Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Mexican flamevine)
Index
- Pictures
- Identity
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Description
- Plant Type
- Distribution
- Distribution Table
- History of Introduction and Spread
- Risk of Introduction
- Habitat
- Habitat List
- Biology and Ecology
- Climate
- Latitude/Altitude Ranges
- Air Temperature
- Rainfall
- Rainfall Regime
- Soil Tolerances
- Notes on Natural Enemies
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Pathway Vectors
- Impact Summary
- Environmental Impact
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses
- Uses List
- References
- Links to Websites
- Contributors
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.
Generate reportIdentity
Top of pagePreferred Scientific Name
- Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides (Kunth) Cabrera
Preferred Common Name
- Mexican flamevine
Other Scientific Names
- Gynoxys berlandieri DC.
- Senecio chenopodioides Kunth
- Senecio confusus Britten
International Common Names
- English: flame vine; orange-flowered senecio
Local Common Names
- Dominican Republic: bandera española; margarita australiana; margarita húngara
- El Salvador: canutillo
- Honduras: crespillo
- Lesser Antilles: fle jon; trinidad vine
- Mexico: golondrina; maloko; maluco; mamaluca
Summary of Invasiveness
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides is a vine species native to the Americas, from Mexico to the northern regions of South America, often cultivated for its showy flowers. It has been introduced in tropical and subtropical regions as a garden ornamental and for ground cover, from where it has successfully escaped from cultivation and can now be found naturalized along roadsides, forest edges, moist thickets and disturbed sites. P. chenopodioides is an aggressive plant that spreads extensively and quickly colonizes new habitats. Once established, it climbs over adjacent vegetation and forms a dense blanket of stems and leaves that shade-out native plant species. It has been listed as invasive in Anguilla and Hawaii, and as potentially invasive in Florida and Galapagos Islands.
Taxonomic Tree
Top of page- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Plantae
- Phylum: Spermatophyta
- Subphylum: Angiospermae
- Class: Dicotyledonae
- Order: Asterales
- Family: Asteraceae
- Genus: Pseudogynoxys
- Species: Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Top of pagePseudogynoxys is a Neotropical genus comprising about 14 species of scandent herbs. In previous treatments, Pseudogynoxys species were placed within the genus Senecio and treated as a subgenus. However, Pseudogynoxys species differ from Senecio in two main characters: they have a scandent habit, whereas Senecio is erect or nearly so; and they have sterile triangular to acuminate style branch appendages tipped by a fringe or tuft of papillae, not the common fertile truncate ones with a crown of papillae found in Senecio. Based on these differences, and subsequent phylogenetic analyses, Pseudogynoxys is now ranked as a separate genus (Pruski, 1996; Pelser et al., 2007; Davidse et al., 2018).
Description
Top of pageThe following description is adapted from Acevedo-Rodríguez (2005):
Herbaceous vine, twining, 10-12 m in length. Stems striate, subcylindrical, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves alternate; blades 5-8 × 2.5-5 cm, lanceolate, membranaceous, the apex acuminate or acute, the base truncate, obtuse, or slightly cordiform, frequently unequal, the margins dentate-mucronate; upper surface dull, glabrous; lower surface dull, glabrous, with prominent venation; petioles 1.5-2.2 cm long. Capitula 2-6, pedunculate, in terminal corymbiform cymes; peduncles 2-5 cm long, puberulous; involucre crateriform, ca. 6 mm long, the phyllaries green, lanceolate, ca. 4 mm long. Disc flowers with yellow tubular corollas, 9-10 mm long; stigmatic branches yellow. Ray flowers with orange corollas, ligulate, the ligule elliptical, retuse at the apex, 2-2.5 cm long. Achenes turbinate, hispidulous, 4 mm long; pappus of numerous white bristles, 5-7 mm long, scabrous
Distribution
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides is native to Mexico, Central America and the northern region of South America. It can be found cultivated and naturalized in the Caribbean, United States, India, Singapore and on several islands in the Pacific Ocean (Broome et al., 2007; Acevedo-Rodríguez and Strong, 2012; USDA-ARS, 2018; USDA-NRCS, 2018).
Distribution Table
Top of pageThe distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.
Last updated: 17 Dec 2021Continent/Country/Region | Distribution | Last Reported | Origin | First Reported | Invasive | Reference | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asia |
|||||||
India | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | |||||
-Delhi | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | |||||
Singapore | Present, Only in captivity/cultivation | Introduced | |||||
North America |
|||||||
Anguilla | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
Bahamas | Present | Introduced | |||||
Barbados | Present | Introduced | |||||
Belize | Present | Native | |||||
Bermuda | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
British Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated in Tortola | ||||
Costa Rica | Present | Native | |||||
Dominican Republic | Present | Introduced | |||||
El Salvador | Present | Native | |||||
Guadeloupe | Present | Introduced | |||||
Guatemala | Present | Native | |||||
Haiti | Present | Introduced | |||||
Honduras | Present | Native | |||||
Martinique | Present | Introduced | |||||
Mexico | Present | Native | Tamaulipas, Veracruz | ||||
Nicaragua | Present | Native | |||||
Panama | Present | Native | |||||
Puerto Rico | Present | Introduced | |||||
U.S. Virgin Islands | Present | Introduced | St Croix, St John | ||||
United States | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Florida | Present | Introduced | |||||
-Hawaii | Present | Introduced | Invasive | ||||
-Texas | Present | Introduced | |||||
Oceania |
|||||||
French Polynesia | Present | Introduced | Cultivated | ||||
Guam | Present | Introduced | |||||
Marshall Islands | Present | Introduced | |||||
South America |
|||||||
Brazil | Present | Native | |||||
-Parana | Present | Native | |||||
-Rio Grande do Sul | Present | Native | |||||
-Santa Catarina | Present | Native | |||||
-Sao Paulo | Present | Native | |||||
Chile | Present | Introduced | 2016 | ||||
Colombia | Present | Native | |||||
Ecuador | |||||||
-Galapagos Islands | Present | Introduced | Cultivated. Listed as potentially invasive | ||||
Guyana | Present | Native | |||||
Suriname | Present | Native | |||||
Venezuela | Present | Native |
History of Introduction and Spread
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides has been introduced as ornamental across tropical and subtropical region of the world. In the United States, it is widely cultivated as ornamental across Florida and Texas. In Florida, it was first recorded in 1939 and now can be found naturalized elsewhere along the Gulf Coast (Gordon et al., 2017; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018).
Risk of Introduction
Top of pageThe risk of new introductions of P. chenopodioides is high. This species has been intentionally planted as an ornamental in many tropical and subtropical regions. It has repeatedly escaped from gardens and rapidly spreads into new habitats. It has a great natural dispersion capability by both wind-dispersed seeds and by stem fragments and roots (Gilman, 1999; Parker and Parson, 2011; Davidse et al., 2018).
Habitat
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides can be found growing in moist thickets, forest edges, secondary forests, waste grounds, roadsides and disturbed sites near villages at elevations from near sea level to 2200 m (Nash and Williams, 1976; Parker and Parson, 2011; Davidse et al., 2018; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018).
Habitat List
Top of pageCategory | Sub-Category | Habitat | Presence | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Disturbed areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Rail / roadsides | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Managed | Urban / peri-urban areas | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Harmful (pest or invasive) |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Natural |
Terrestrial | Natural / Semi-natural | Natural forests | Present, no further details | Productive/non-natural |
Biology and Ecology
Top of pageGenetics
Species within the genus Pseudogynoxys are characterized by relatively high chromosome numbers: n = (40–)45–50(–54) (Pelser et al., 2007).
Reproductive Biology
There is little information on the reproductive biology of P. chenopodioides. In USA, the flowers are reported as visited by butterflies and bees (Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Physiology and Phenology
In Central America, P. chenopodioides produces flowers throughout the year (Davidse et al., 2018). In Florida (USA), it flowers all year round, but mostly in fall and winter (Gilman, 1999; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018). In Puerto Rico, it has been collected in flower and fruit from January to April (Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2005).
Environmental Requirements
Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides is a fast-growing vine adapted to grow in full sun or partial shade. This species thrives in moist habitats, but it also tolerates dry climates and moderate drought. It can be found growing in sandy, loamy and clay soils. It does not tolerate freezing winter temperatures (Gilman, 1999; Parker and Parson, 2011; Missouri Botanical Garden, 2018).
Climate
Top of pageClimate | Status | Description | Remark |
---|---|---|---|
Am - Tropical monsoon climate | Preferred | Tropical monsoon climate ( < 60mm precipitation driest month but > (100 - [total annual precipitation(mm}/25])) | |
As - Tropical savanna climate with dry summer | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in summer) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) | |
Aw - Tropical wet and dry savanna climate | Preferred | < 60mm precipitation driest month (in winter) and < (100 - [total annual precipitation{mm}/25]) |
Latitude/Altitude Ranges
Top of pageLatitude North (°N) | Latitude South (°S) | Altitude Lower (m) | Altitude Upper (m) |
---|---|---|---|
35 | 25 |
Rainfall
Top of pageParameter | Lower limit | Upper limit | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Mean annual rainfall | 1000mm | 2500mm | mm; lower/upper limits |
Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageIn cultivation, nematodes, mites, scales and caterpillars have been reported attacking this species (Gilman, 1999).
Means of Movement and Dispersal
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides spreads by seed, which are adapted to wind-dispersal. In cultivation, it is also propagated by stem fragments (i.e. cuttings). The green, fleshy stems will root at the nodes when in contact with soil (Gilman, 1999).
Pathway Causes
Top of pageCause | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disturbance | Naturalized in disturbed sites, roadsides and open grounds | Yes | Yes | Davidse et al. (2018) |
Escape from confinement or garden escape | Persistent after escaping from cultivation | Yes | Yes | Flora of North America Editorial Committee (2018) |
Garden waste disposal | Seeds and stem fragments | Yes | Yes | Gilman (1999) |
Horticulture | Ornamental vine | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2018) |
Internet sales | Seeds available online | Yes | Yes | |
Nursery trade | Ornamental vine | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2018) |
Ornamental purposes | Ornamental vine | Yes | Yes | USDA-ARS (2018) |
Pathway Vectors
Top of pageVector | Notes | Long Distance | Local | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Debris and waste associated with human activities | Seeds and stem fragments from dumping garden waste | Yes | Yes | Gilman (1999) |
Seeds available online | Yes | Yes | ||
Wind | Seeds | Yes | Yes | Gilman (1999) |
Impact Summary
Top of pageCategory | Impact |
---|---|
Cultural/amenity | Positive |
Economic/livelihood | Positive |
Environment (generally) | Positive and negative |
Environmental Impact
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides has become an environmental problem where it has escaped from cultivation and rapidly colonized new habitats along roadsides, forest edges, moist thickets and disturbed sites. This species is fast-growing and adapted to grow in moist and dry climates and in a wide range of soils types. Once established, P. chenopodioides grows extensively over all adjacent vegetation forming a dense blanket of stems and leaves that out-compete and shade-out native plant vegetation (Gilman, 1999; Acevedo-Rodríguez, 2005; Parker and Parson, 2011; Flowers of India, 2018; PIER, 2018). Currently, P. chenopodioides has been listed as invasive in Anguilla and Hawaii, and as potentially invasive in Florida and Galapagos Islands (Connor, 2008; Charles Darwin Foundation, 2018; PIER, 2018).
Risk and Impact Factors
Top of page- Proved invasive outside its native range
- Has a broad native range
- Abundant in its native range
- Highly adaptable to different environments
- Is a habitat generalist
- Tolerates, or benefits from, cultivation, browsing pressure, mutilation, fire etc
- Pioneering in disturbed areas
- Tolerant of shade
- Highly mobile locally
- Benefits from human association (i.e. it is a human commensal)
- Long lived
- Fast growing
- Gregarious
- Reproduces asexually
- Monoculture formation
- Reduced native biodiversity
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Competition - shading
- Competition - smothering
- Competition - strangling
- Rapid growth
- Rooting
- Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally
- Highly likely to be transported internationally deliberately
- Difficult to identify/detect as a commodity contaminant
Uses
Top of pagePseudogynoxys chenopodioides is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its showy flowers. It is also planted as ground cover and to cover fences and walls (Gilman, 1999; Flora of North America Editorial Committee, 2018; USDA-ARS, 2018).
References
Top of pageConnor, RA, 2008. Anguilla Invasive Species Strategy. http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20%282%29.pdf
Flowers of India, 2018. Flowers of India. In: Flowers of India . http://www.flowersofindia.net/
Gilman, EF, 1999. Senecio confusus Mexican Flame Vine: Marigold. Document FPS 545. Florida, USA: University of Florida IFAS Extension, Environmental Horticulture Department.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp545
Jaramillo Díaz, P, Guézou, A, Mauchamp, A, Tye, A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. (FCD Lista de especies de Plantas con flores Galápagos). In: Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist (Lista de Especies de Galápagos de la Fundación Charles Darwin) [ed. by Bungartz, F, Herrera, H, Jaramillo, P, Tirado, N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G, Ruiz, D, Guézou, A, Ziemmeck, F]. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Parker JL, Parsons B, 2011. New plant records from the Big Island for 2009. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 113, 55-63.
Pruski JF, 1996. Pseudogynoxys lobata (Compositae: Senecioneae), a new species from Bolivia and Brazil. Systematic Botany, 21(1), 101–105.
Distribution References
Borges RAX, Teles AM, 2015. Pseudogynoxys chenopodioides. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/jabot/FichaPublicaTaxonUC/FichaPublicaTaxonUC.do?id=FB102404
Connor RA, 2008. Anguilla Invasive Species Strategy., http://www.gov.ai/documents/Anguilla%20Invasive%20Species%20Strategy%202008%20%282%29.pdf
Florence J, Chevillotte H, Ollier C, Meyer J-Y, 2013. Nadeaud botanical database of the Herbarium of French Polynesia. (Base de données botaniques Nadeaud de l'Herbier de la Polynésie Française (PAP))., https://nadeaud.ilm.pf/
Flowers of India, 2018. Flowers of India. In: Flowers of India. http://www.flowersofindia.net/
Greene L, 2015. Plants in Bermuda that attract birds - April 2015., Bermuda: Bermuda Museum of Natural History. http://www.gardenclubbermuda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Lisa-Greene-List-of-plants-that-attract-birds-Aprli-2015.pdf
IRF, 2018. An Environmental Profile of the Island of Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Addendum I - Preliminary List of Plant Species., St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands: Island Resources Foundation. http://www.irf.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/EnvironmentalProfileTortola_ADDENDUM_1_PreliminaryPlantList_2015.pdf
Jaramillo Díaz P, Guézou A, Mauchamp A, Tye A, 2018. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Flowering Plants. (FCD Lista de especies de Plantas con flores Galápagos). In: Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist (Lista de Especies de Galápagos de la Fundación Charles Darwin), [ed. by Bungartz F, Herrera H, Jaramillo P, Tirado N, Jiménez-Uzcátegui G, Ruiz D, Guézou A, Ziemmeck F]. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation.
Links to Websites
Top of pageWebsite | URL | Comment |
---|---|---|
GISD/IASPMR: Invasive Alien Species Pathway Management Resource and DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway | https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.m93f6 | Data source for updated system data added to species habitat list. |
Contributors
Top of page08/07/18 Original text by:
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, Department of Botany-Smithsonian NMNH
Distribution Maps
Top of pageSelect a dataset
Map Legends
-
CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Unsupported Web Browser:
One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using.
Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser.
More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/