | ||||
-Manitoba | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Brunswick | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Newfoundland and Labrador | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Nova Scotia | Present, Widespread | Introduced | Scattered. Annapolis County; Antigonish; Kentville; Cape Split, Kings County; Parrboro, Cumberland County; Truro; Pictou; Sydney | ||||
-Ontario | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Quebec | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Saskatchewan | Present | Introduced | |||||
Greenland | Present | Introduced | |||||
Saint Pierre and Miquelon | Present | Introduced | |||||
United States | Present | Present based on regional distribution. | |||||
-Alaska | Present | Introduced | |||||
-California | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Connecticut | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Delaware | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Illinois | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Indiana | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Iowa | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Kentucky | Absent, Unconfirmed presence record(s) | Established in some Northern regions, including parts of state to North and East of Kentucky but misidentifications possible | |||||
-Maine | Present | Introduced | Invasive | Original citation: Maine and Department of Agriculture Conservation and Forestry (2017) | |||
-Maryland | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Massachusetts | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Michigan | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Minnesota | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Hampshire | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New Jersey | Present | Introduced | |||||
-New York | Present | Introduced | |||||
-North Carolina | Present | Introduced | |||||
-North Dakota | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Ohio | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Oregon | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Pennsylvania | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Rhode Island | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Vermont | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Virginia | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Washington | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Wisconsin | Present | Introduced | Potentially invasive in some forests | ||||
Oceania |
|||||||
Australia | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
-New South Wales | Present | Cultivated | |||||
-Tasmania | Present | ||||||
-Victoria | Present | ||||||
New Zealand | Present | Introduced | Naturalized | Naturalized | |||
South America |
|||||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 1952 |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pageIntroduced from Eurasia, it is now common in mixed woodlands of the northeastern United States and is spreading to the West (New England Wild Flower Society, 2016; Utah State University, 2016). Although an exact date of introduction cannot be found in Clark and Malte (1913) it is stated that seeds of P. nemoralis were mainly obtained from Germany.
Introductions
Top of pageIntroduced to | Introduced from | Year | Reason | Introduced by | Established in wild through | References | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Natural reproduction | Continuous restocking | |||||||
North America | Europe | Yes | New England Wild Flower Society (2016) |
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageIt is probable that P. nemoralis will spread further due to its use to create lawns and playing fields (Watson and Dallwitz, 1992).
Habitat
Top of pageIn its native range P. nemoralis is mainly reported from woodlands and other shady places such as glades and hedgerows (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016). In its introduced range in North America is it is recorded from coniferous forests (Dibble et al., 2008), mixed woodlands, disturbed or man-made sites, floodplains and shores of rivers and lakes (New England Wild Flower Society, 2016).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | ||||
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Principal habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Riverbanks | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Wetlands | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Rocky areas / lava flows | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Littoral | Coastal areas | Secondary/tolerated habitat | Natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Usually hexaploid. 2n = 42, but also 2n = 28, 35, 48, 50, 56 (Utah State University, 2016). Hubbard (1959) comments that it is a very variable species.
Reproductive Biology
P. nemoralis has been reported to shed pollen between 5-8 p.m. (Gibson, 2009).
It can produce asexual seeds via apomixis and can reproduce vegetatively (Asker and Jerling, 1992; Naumova et al., 1999).
Physiology and Phenology
P. nemoralis has C3 physiology. In Norway, at Ås, 59º 40’ N, a minimum of two long days cycles was required for floral induction (Olam, 1986).
Longevity
Ryser and Urbas (2000) found the leaves of P. nemoralis to have an average life span of 39 days in their experiments.
Environmental Requirements
Good resistance to drought, shade and has good winter hardiness (Gibson, 2009).
Generally grows in lowland but can grow up to 915 m in altitude in Scotland, UK (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016).
It has been found on loam soil types in beech forests (Staaf et al., 1987).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Cf - Warm temperate climate, wet all year | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, wet all year | |
Cs - Warm temperate climate with dry summer | Preferred | Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry summers | |
Cw - Warm temperate climate with dry winter | Preferred | Warm temperate climate with dry winter (Warm average temp. > 10°C, Cold average temp. > 0°C, dry winters) |
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pageNatural Dispersal
P. nemoralis produces seeds asexually (apomixis) which facilitates its spread, particularly long-distance (Asker and Jerling, 1992; Poschlod et al., 2003) (for more detailed information on apomixis in P. nemoralis see Naumova et al. (1999)). It can also reproduce vegetatively (another type of asexual reproduction) which facilitates more local spread (Asker and Jerling, 1992).
Accidental Introduction
Possibly introduced with wool shoddy, grass-seed or soil (Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016).
Intentional Introduction
Introduced to provide grass cover (see Uses section).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Breeding and propagation | Used for lawns | Yes | Yes |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Clothing, footwear and possessions | Yes | |||
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Yes | |||
Host and vector organisms | Yes |
Environmental Impact
Top of pageA study by Dibble and Rees (2005) suggests that non-native plants have altered fuel characteristics in coniferous forests in southern Maine, USA; grasses such as P. nemoralis contribute to the fine-fuel load and may extend the period of fire threat under drought conditions.
P. nemoralis is reported to be capable of becoming invasive in some forests in Wisconsin, USA (University of Wisconsin, 2016).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Is a habitat generalist
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
- Reproduces asexually
- Modification of fire regime
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition (unspecified)
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Uses
Top of pageEconomic Value
Sown in woodlands, parks, gardens and playing fields due to its ornamental value as a lawn or turfgrass (Watson and Dallwitz, 1992; Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016).
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Top of pagePoa glauca and Poa interior are similar and can be distinguished from P. nemoralis by P. nemoralis’ consistently short ligules, high top culm node, relatively long flag leaf blades, and narrow glumes and lemmas (Utah State University, 2016).
Sometimes confused with Poa palustris which has ligules mostly 1.5-6 mm long and base of lemma with abundant soft, tangled hairs, versus P. nemoralis, with ligules mostly 0.2-0.7 mm long and base of lemma with sparse soft, tangled hairs (New England Wildflower Society, 2016).
Prevention and Control
Top of pageDue to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
No specific measures for controlling this grass species have been found.
References
Top of pageAsker SE; Jerling L, 1992. Apomixis in Plants. Florida, USA: CRC Press, 320 pp.
Campbell J, 2016. Bluegrass Woodland: Kentucky plants. USA. http://www.bluegrasswoodland.com/Kentucky_Plants_Flora.html
Canadensys, 2016. Poa nemoralis. Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/name/Poa%20nemoralis
Clark GH; Malte MO, 1913. Fodder and Pasture Plants. Ottawa, Canada: Dominion of Canada Department of Agriculture, 143 pp.
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria, 2016. Australia's Virtual Herbarium., Australia: Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. http://avh.ala.org.au
Deakin R, 1857. Florigraphia Britannica; or Engravings and Descriptions of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Britain. Vol I - Classes I to V. London, UK: Groombridge, 683 pp.
Dibble AC; Zouhar K; Kapler Smith J, 2008. Fire and non-native invasive plants in the Northeast Bioregion. In: Wildland fire in ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. General Technical Report-GTR-42. Vol 6. USA: USDA-Forest Service. https://www.bia.gov/cs/groups/xnifc/documents/text/idc012449.pdf
E-Flora BC, 2016. E-flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. British Columbia, Canada. http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora/
Farmer C, 2004. West Highland Flora. Scotland. http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/
Gibson DJ, 2009. Grasses and Grassland Ecology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 305 pp.
Gray A, 1908. Grey's New Manual of Botany: A Handbook of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Central and Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada, Seventh edition [ed. by Robinson BL, Fernald ML]. Chicago, USA: American Book Company, 926 pp.
Harms VL, 2006. Annotated Catalogue of Saskatchewan Vascular Plants. 116 pp. http://www.biodiversity.sk.ca/Docs/AnnotatedCatalogueSKVascPlants2006.pdf
Hinds HR, 2000. Flora of New Brunswick: A Manual for the Identification of the Vascular Plants of New Brunswick, second edition. Fredericton, Canada: University of New Brunswick, 699 pp.
Hitchcock AS, 1951. Manual of Grasses of the United States. USDA Miscellaneous Publication No. 200. Washington DC, USA: USDA.
Hubbard CE, 1959. Grasses. London, UK: Penguin Books.
Jones G, 2005. Vascular flora of the Fort Whyte Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba: 2002-2004. Report No. 2005-02. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Habitat Management and Ecosystem Monitoring Section, Wildlife and Ecosystem Protection Branch, Manitoba Conservation, 37 pp.
Lind DW, 2013. French Hill Pond Field Plants: Wood Bluegrass (Poa nemoralis). Maine, USA. http://frenchhillpond.org/Pond/Flora/Field%20Plants/Wood%20Bluegrass%20(Poa%20nemoralis).htm
Maine Department of Agriculture; Conservation and Forestry, 2017. Maine Natural Areas Program: invasive plant fact sheets. http://www.maine.gov/dacf/mnap/features/invasive_plants/invsheets.htm
Meades S; Hay SG; Brouillet L, 2000. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Newfoundland and Labrador. A digital flora of Newfoundland and Labrador vascular plants. 252 pp. http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/meades.htm
Missouri Botanical Garden, 2016. Tropicos database. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.tropicos.org/
Moss EH, 1983. Flora of Alberta (revised by JG Parker), second edition. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 687 pp.
New England Wild Flower Society, 2016. Go Botany. Framingham, Massachusettes, USA. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/
Newmaster SG; Lehela A; Oldham MH; Uhlig PWC; McMurray S, 1998. Ontario Plant List. Forest information paper no 123. Sault Ste Marie, Canada: Ontario Research Institute, 550 pp.
Olam H, 1986. Long day control of flowering in Poa nemoralis in controlled and natural environments. New Phytologist, 104:225-232.
Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016. Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora., UK: Botanical Society of the British Isles; Biological Records Centre; Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
Roland AE; Smith EC, 1966. The Flora of Nova Scotia, Part 1: The Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Monocotyledons. Proceedings of the Nova Scotia Institute of Science. 238 pp.
Roskov Y; Abucay L; Orrell T; Nicolson D; Kunze T; Culham A; Bailly N; Kirk P; Bourgoin T; DeWalt RE; Decock W; Wever A De, 2015. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2016. Flora Europaea, Database of European Plants (ESFEDS). Edinburgh, UK: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/FE/fe.html
Staaf H; Jonsson Olsen ML-G, 1987. Buried germinative seeds in mature beech forests with different herbaceous vegetation and soil types. Holarctic Ecology, 10:268-277.
The Plant List, 2013. The Plant List: a working list of all plant species. Version 1.1. London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.theplantlist.org
University of Wisconsin, 2016. Herbarium - Cofrin Center for Biodiversity: Invasive Plants of Wisconsin. Poa nemoralis L. Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/invasive_plants01.htm
USDA-ARS, 2016. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). National Plant Germplasm System. Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomysearch.aspx
USDA-NRCS, 2016. The PLANTS Database. Baton Rouge, USA: National Plant Data Center. http://plants.usda.gov/
Utah State University, 2016. Grass Manual on the Web. Utah, USA. http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Poa_nemoralis+&type=treatment
Distribution References
CABI, Undated. Compendium record. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated a. CABI Compendium: Status inferred from regional distribution. Wallingford, UK: CABI
CABI, Undated b. CABI Compendium: Status as determined by CABI editor. Wallingford, UK: CABI
Campbell J, 2016. Bluegrass Woodland: Kentucky plants., USA: http://www.bluegrasswoodland.com/Kentucky_Plants_Flora.html
Canadensys, 2016. Poa nemoralis., Canada. http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/name/Poa%20nemoralis
Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria, 2016. Australia's Virtual Herbarium., Australia: Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. http://avh.ala.org.au
Farmer C, 2004. West Highland Flora., Scotland: http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/
Harms VL, 2006. Annotated Catalogue of Saskatchewan Vascular Plants., 116 pp. http://www.biodiversity.sk.ca/Docs/AnnotatedCatalogueSKVascPlants2006.pdf
Hinds HR, 2000. Flora of New Brunswick: A Manual for the Identification of the Vascular Plants of New Brunswick., Fredericton, Canada: University of New Brunswick. 699 pp.
Jones G, 2005. Vascular flora of the Fort Whyte Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba: 2002-2004., Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Habitat Management and Ecosystem Monitoring Section, Wildlife and Ecosystem Protection Branch, Manitoba Conservation. 37 pp.
Lind DW, 2013. French Hill Pond Field Plants: Wood Bluegrass (Poa nemoralis)., Maine, USA: http://frenchhillpond.org/Pond/Flora/Field%20Plants/Wood%20Bluegrass%20(Poa%20nemoralis).htm
Meades S, Hay SG, Brouillet L, 2000. Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Newfoundland and Labrador. In: A digital flora of Newfoundland and Labrador vascular plants, 252 pp. http://www.digitalnaturalhistory.com/meades.htm
Moss EH, 1983. Flora of Alberta (revised by JG Parker), second edition., Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 687 pp.
New England Wild Flower Society, 2016. Go Botany., Framingham, Massachusettes, USA: https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/
Newmaster SG, Lehela A, Oldham MH, Uhlig PWC, McMurray S, 1998. Ontario Plant List. In: Forest information paper no 123, Sault Ste Marie, Canada: Ontario Research Institute. 550 pp.
Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora, 2016. Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora., UK: Botanical Society of the British Isles; Biological Records Centre; Joint Nature Conservation Committee; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.
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University of Wisconsin, 2016. Herbarium - Cofrin Center for Biodiversity: Invasive Plants of Wisconsin. In: Poa nemoralis L, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/invasive_plants01.htm
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Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
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